{"id":3967,"date":"2026-09-15T23:42:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T20:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/?p=3967"},"modified":"2026-09-17T23:06:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T20:06:52","slug":"invar-36-kovar-difference","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/invar-36-kovar-difference\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is the Difference Between Invar 36 and Kovar?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Invar 36<\/strong> and Kovar<\/strong> are iron\u2013nickel based controlled expansion alloys<\/strong>. Neither is chosen for strength or corrosion resistance, but for a single property: how much they expand when heated<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Two different objectives<\/h3>\n

The composition of Invar 36 is simple: 36.0% nickel<\/strong>, the balance iron. That ratio gives the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion<\/strong> among the known metallic materials. Around room temperature Invar practically does not expand at all \u2014 which is where its name comes from (invariable).<\/p>\n

Kovar contains ~29% nickel<\/strong> and ~17% cobalt<\/strong>, the balance iron. The purpose of the cobalt addition is not to bring expansion to zero but to place it on a particular curve<\/strong>: the expansion behaviour of Kovar matches that of borosilicate glass and ceramics<\/strong> over a wide temperature range.<\/p>\n

The difference becomes clear here. In a glass-to-metal seal, if the metal expands differently from the glass, the glass cracks during cooling. Because Kovar expands and contracts together with the glass, it provides a hermetic seal. Invar cannot do this \u2014 it expands so little that it is incompatible with glass.<\/p>\n

Comparison in numbers<\/h3>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PROPERTY<\/th>\nInvar 36<\/th>\nKovar<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Nickel (Ni)<\/td>\n36.0%<\/td>\n~29%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cobalt (Co)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n~17%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n64.0%<\/td>\nBalance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Design objective<\/td>\nThe lowest possible thermal expansion<\/td>\nAn expansion curve matched to glass and ceramics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
UNS<\/td>\nK93600 \u00b7 K93601<\/td>\nK94610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
W.Nr (DIN\/EN)<\/td>\n1.3912<\/td>\n1.3981<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASTM<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\nF15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Values are taken from our product datasheets; section thickness and the applied heat treatment regime change the result.<\/p>\n

Which one, and when?<\/h3>\n

Invar 36 is required<\/strong> \u2014 precision measuring instruments and gauges, optical benches and telescope structures, composite tooling (if the mould does not expand while the part cures, the dimensions hold), LNG tank membranes, seismograph and interferometer components, satellite optical structures. Anywhere dimensional stability is the absolute priority.<\/p>\n

Kovar is required<\/strong> \u2014 glass-to-metal hermetic seals, hermetic electronic package bodies, microwave and vacuum tube components, power semiconductor packages, sensor and connector bodies. Any metal part to be joined to glass or alumina ceramic.<\/p>\n

A practical rule: if it must not expand at all, Invar; if it must expand together with glass, Kovar<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Note<\/h3>\n

Both alloys are magnetic and their corrosion resistance is low; if they are to be used outdoors, a coating is required. Their machinability is also limited \u2014 they require a low cutting speed and sharp tooling.<\/p>\n

\n

Technical datasheets<\/p>\n

Invar 36 \u2014 chemical composition, mechanical values, standard equivalents<\/a><\/p>\n

Kovar \u2014 chemical composition, mechanical values, standard equivalents<\/a><\/p>\n

Both grades are supplied to order in round bar, flat bar, plate, sheet, pipe and forged forms. Contact us<\/a> for a quotation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Invar 36 gives the lowest possible thermal expansion; Kovar is designed to match the expansion of borosilicate glass.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3410,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comparisons"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Is the Difference Between Invar 36 and Kovar? - Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Invar 36 gives the lowest possible thermal expansion; Kovar is designed to match the expansion of borosilicate glass.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/invar-36-kovar-difference\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Is the Difference Between Invar 36 and Kovar? 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