{"id":4112,"date":"2025-06-24T08:52:13","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T05:52:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/?p=4112"},"modified":"2026-09-17T23:07:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T20:07:39","slug":"kovar-1-3981-uns-k94610-astm-f15-controlled-expansion-alloy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/24\/kovar-1-3981-uns-k94610-astm-f15-controlled-expansion-alloy\/","title":{"rendered":"Kovar (1.3981 \/ UNS K94610) \u2014 ASTM F15 Controlled Expansion Alloy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-urun-link --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;border-left:3px solid #DD3333;background:#F7FAFB;padding:11px 15px;margin:0 0 20px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55\"><strong style=\"color:#12303f\">We supply Kovar.<\/strong> For dimensions, standard equivalents, stock and quotations, take a look at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/kovar\/\"><strong>Kovar product page<\/strong><\/a>.<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-urun-link --><\/p>\n<h3><b>Kovar (UNS K94610 \/ ASTM F15): A Controlled Thermal Expansion Alloy for Glass-to-Metal Matching<\/b><\/h3>\n<h3><b>Alloy Definition and Chemical Composition<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Kovar<\/b><\/span> is a nickel-iron-cobalt based alloy whose coefficient of thermal expansion has been specially controlled. It is used in applications where hermetic (gas tight) sealing with glass and ceramic materials is required. The alloy has an expansion coefficient similar to that of various ceramics, above all <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borosilicate_glass\">borosilicate glass<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">The <span class=\"s2\"><b>chemical composition<\/b><\/span> of Kovar is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Iron (Fe)<\/b><span class=\"s1\">: Balance<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Nickel (Ni)<\/b><span class=\"s1\">: 29%<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Cobalt (Co)<\/b><span class=\"s1\">: 17%<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Manganese (Mn)<\/b><\/span>: 0.3% maximum<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Silicon (Si)<\/b><\/span>: 0.2% maximum<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Carbon (C)<\/b><\/span>: 0.04% maximum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\">This alloy has been formulated so as to offer a constant coefficient of thermal expansion especially in the <span class=\"s2\"><b>20\u00b0C\u2013400\u00b0C<\/b><\/span> range. This property allows it to match glass or ceramic and thereby makes possible the <span class=\"s2\"><b>thermomechanical compatibility<\/b><\/span> needed for sealing.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3><b>KOVAR Standards and Certifications<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\">The Kovar alloy has been defined in many industrial and military standards. The most widespread international specifications are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>ASTM F15<\/b><\/span> \u2013 Alloy definition for hermetic glass-to-housing joints<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>UNS K94610<\/b><\/span> \u2013 Unified Numbering System code<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>DIN 1.3981 \/ W.Nr. 1.3981<\/b><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b><\/b><b>MIL-I-23011 Class 1<\/b><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b><\/b><b>SAE AMS I-23011<\/b><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b><\/b><b>AFNOR-NF A54-301<\/b><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b><\/b><b>ISO 4829-1<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\">These standards are used with the aim of guaranteeing both the <span class=\"s2\"><b>chemical purity<\/b><\/span> and the <span class=\"s2\"><b>mechanical behaviour<\/b><\/span> of the Kovar alloy. ASTM F15 in particular is the most important norm accepted as a reference in electronic encapsulation operations.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3><b>KOVAR Trade Names and Equivalent Materials<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Kovar\u00ae<\/b><\/span> \u2013 Registered brand of Carpenter Technology and other producers<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Fernico<\/b><\/span>, <span class=\"s1\"><b>Rodar<\/b><\/span>, <span class=\"s1\"><b>Dilver P<\/b><\/span> \u2013 Equivalent trade names used in Europe and Asia<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Nilo K<\/b><\/span> \u2013 Special Metals brand<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Alloy 29-17<\/b><\/span> \u2013 Refers to the composition of 29% nickel and 17% cobalt<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>UNS K94610<\/b><\/span>, <span class=\"s1\"><b>1.3981<\/b><\/span> \u2013 Universal designation codes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\">Commercially the name &#8220;Kovar&#8221; is most often used for all low expansion alloys of the Fe-Ni-Co system, but technically only those consistent with ASTM F15 are accepted as genuine Kovar.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3><b>Areas of Use and Engineering Applications<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\">Kovar offers a unique engineering solution in precision systems where sealing with glass or ceramic is required. It is preferred especially in systems exposed to heat or operating in vacuum environments.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>1.Electronics Industry<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">*Transistor, diode and integrated circuit packages<br \/>\n*Metal housing connectors such as TO-3 and TO-5<br \/>\n*Microwave component sealing elements<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>2.Aerospace<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">*Hermetic subsystem housings<br \/>\n*Glass-to-metal joints of vacuum tubes and laser tubes<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>3.Medical Devices<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">*Pacemakers, implantable device bodies<br \/>\n*Sensors with hermetic glass covers<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>4.Optoelectronic Systems<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">*Fibre optic connector housings<br \/>\n*Laser housing systems<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>5.Research and Nuclear Energy<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">*Experimental vessels with a controlled atmosphere<br \/>\n*Nuclear sensor sealing elements<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s3\">In these applications <\/span><b>thermal stability<\/b><span class=\"s3\">, <\/span><b>magnetisability control<\/b><span class=\"s3\">, <\/span><b>high strength<\/b><span class=\"s3\"> and <\/span><b>expansion compatible with glass<\/b><span class=\"s3\"> are to the fore.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3><b>Advantages<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Thermal Expansion Matching: <\/b>Thanks to a coefficient of thermal expansion at the level of 4.6 x 10\u207b\u2076\/\u00b0C, compatible with borosilicate glass, no cracking or sealing problem is experienced at glass-to-metal transitions.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Hermetic Sealing Capability: <\/b>Thanks to its surfaces machined to tight tolerances it provides sealing in vacuum or gas environments. In encapsulation systems a leak value below 10\u207b\u2079 mbar\u00b7L\/s is possible.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Microstructure Control Through Heat Treatment: <\/b>Internal stresses can be relieved by annealing; the magnetic and mechanical properties can be adjusted with controlled heat treatment.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Weldability and Formability: <\/b>It is suitable for TIG, laser and resistance welding. It is amenable to wire drawing, sheet rolling and press forming.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>High Dimensional Stability: <\/b>It preserves its dimensional stability over a long period in precision-dimensioned optoelectronic components and micromechanical applications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3><b>Disadvantages<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>High Material Cost: <\/b>Because of the cobalt content and the precision production process it is expensive compared with other structural steels.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Magnetic Properties: <\/b>Because of the high nickel and cobalt content it is ferromagnetic. In some applications this may not be wanted.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Tendency to Oxidation: <\/b>Oxidation may occur on the surface at high temperature. For this reason the surfaces joining the glass should be kept clean and heat treatment should be carried out in a controlled atmosphere.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Machinability Difficulties: <\/b>Because of its hardness and elastic springback it requires special cutting tools for precision machining.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3><b>Conclusion and Engineering Evaluation<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Kovar<\/b><\/span> is a strategic material playing a critical role in special engineering applications thanks to its <span class=\"s2\"><b>thermal expansion matching<\/b><\/span>, <span class=\"s2\"><b>sealing capability<\/b><\/span> and <span class=\"s2\"><b>dimensional stability<\/b><\/span>. It is one of the few alloys that can be used together with glass and ceramic materials in electronic, optoelectronic and nuclear systems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>ASTM F15<\/b><\/span> \u2014 Kovar produced according to technical norms such as this one is, however costly it may be, unrivalled in precision systems thanks to the superior <span class=\"s2\"><b>sealing<\/b><\/span> and <span class=\"s2\"><b>stability<\/b><\/span> performance it offers. For product designers, Kovar is a technically ideal selection, especially <span class=\"s2\"><b>in systems requiring CTE matching<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h5><span class=\"s1\"><b>#ASTMF15<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><b>#UNSK94610<br \/>\n#<\/b><\/span><b>1.3981<br \/>\n<span class=\"s1\">#<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><b>MIL-I-23011 Class 1<br \/>\n<span class=\"s1\">#<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><b>SAE AMS I-23011<br \/>\n<span class=\"s1\">#<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><b>AFNOR-NF A54-301<br \/>\n<span class=\"s1\">#<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><b>ISO 4829-1<br \/>\n<span class=\"s1\">#<\/span><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Kovar\u00ae<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><b>#Fernico<br \/>\n#<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><b>NiloK<br \/>\n#<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><b>Alloy29-17<\/b><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"s1\"><b>#<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><b>UNSK94610<\/b><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><!-- dm-ic-baglanti --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-ic-baglanti\" style=\"margin:28px 0 0;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-left:4px solid #DD3333;background:#FAFAFA;padding:16px 18px;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#DD3333;margin:0 0 6px;line-height:1.4;\">We supply this material<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;color:#333;\">We supply Kovar (1.3981) \u2014 to the ASTM F15 standard, in the dimensions and forms required. Contact us for stock availability and pricing.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;color:#ffffff;background:#24BEE5;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;font-size:14px;padding:10px 17px;line-height:1.2;\">Request a quotation \u2192<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-ic-baglanti --><\/p>\n<p><!-- dm-benzer --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Similar products<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/25\/tungsten-wolfram-w-astm-b760-astm-b777-refractory-metal\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Tungsten<\/a>  \u00b7  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nikel-200\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Nickel 200<\/a>  \u00b7  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nikel-201\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Nickel 201<\/a>  \u00b7  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/invar-36\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Invar 36<\/a>  \u00b7  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/products\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All products \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-benzer --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kovar (1.3981 \/ UNS K94610 \/ ASTM F15) is a nickel-iron-cobalt alloy whose thermal expansion matches borosilicate glass for hermetic glass-to-metal seals. Chemical composition, ASTM F15, MIL-I-23011 and ISO 4829-1 standards, trade names, electronics, aerospace, medical and optoelectronic applications.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2129,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kovar (1.3981 \/ UNS K94610) \u2014 ASTM F15 Controlled Expansion Alloy - Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kovar (1.3981 \/ UNS K94610 \/ ASTM F15) is a nickel-iron-cobalt alloy whose thermal expansion matches borosilicate glass for hermetic glass-to-metal seals.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/24\/kovar-1-3981-uns-k94610-astm-f15-controlled-expansion-alloy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kovar (1.3981 \/ UNS K94610) \u2014 ASTM F15 Controlled Expansion Alloy - 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