{"id":3673,"date":"2026-09-16T11:17:14","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:17:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-2017a\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:27:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:27:19","slug":"en-aw-2017a","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-2017a\/","title":{"rendered":"EN AW 2017A"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">EN AW 2017A \/ UNS A92017 \/ AMS 4110 \/ AMS 4116<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">EN AW-2017A<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">EN AW-2017A \u00b7 AlCu4MgSi(A) \u00b7 W.Nr. 3.1325 \u00b7 Per EN 573-3: Cu 3.5-4.5 % \u2013 Mn 0.40-1.00 % \u2013 Mg 0.40-1.00 % \u2013 Si 0.20-0.80 % \u2013 Fe max 0.70 % \u2013 balance Al. This is a 2xxx series Al-Cu alloy and it IS HEAT-TREATABLE: solution treatment, quench and ageing. Commercially it is sold almost always in the T4 and T451 tempers, that is, NATURALLY aged. NOTE: EN AW-2017A is not the same as the American AA 2017; the trailing &#8216;A&#8217; marks the European variant and its Si and Mg bands differ from AA 2017. The UNS number A92017 belongs to AA 2017, not to 2017A.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/en-aw-7075-en-aw-2017a-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">EN AW 7075<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Bought where high strength and very good machinability are needed together, for parts that will not be welded and that will be protected by plating or paint: hydraulic manifolds, screw machine parts, fasteners and rivets, machine components, aerospace and defence parts.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 tube \u00b7 forgings. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4118<\/b> (2017-T4 and 2017-T451 rolled or cold finished bars, rods and wire) \u00b7 EN 573-3 (chemical composition) \u00b7 EN 573-1 and EN 573-2 (designation) \u00b7 EN 515 (temper designations) \u00b7 EN 485-1\/-2\/-3\/-4 (flat products) \u00b7 EN 755-1\/-2 (extruded rod, bar, tube and profiles) \u00b7 EN 754-1\/-2 (cold drawn rod, bar and tube) \u00b7 EN 586-1\/-2\/-3 (forgings) \u00b7 EN 1301-2 (wire)<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">AMS 4118 was verified against the SAE title record and covers 2017-T4 \/ T451 bar, rod and wire; but the text names the alloy &#8216;2017&#8217;, not &#8216;2017A&#8217;.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">It reaches high strength by NATURAL ageing alone, that is, without an artificial ageing furnace step: EN 755-2 requires Rp0.2 min 260 MPa and Rm min 380 MPa for T4 extruded rod up to 25 mm diameter.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">NOT SUITABLE FOR FUSION WELDING. Producer data sheets rate gas, TIG and MIG welding as unsuitable (5 on the BIKAR scale); Euralliage calls gas welding &#8216;strongly inadvisable&#8217; and arc welding &#8216;not recommended&#8217;.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">There are two governing limits. THE FIRST IS CORROSION: copper sits at 3.5-4.5 % and the cathodic Al2Cu particles on the grain boundaries start galvanic attack. Producer data sheets rate normal atmosphere 4 (poor) and seawater 4-5 (poor to unsuitable); Euralliage explicitly does not recommend seawater exposure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aluminium-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All aluminium alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What EN AW-2017A Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">ASME Code Acceptance and Service Temperature<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment and NATURAL AGEING<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b12\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Traps<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nEN AW 2017A is a type of aluminium alloy generally known for its high strength and good machinability. The alloy belongs to the aluminium-copper (Al-Cu) group and the designation represents the EN (European Norm) number of alloy 2017. It is notable in particular for its high strength and slow oxidation. Its corrosion resistance can be lower than that of other aluminium alloys, however, so it generally requires coating or a protective treatment.<\/p>\n<p>It is a high strength aerospace material, and is mostly used in the production of structural parts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Heat treatment:<\/strong> The properties of this alloy can be improved by heat treatment. There are some particular points to observe during the machining and forming of this alloy, however.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Heat treatment (T conditions):<\/strong> Solution annealing gives the material better machinability. For heavily worked material, the T4 or T6 heat treatment conditions are preferred, and these treatments raise the mechanical strength of the material.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T6 condition (for aluminium 2017A):<\/strong> The material is heated to 490-510 \u00b0C, quenched rapidly in water and then subjected to a treatment at around 60 \u00b0C. This treatment gives the alloy high strength and high hardness.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T4 condition (for aluminium 2017A):<\/strong> The alloy is heated to the solution temperature and then cooled rapidly. This treatment gives the alloy better formability, but its strength is somewhat lower than in the T6 condition.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machinability:<\/strong> Because it is a high strength alloy, it is more difficult to machine than some other aluminium alloys. With the right machining methods, however, it can be formed successfully.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Silicon (Si)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.20 \u2013 0.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Chromium (Cr)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.00 \u2013 0.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Magnesium (Mg)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.40 \u2013 1.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.40 \u2013 1.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Copper (Cu)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">3.50 \u2013 4.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Titanium (Ti)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.00 \u2013 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.00 \u2013 0.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Zinc (Zn)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.00 \u2013 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Aluminium (Al)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">2.79 g\/cm\u00b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Melting Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">510 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Coefficient of Thermal Expansion<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">22.9 x 10^-6 \/K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Modulus of Elasticity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">72 GPa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Heat Capacity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">140 W\/m.K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield Strength<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">270 MPa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Tensile Strength<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">390 MPa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elastisite<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">72 GPa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 EN AW 2017A<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">EN AW 2017A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">A92017<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4110 \u00b7 4116 \u00b7 4118<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASTM<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">B209<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What EN AW-2017A Is \u2014 Europe\u2019s Duralumin, and Why It Is Still Sold Only in T4<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">EN AW-2017A (chemical symbol <b>Al Cu4 MgSi(A)<\/b> \/ material number <b>3.1325<\/b> \/ old DIN name <b>AlCuMg1<\/b> \/ French AFNOR name <b>A-U4G<\/b> \/ US equivalent <b>A92017<\/b>, i.e. AA <b>2017 \/ 2017A<\/b>) is a <b>heat-treatable aluminium-copper-magnesium alloy<\/b>. Nominally it carries <b>3.5\u20134.5 % Cu<\/b>, <b>0.4\u20131.0 % Mg<\/b>, <b>0.4\u20131.0 % Mn<\/b> and <b>0.2\u20130.8 % Si<\/b>. It is the direct descendant of the first structural aluminium family ever used \u2014 the alloys historically called <b>duralumin<\/b> \u2014 and it is still the best-selling bar, rod and plate of that family in Europe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>There is exactly one key to understanding 2017A, and it is copper.<\/b> Copper gives the alloy two things at the same time: <b>380\u2013400 MPa tensile strength after solution treatment and ageing<\/b>, and <b>one of the worst corrosion behaviours in the aluminium family<\/b>. A single element explains both why the alloy exists and where it must not be used. <b>2017A is a strength and machining alloy. It is not a corrosion alloy, and it is certainly not a welding alloy.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The second decisive purchasing fact is this: <b>2017A is in practice sold only in the T4 family of tempers (T4, T451, T3, T351)<\/b> \u2014 that is, <b>solution treatment + quench + NATURAL ageing<\/b>. None of the manufacturer datasheets or EN 485-2 \/ EN 754-2 \/ EN 755-2 extracts we consulted contained <b>an artificially aged (T6\/T651) mechanical property table for 2017A<\/b>. That is not an accident: artificial ageing of 2017A lowers ductility and <b>worsens intergranular and stress corrosion susceptibility<\/b>, so the industry chose to leave this alloy in T4. <b>If you see a datasheet quoting numbers for 2017A-T6, ask where those numbers come from.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Identity and International Equivalents \u00b7 EN AW-2017A<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">EN numerical designation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN AW-2017A<\/b> (some documents write EN AW-Al Cu4MgSi(A))<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">EN chemical symbol<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Al Cu4 MgSi(A)<\/b> \u2014 the trailing (A) marks <b>a variant<\/b> of the same base composition in EN 573-3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">German material number<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>3.1325<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Old DIN name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AlCuMg1<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">US \/ AA equivalent<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>A92017<\/b> \u00b7 AA <b>2017<\/b> and <b>2017A<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">France (AFNOR)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>A-U4G<\/b> \u2014 commercially this is the alloy\u2019s European name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Italy (UNI)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>9002\/2<\/b> \u00b7 P-AlCu4MgMnSi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Spain<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>L-3120<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Japan (JIS)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>2017 \/ 2017A<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Czechia (\u010cSN)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>424201<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Are 2017 and 2017A the same thing?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">In practice they are the same alloy family and are used interchangeably, but they are <b>not the identical chemical band<\/b>. AA 2017 is a registered American alloy; EN AW-2017A is the <b>European variant<\/b> registered in EN 573-3. The sources we consulted give 2017A a silicon band <b>with a lower limit: Si 0.20\u20130.80 %<\/b> \u2014 meaning silicon here is not an impurity but a <b>deliberate alloying element<\/b> that supports Al\u2082Cu with Mg\u2082Si precipitation. <b>Order chemistry against the EN 573-3 band; do not assume \u201c2017 \u2261 2017A\u201d.<\/b> In aerospace supply chains it is normal for the two numbers to appear separately on certificates.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Honest Positioning \u00b7 2017A Against Its Siblings<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN AW-2017A<\/b><br \/>(this page)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Classic duralumin.<\/b> In T4\/T451 plate: <b>Rm ~390 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 ~245\u2013260 MPa<\/b>. One of the easiest 2xxx alloys to machine (machinability index ~200 %). <b>Not fusion weldable<\/b>, poor corrosion resistance, no decorative anodising. Correct use: <b>machined mechanical parts, rivets, fasteners, tooling plate<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>EN AW-2024<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The high-magnesium member of the same family (Cu 3.8\u20134.9 % \u00b7 <b>Mg 1.2\u20131.8 %<\/b>). In T351 plate: <b>Rm ~435\u2013440 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 ~290 MPa<\/b> \u2014 <b>clearly stronger than 2017A<\/b>. The price is even worse corrosion behaviour, with alclad cladding almost mandatory. <b>2024 is not fusion weldable either<\/b> (gas\/TIG\/MIG rating 5 = unsuited). 2017A is the cheaper, more ductile, easier-machining younger brother of 2024<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN AW-6082<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The most important row in this table. In T6\/T651 plate: <b>Rm ~295\u2013310 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 ~240\u2013260 MPa<\/b> \u2014 so <b>effectively the same class as 2017A-T4 in yield strength<\/b>, behind it in tensile strength. But 6082 <b>welds<\/b>, <b>resists corrosion<\/b> (rating 1 = very good in normal atmosphere) and <b>anodises<\/b>. <b>For a structural part that will be welded or exposed outdoors, the answer is 6082, not 2017A.<\/b> 2017A\u2019s genuine advantages over 6082 are only <b>tensile strength, fatigue and chip breaking<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>EN AW-7075<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The class above: Al-Zn-Mg-Cu. Far higher strength than 2017A, with price and stress-corrosion sensitivity rising along with it. <b>7075 is not fusion weldable either.<\/b> The 2017A\/7075 choice is usually \u201cadequate strength plus easy chips\u201d versus \u201cmaximum strength plus harder supply\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN AW-5083 \u00b7 5754<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">A different world: Al-Mg, non-heat-treatable, <b>weldable and seawater-resistant<\/b>. Their strength is lower, but <b>they succeed everywhere 2017A fails<\/b>. If the job is a boat, a tank, a hull or a welded chassis, the answer is not 2017A but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5083\/\">EN AW-5083<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5754\/\">EN AW-5754<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar (rolled or cold finished)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4118<\/b> (2017-T4 \/ T451 \u2014 the alloy is &#8216;2017&#8217;, NOT &#8216;2017A&#8217;) \u00b7 EN 754-2 (cold drawn bar, mechanical properties) \u00b7 EN 755-2 (extruded rod and bar, mechanical properties)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip (flat rolled)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">EN 485-1 (inspection) \u00b7 EN 485-2 (mechanical properties) \u00b7 EN 485-3 and EN 485-4 (tolerances). No verified AMS number was found for this form.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Extruded profiles and tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EN 755-1 (technical conditions of delivery) \u00b7 EN 755-2 (mechanical properties) \u00b7 EN 755-3 to -9 (tolerances). There is no verified AMS number.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Cold drawn tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">EN 754-1 \u00b7 EN 754-2 (mechanical properties) \u00b7 EN 754-3 to -8 (tolerances).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EN 586-1 \u00b7 EN 586-2 \u00b7 EN 586-3. No verified AMS number was found for forgings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire and rivets<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4118<\/b> (includes 2017 wire) \u00b7 EN 1301-2 (wire, mechanical properties).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Composition and temper (independent of form)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EN 573-3 (chemical composition) \u00b7 EN 573-1 and EN 573-2 (designation system) \u00b7 EN 515 (temper designations)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">AMS numbers come first, ASTM second. The ONLY AMS number that could be verified for 2017A is 4118, and even that one covers the American alloy 2017. AMS 4116 = 6061-T4, NOT 2017\/2017A. Quoting it for 2017A, as some sales lists do, is an error and it is not carried on this map. The SAE title record for AMS 4110 contains no alloy number; since it could not be tied to 2017\/2017A it is not carried on this map. There is no verified ASTM number for 2017A; its presence in the ASTM B209 \/ B211 alloy lists could not be confirmed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>2017A is an EN alloy, not an \u201cASTM alloy\u201d.<\/b> That matters for ordering and certification: the natural language for 2017A is <b>EN 573-3 (chemistry) plus the product-specific EN standard<\/b>. On the ASTM side AA 2017 is a registered alloy, but <b>the sources we consulted did not independently confirm which ASTM product specifications list 2017\/2017A in their alloy tables<\/b> \u2014 so we do not fill those rows below with grade lists. <b>Before offering 2017A to a buyer who requires an ASTM certificate, have it confirmed that the grade appears by name in the relevant ASTM scope.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 EN AW-2017A (3.1325)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Chemical composition<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN 573-3<\/b> \u2014 the single chemistry source for all forms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip (rolled)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>EN 485-2<\/b> (mechanical properties) \u00b7 EN 485-1 (inspection and delivery) \u00b7 EN 485-3 (hot rolled tolerances) \u00b7 EN 485-4 (cold rolled tolerances). <b>Tabulated for T4\/T451 from 0.4 mm up to 200 mm<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Drawn rod \u00b7 bar \u00b7 tube \u00b7 profile<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN 754-2<\/b> \u2014 <b>T3 and T351<\/b> are tabulated for 2017A (EN 754-1 general, EN 754-3\u2026-8 tolerances)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Extruded bar \u00b7 tube \u00b7 profile<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>EN 755-2<\/b> \u2014 <b>T4, T4510, T4511<\/b> are tabulated for 2017A (EN 755-1 general, EN 755-3\u2026-9 tolerances)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Drawn wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN 1301-2<\/b> \u2014 listed for 2017A in the sources; <b>no mechanical property table could be obtained in this study<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Circles \u00b7 discs \u00b7 drawing stock<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>EN 941<\/b> (circles and stock) \u00b7 <b>EN 1715-3<\/b> (drawing stock) \u2014 listed in the sources, <b>value tables not verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Forgings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>EN 586-1 \/ -2 \/ -3<\/b> (aluminium forgings; -2 mechanical properties). 2017A is forgeable (die forging rating 3 = moderate, open-die forging 3), but <b>which values EN 586-2 gives for 2017A could not be independently verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Pressure equipment<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>EN 12392<\/b> \u2014 additional requirements for pressure equipment. 2017A is listed within this standard\u2019s scope in the sources; <b>do not read that as a pressure-vessel approval before reading the \u201cWelding\u201d section below<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM (plate\/sheet)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM B209 \/ B209M<\/b> \u2014 general aluminium sheet and plate. <b>Inclusion of 2017\/2017A in the grade list not verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASTM (extrusions)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>ASTM B221 \/ B221M<\/b> \u2014 extruded bar, rod, wire, profiles, tube. <b>Grade list for 2017\/2017A not verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM (rolled \/ cold-finished bar)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM B211 \/ B211M<\/b> \u2014 bar, rod and wire. 2017-T4 is historically associated with this specification family; <b>current scope not independently verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ASME Section II \/ VIII<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> No ASME material acceptance was found for 2017A, and <b>none should be expected<\/b> \u2014 a copper-bearing alloy that cannot be fusion welded is not a natural candidate for the pressure vessel code<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Welding wire \u00b7 covered electrode<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE, and there will not be one.<\/b> No filler metal of 2017 chemistry exists in the AWS A5.10 list. See \u201cWelding\u201d below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Food contact<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NOT SUITABLE per DIN EN 602<\/b> \u2014 a direct consequence of the high copper content<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance and Service Temperature \u2014 the Honest Answer<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:14px 12px 4px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;align-items:stretch;\">\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">1 \u00b7 SOLUTION TREATMENT<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">495-505 \u00b0C<br \/>Depends on section thickness; no single soak time could be verified across four independent sources, so none is given.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#c0392b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">2 \u00b7 COOL<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">Water quench<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#1b7f4b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">3 \u00b7 AGEING<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">see the table below<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Solution treatment<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">495-505 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Depends on section thickness; no single soak time could be verified across four independent sources, so none is given.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Water quench<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">T4 \u2014 NATURAL ageing<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">T4 \u2014 NATURAL ageing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Room temperature (no furnace)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">5-8 days (BIKAR, Leichtmetall)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">After solution treatment and quenching the material hardens by itself at room temperature. There is no furnace step. EN 755-2 T4 extruded rod up to 25 mm: Rp0.2 min 260 MPa, Rm min 380 MPa.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">T451 \u2014 stress relief by stretching + NATURAL ageing<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">T451 \u2014 stress relief by stretching + NATURAL ageing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Room temperature (no furnace)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">5-8 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">After quenching the material is stretched to a permanent set of 0.5-3 % to reduce residual stress (BIKAR: 0.5-3 % for sheet and plate), then naturally aged. The mechanical values stay in the same class as T4; what is gained is dimensional stability.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">T3 \/ T351 \u2014 COLD WORK after quench + natural ageing<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">T3 \/ T351 \u2014 COLD WORK after quench + natural ageing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Room temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">5-8 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cold work is applied after solution treatment and quenching, then the material is naturally aged. For cold drawn bar under EN 754-2 in T3: Rp0.2 220-270 MPa, Rm 360-400 MPa (IMS France, Euralliage).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">ARTIFICIAL AGEING (T6) \u2014 not used on 2017A<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ARTIFICIAL AGEING (T6) \u2014 not used on 2017A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Not verified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Not verified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">BIKAR leaves the artificial ageing line blank for 2017A and Batz+Burgel states that in practice the alloy exists only in T451. No temperature\/time pair could be found across four independent sources, so none is given.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Yumusatma tavi<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">380-420 \u00b0C, 2-3 hours heating, controlled cooling at max 30 \u00b0C per hour down to 250 \u00b0C, then in air below 250 \u00b0C (BIKAR). This gives the O temper: Rp0.2 about 135 MPa, Rm about 250 MPa, elongation 12 % (Leichtmetall).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">THIS ALLOY IS PRECIPITATION HARDENING (heat-treatable). The cycle is: solution treatment \u2192 quench \u2192 ageing. In 2017A the commercial ageing step is NATURAL ageing at room temperature (T4\/T451); artificial furnace ageing (T6) is not applied and no temperature\/time pair for artificial ageing of 2017A could be verified across four independent sources. The diagram is schematic, the time axis is NOT to scale, and no curve is drawn because no published TTT\/CCT curve was used. Difference between NATURAL and ARTIFICIAL ageing: natural ageing happens by itself at room temperature and forms GP zones; artificial ageing is done in a furnace and precipitates a stable intermediate phase. Commercially 2017A is only naturally aged. Between quenching and the completion of natural ageing the material stays soft and formable; cold forming and rivet setting are done inside that window. Rivet wire is kept refrigerated to extend it. Above 505 \u00b0C there is a risk of local grain boundary melting (burning) during solution treatment, which is why the band is kept narrow.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>There is no published ASME code temperature table for 2017A<\/b>, because the alloy itself is not accepted as a material in the ASME pressure vessel code. Rather than invent numbers for this section, we give the verifiable temperature information we have and state its limits plainly.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Temperature \u00b7 EN AW-2017A (manufacturer guidance, NOT a code limit)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Continuous service (manufacturer guidance)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">approximately <b>135\u2013145 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 from one manufacturer datasheet family, <b>not independently verified<\/b>, and <b>should not be used as a design limit<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Short-term exposure (manufacturer guidance)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">approximately <b>180\u2013190 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 same source, same caveat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Why an upper limit exists at all<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">T4\/T351 is a <b>naturally aged<\/b> condition. As temperature rises, precipitation accelerates and the condition drifts toward <b>overageing<\/b>: strength may rise first, then fall; more importantly, <b>grain-boundary precipitation raises intergranular corrosion susceptibility<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Why artificial ageing is not used<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The EN tables we consulted contain <b>no T6\/T651 values for 2017A<\/b>. Industry practice is to leave the alloy in T4; <b>the price of going to T6 is ductility and corrosion behaviour<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Cryogenic<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No verified data found.<\/b> Do not publish low-temperature toughness figures for 2017A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Fire \/ melting scenario<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Sources <b>contradict<\/b> on the solidification range: <b>512\u2013650 \u00b0C<\/b> (two manufacturers) versus <b>555\u2013640 \u00b0C<\/b> (one manufacturer). We have seen both and prefer neither<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Knowing which product form of an alloy has no standard usually earns more money than knowing which ones do. For 2017A the list starts with <b>welding consumables<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">EN AW-2017A \u00b7 Forms With No Standard, or Unverified<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bare welding wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> No filler metal of 2017 chemistry exists in the AWS A5.10 \/ EN ISO 18273 filler lists. <b>The reason is metallurgy, not coincidence:<\/b> an Al-Cu-Mg composition around 4 % copper sits <b>inside the worst composition window<\/b> for hot (solidification) cracking in fusion welding. If an alloy has no filler wire, that alloy was not designed to be welded<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Covered electrode<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> Same reason<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Welded pipe<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Effectively none.<\/b> Welded pipe is a welded product, which is not a meaningful form for a non-weldable alloy. 2017A tube is made <b>seamless<\/b> \u2014 drawn to EN 754-2 or extruded to EN 755-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Flanges and forged fittings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>No product-specific EN\/ASTM specification was found.<\/b> A 2017A flange is <b>a part machined to a drawing<\/b>, not to a specification; the buyer writes the acceptance criteria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bolts and nuts<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">2017A is historically a <b>rivet and fastener<\/b> alloy and this is one of its strongest commercial uses. However, <b>an EN\/ASTM mechanical class specification for aluminium bolts (the equivalent of steel 8.8 or A2-70) could not be verified<\/b>. Aluminium fasteners are not classified with steel logic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Not applicable.<\/b> 2017A is a <b>wrought alloy<\/b>. Copper-bearing aluminium castings are a separate family with separate numbers (EN AC- series). <b>There is no such material as \u201ccast 2017A\u201d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Drawn wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Listed under <b>EN 1301-2<\/b>, but <b>the mechanical property table could not be verified in this study<\/b>. When ordering rivet wire, values must be defined <b>by contract<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>T6 \/ T651 temper<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Not found in the standard tables.<\/b> A customer asking for 2017A-T6 cannot be given \u201cstandard values\u201d; if values are given at all, they are <b>manufacturer contract values<\/b> and must be labelled as such<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Alclad 2017A<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Alclad is a common solution for copper-bearing 2xxx sheet, but <b>an alclad product specification for 2017A could not be verified in this study<\/b>. Alclad 2024 is common; <b>alclad 2017A availability should be questioned<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The band below follows EN 573-3. <b>One row carries a genuine contradiction between sources and we are not hiding it.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 EN AW-2017A (EN 573-3, weight %)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Silicon (Si)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.20 \u2013 0.80<\/b> \u2014 a band <b>with a lower limit<\/b>, i.e. a deliberately added element. This is one of the rows that separates 2017A from 2024<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max <b>0.70<\/b> \u2014 relatively generous for the 2xxx family; high impurity tolerance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Copper (Cu)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>3.5 \u2013 4.5<\/b> \u2014 <b>this row is the whole alloy.<\/b> It delivers strength through Al\u2082Cu (\u03b8) precipitation and ruins corrosion behaviour at the same time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>0.40 \u2013 1.00<\/b> \u2014 controls grain structure, delays recrystallisation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Magnesium (Mg)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.40 \u2013 1.00<\/b> \u2014 contributes to Al\u2082CuMg (S phase) formation. <b>In 2024 this band is 1.2\u20131.8 %<\/b>; most of the strength difference between the two alloys comes from here<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Chromium (Cr)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>[CONTRADICTION]<\/b> One source gives <b>max 0.10<\/b>; a manufacturer datasheet shows the range <b>0.10\u20130.25<\/b>. <b>We have seen both.<\/b> If this row matters in your purchase specification, <b>confirm it against the current edition of EN 573-3<\/b>; we are not choosing one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Zinc (Zn)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max <b>0.25<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Titanium + Zirconium (Ti+Zr)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max <b>0.25<\/b> \u2014 one manufacturer sheet shows <b>Zr+Ti 0.05<\/b>; <b>this row is contradictory too<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Other elements<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">each max <b>0.05<\/b> \u00b7 total max <b>0.15<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Aluminium (Al)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>remainder<\/b> (typically in the 91.5\u201395 % band)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">What the chemistry directly causes<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. 4 % copper = no fusion welding.<\/b> In the Al-Cu system this composition creates a wide brittle range during solidification, and the weld metal cracks as it freezes. <b>2. 4 % copper = poor corrosion.<\/b> Al\u2082Cu particles are <b>cathodic<\/b> to the matrix; the aluminium around them dissolves preferentially. That is the mechanism behind pitting, intergranular corrosion and exfoliation. <b>3. 4 % copper = good machining.<\/b> The same hard particles break chips; 2017A machines noticeably more comfortably than the 5xxx series. <b>4. 4 % copper = no decorative anodising.<\/b> A copper-bearing surface gives a dull, yellowish, inconsistent colour in the anodic film; the manufacturer rating for decorative anodising is <b>5 (unsuited)<\/b>. <b>5. 4 % copper = no food contact<\/b> (DIN EN 602).<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 546\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">EN 485-2 \u00b7 O (annealed) \u00b7 sheet and plate<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"407.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"430.5\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">250<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"220.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"243.1\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">135<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">EN 485-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T451 \u00b7 sheet and plate 0.5-6 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"570.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"593.5\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">350<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"391.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"414.2\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">240<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">EN 485-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T451 \u00b7 plate 60-200 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"489.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"512.0\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">300<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"196\" width=\"326.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"349.0\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">200<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">EN 755-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T4510 \/ T4511 \u00b7 extruded rod, diameter up to 25 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"242\" width=\"619.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"642.4\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">380<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"260\" width=\"423.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"446.8\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">260<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"300\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">EN 755-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T4510 \/ T4511 \u00b7 extruded tube, wall 10-75 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"306\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">400<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"324\" width=\"440.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"463.1\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">270<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">EN 755-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T4510 \/ T4511 \u00b7 extruded profile, thickness up to 30 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"370\" width=\"619.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"642.4\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">380<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"388\" width=\"423.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"446.8\" y=\"400\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">260<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"428\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">EN 754-2 \u00b7 T3 \u00b7 cold drawn bar<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"434\" width=\"586.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"609.8\" y=\"446\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">360<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"452\" width=\"358.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"381.6\" y=\"464\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">220<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"492\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">T451 \u00b7 plate \u2014 PRODUCER TYPICAL value (not a minimum)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"498\" width=\"627.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"650.6\" y=\"510\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">385<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"516\" width=\"391.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"414.2\" y=\"528\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">240<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN 485-2 \u00b7 O (annealed) \u00b7 sheet and plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">135<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">12 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN 485-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T451 \u00b7 sheet and plate 0.5-6 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">240-260<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">350-390<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">13-15 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN 485-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T451 \u00b7 plate 60-200 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">200-240<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">300-370<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2-7 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN 755-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T4510 \/ T4511 \u00b7 extruded rod, diameter up to 25 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">260<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">380<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">12 % (A), 10 % (A50)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN 755-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T4510 \/ T4511 \u00b7 extruded tube, wall 10-75 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">270<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN 755-2 \u00b7 T4 \/ T4510 \/ T4511 \u00b7 extruded profile, thickness up to 30 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">260<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">380<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">10 % (A), 8 % (A50)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN 754-2 \u00b7 T3 \u00b7 cold drawn bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">220-270<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">360-400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">7-10 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">T451 \u00b7 plate \u2014 PRODUCER TYPICAL value (not a minimum)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">240-260<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">385-390<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">10-15 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">Every row is a SPECIFICATION MINIMUM (EN 485-2, EN 754-2, EN 755-2). Because this alloy precipitation hardens, the rows are ordered by TEMPER. Rockwell C is not measured on aluminium; hardness is given as Brinell (HBW\/HB).<\/b> In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. No HRC is given: Rockwell C is not measured on aluminium. T4 and T451 share the same strength class; the difference between them is residual stress level, not strength. Values fall as thickness rises: in EN 485-2 the Rp0.2 difference between the 0.5-6 mm and the 60-200 mm bands is about 60 MPa. For heavy plate the ordered thickness band must be read, not the headline figure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The values below are <b>standard minima<\/b> unless noted otherwise. Hardness figures are <b>typical values for information, not acceptance criteria<\/b> \u2014 do not reject an aluminium plate on Brinell. <b>The Rm values are given as minima for T4\/T451.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Strip \u2014 T4 \/ T451 (EN 485-2, by thickness)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.4 \u2013 1.5 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>390<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>245<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>14 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>110 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">1.5 \u2013 6.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>390<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>245<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>15 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>110 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">6.0 \u2013 12.5 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>390<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>260<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>13 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>111 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">12.5 \u2013 40.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>390<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>250<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>12 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>110 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">40.0 \u2013 60.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>385<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>245<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>12 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>108 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">60.0 \u2013 80.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>370<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>240<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>7 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">80.0 \u2013 120.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>360<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>240<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>6 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>105 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">120.0 \u2013 150.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>350<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>240<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>4 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>101 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">150.0 \u2013 180.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>330<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>220<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>2 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">180.0 \u2013 200.0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>300<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>200<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>2 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The row to read<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Elongation collapses with thickness: 15 % at 6 mm, 4 % at 150 mm, 2 % at 200 mm.<\/b> Thick 2017A plate <b>cannot be formed<\/b>; it can only be machined. Do not plan bending from thick plate without knowing this<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Drawn Products \u2014 T3 \/ T351 (EN 754-2)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar, dia \u226480 mm \u00b7 <b>T3<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>250<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>8 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>105 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Round bar, dia \u226480 mm \u00b7 <b>T351<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>250<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>6 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>105 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Square \u00b7 flat \u00b7 hexagonal bar \u226480 mm \u00b7 <b>T3<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>250<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>8 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Square \u00b7 flat \u00b7 hexagonal bar \u226480 mm \u00b7 <b>T351<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>250<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>6 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Drawn tube, wall \u226420 mm \u00b7 <b>T3<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>250<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>8 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Drawn tube \u00b7 <b>T3510 \/ T3511<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>250<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>6 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>T3 versus T351<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Same strength, <b>different elongation: 8 % against 6 %<\/b>. The <b>stress-relief stretching<\/b> in T351 consumes part of the ductility but <b>removes residual stress<\/b> \u2014 meaning <b>the part does not distort while being machined<\/b>. For asymmetric parts machined from one side, <b>specify T351 \/ T451<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Extruded Products \u2014 T4 \/ T4510 \/ T4511 (EN 755-2)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar \u226425 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>380<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>260<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>10 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>105 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Round bar >25 \u2013 75 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>270<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>10 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>105 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar >75 \u2013 150 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>390<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>260<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>9 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>105 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Round bar >150 \u2013 200 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>370<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>240<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>8 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar >200 \u2013 250 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>360<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>220<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>7 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Extruded tube, wall \u226410 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>380<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>260<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>10 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Extruded tube, wall >10 \u2013 17 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>400<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>270<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>8 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Profile, wall \u226430 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm <b>380<\/b> MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>260<\/b> MPa \u00b7 A <b>8 %<\/b> \u00b7 ~<b>105 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Note<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In extrusions the highest values are not at \u226425 mm but in the 25\u201375 mm band.<\/b> This follows from different quench and deformation history in thin sections. The intuition \u201cthinner is stronger\u201d is wrong here<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Minimum versus typical:<\/b> the Rp0.2 and A values above are <b>minima<\/b> and are the inspection criteria. Measured values on a real plate will typically exceed them. <b>But the number used in a design is the minimum, not the typical.<\/b> We found one manufacturer page quoting <b>Rm 450 MPa \/ Rp0.2 400 MPa \/ 120 HB<\/b> for 2017A: those figures <b>match none of the EN 485-2 or EN 755-2 tables<\/b> and <b>must not be used in design<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties \u00b7 EN AW-2017A<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>2.80 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> (one source gives 2.82 \u2014 negligible difference, but meaningfully heavier than <b>5083 at 2.66 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b>: <b>copper is a heavy element<\/b>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Modulus of elasticity (E)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>72.5 GPa<\/b> [one manufacturer] \u00b7 <b>70 GPa<\/b> [another] \u2014 <b>[CONTRADICTION]<\/b>, both are published<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Shear modulus (G)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>27.2 GPa<\/b> \u2014 single source<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Thermal conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>130 \u2013 200 W\/(m\u00b7K)<\/b> \u2014 the width of the band depends on temper and precipitation state; <b>copper held in solution lowers conductivity<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Electrical conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>18 \u2013 28 m\/(\u03a9\u00b7mm\u00b2)<\/b>, i.e. roughly <b>31\u201348 % IACS<\/b>. <b>In T4 it sits at the low end<\/b>, because the copper is in solution<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Coefficient of thermal expansion<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>23.0 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 K\u207b\u00b9<\/b> (20\u2013100 \u00b0C) [one source] \u00b7 <b>23.3 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 K\u207b\u00b9<\/b> [another source]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Solidification range<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>512 \u2013 650 \u00b0C<\/b> [two sources] \u00b7 <b>555 \u2013 640 \u00b0C<\/b> [one source] \u2014 <b>[CONTRADICTION]<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Specific heat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>No verified value obtained<\/b> \u2014 we publish no number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Electrical conductivity measurement is a quality tool on 2017A.<\/b> A correctly solution-treated and correctly quenched 2017A has low conductivity (copper in solution). In a slowly cooled or overaged part the copper precipitates and <b>conductivity rises<\/b>. This is why aerospace uses <b>eddy-current conductivity measurement<\/b> as the non-destructive way to check whether the heat treatment was done correctly. <b>High conductivity is not good news here.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment and NATURAL AGEING \u2014 the Most Misunderstood Topic on This Alloy<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment Parameters \u00b7 EN AW-2017A<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Solution treatment<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>495 \u2013 505 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 a narrow window. Exceeding the upper limit causes <b>grain-boundary melting (burning)<\/b> and the part is irreversibly scrap; below the lower limit the copper does not fully dissolve and strength is not achieved<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Quench<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Water.<\/b> Transfer delay is critical: the longer the path from furnace to water, the more precipitation occurs at grain boundaries \u2014 which both lowers strength and <b>raises intergranular corrosion susceptibility<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Natural ageing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>5 \u2013 8 days at room temperature.<\/b> After quenching the alloy is <b>soft<\/b> and begins to harden within hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Soft annealing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>380 \u2013 420 \u00b0C<\/b>, hold <b>2 \u2013 3 hours<\/b>, then controlled cooling at <b>30 \u00b0C per hour down to 250 \u00b0C<\/b>, then air cool. <b>Uncontrolled cooling ruins the anneal<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Artificial ageing (T6)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Not used commercially.<\/b> The EN tables we consulted contain no T6\/T651 mechanical values for 2017A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Thermal stress relief<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Thermal stress relief <b>destroys the T4 condition<\/b> \u2014 it changes the precipitation state. Stress relief on 2017A is <b>mechanical, not thermal<\/b>: <b>stretching<\/b>, i.e. T351 \/ T451<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Natural ageing never fully stops \u2014 and that is a practical problem<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The textbook says \u201c5\u20138 days\u201d, and that is the time after which the strength becomes <b>engineering-stable<\/b>. <b>But the precipitation process does not end there.<\/b> In the Al-Cu-Mg system, room-temperature precipitation continues for <b>years, decelerating logarithmically<\/b>. This has four practical consequences, and all four show up on the shop floor:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. The rivet problem \u2014 the most concrete proof of natural ageing.<\/b> 2017 is an aerospace rivet alloy. Immediately after quenching the rivet is soft and can be driven; within hours it hardens and then <b>cracks<\/b> when driven. Aerospace practice has historically been to keep rivets of this alloy <b>refrigerated (\u201cice-box\u201d rivets)<\/b> or to <b>re-solution-treat them immediately before driving<\/b>. That proves natural ageing is not an abstract metallurgy topic but <b>a daily production constraint<\/b>. <b>2. Stock changes while it sits.<\/b> A 2017A-T4 bar that has been on the rack for two years can be measurably harder than one delivered three months ago. The difference in chip behaviour and burr between two batches run on the same program is <b>usually exactly this<\/b>. <b>3. Hardness test \u201cdiscrepancies\u201d.<\/b> The small gap between the HB on the certificate and the HB you measure today is usually not a non-conformance \u2014 it is <b>time<\/b>. <b>4. The forming window after quenching.<\/b> Difficult bends are made in the <b>W condition<\/b> right after solution treatment; that window is measured <b>in hours<\/b>, not days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">T3 \u00b7 T351 \u00b7 T4 \u00b7 T451 \u2014 what each one means<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>T4:<\/b> solution treated + naturally aged. <b>T3:<\/b> solution treated + <b>cold worked<\/b> + naturally aged \u2014 you see it on drawn products (EN 754-2); the cold work lifts the strength slightly. <b>The trailing \u201c51\u201d (T351, T451):<\/b> <b>stress relieved by stretching<\/b>. <b>The trailing \u201c510\u201d and \u201c511\u201d (T4510, T4511):<\/b> stress relieved by stretching in extrusion \u2014 510 = <b>no further straightening<\/b> after stretching, 511 = <b>minor straightening<\/b> permitted. <b>Practical machining rule: if you are cutting an asymmetric part out of thick plate, specify a stress-relieved temper \u2014 T451 \/ T351 \/ T4511.<\/b> In non-stress-relieved thick plate the part bananas after the first roughing pass.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding \u2014 2017A IS NOT WELDABLE<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>There is no nuance in this section.<\/b> The manufacturer datasheets we consulted rate 2017A <b>gas welding 5, TIG 5, MIG 5<\/b> \u2014 on the scale used, <b>5 = unsuited<\/b>. Another supplier states it in plain words: <b>\u201ctraditional welding is not possible\u201d<\/b>. <b>2017A is not joined by fusion welding processes.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Joining Methods \u00b7 EN AW-2017A<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>TIG<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>UNSUITED<\/b> (rating 5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>MIG<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>UNSUITED<\/b> (rating 5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Gas welding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>UNSUITED<\/b> (rating 5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Resistance (spot) welding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>VERY GOOD<\/b> (rating 1). One supplier states explicitly: \u201cwelding is possible using resistance welding techniques\u201d. <b>Why:<\/b> in spot welding the molten pool is tiny, the cycle is very short and solidification happens under pressure \u2014 the hot-cracking window is effectively skipped<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Riveting \u00b7 bolting<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>This is the correct method.<\/b> 2017A is a rivet alloy to begin with<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Brazing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>UNSUITED<\/b> \u2014 rating 5 with and without flux. The lower end of the alloy\u2019s solidification range (512 \u00b0C) is dangerously close to typical aluminium brazing temperatures<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Soft soldering<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Unsuited<\/b> (rating 5 for soft soldering with flux); abrasion soldering is <b>moderate<\/b> (rating 3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Adhesive bonding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Structural bonding of 2xxx is common in aerospace, but <b>no verified bonding data specific to 2017A was obtained<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Friction stir welding (FSW)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">FSW is applied to 2xxx alloys in the literature, and because there is no melting the hot-cracking problem disappears. <b>However, no verified parameters or strength data for 2017A were obtained in this study<\/b> \u2014 we publish no numbers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Why it does not weld \u2014 three separate mechanisms<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. Solidification (hot) cracking.<\/b> Al-Cu compositions around 4 % copper have one of the widest brittle temperature ranges during freezing: as the weld pool solidifies, liquid film still remains at the grain boundaries when shrinkage stress arrives, and it <b>cracks<\/b>. This is not a workmanship problem; <b>it is the composition itself<\/b>. <b>2. HAZ liquation and strength loss.<\/b> Welding heat exceeds the solution treatment temperature; the heat-affected zone goes through an uncontrolled heat treatment, low-melting phases at grain boundaries liquate, and the zone both weakens and opens to cracking. <b>3. Collapse of corrosion resistance.<\/b> One supplier puts it exactly this way: <b>\u201ctraditional welding is not possible as the corrosion resistance characteristics would be affected\u201d<\/b>. Welding heat produces a copper-rich precipitate network at grain boundaries; the result is <b>a narrow band along the weld that is open to intergranular corrosion<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What is done in practice:<\/b> 2017A parts are <b>riveted, bolted, spot welded or bonded<\/b>. If a welded aluminium structure is required, the alloy is changed \u2014 for welded chassis, tanks and boats <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5083\/\">EN AW-5083<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5754\/\">EN AW-5754<\/a> are the right addresses, and for weldable structural profiles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-6082\/\">EN AW-6082<\/a>. <b>There is no middle road called \u201cwe only weld a little\u201d.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is 2017A\u2019s strongest side.<\/b> In the heat-treated condition the manufacturer machinability rating is <b>1\u20132 (very good \/ good)<\/b>; in the soft annealed condition it is <b>4 (poor)<\/b>. In other words, <b>machine 2017A hard, not soft<\/b> \u2014 a rule that looks counter-intuitive but is correct for aluminium: soft aluminium smears and builds up on the edge (BUE); hard 2017A breaks clean chips.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining Parameters \u00b7 2017 \/ 2017A, carbide tooling<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Turning<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>380 \u2013 510 m\/min<\/b> (1,250\u20131,670 SFM)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Milling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>470 \u2013 640 m\/min<\/b> (1,540\u20132,100 SFM)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Drilling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>155 \u2013 215 m\/min<\/b> (510\u2013710 SFM)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Machinability index<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~200 %<\/b> against the reference base. For comparison, <b>5754 and 5083 are quoted at 170\u2013280 %<\/b>, but in the 5xxx series the problem is not speed \u2014 it is <b>chip stickiness<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Carbide grade<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Uncoated fine-grain carbide<\/b> or <b>PVD-coated N-group<\/b> (e.g. N05\u2013N35 class). <b>Polished flutes and a sharp edge are mandatory<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Rake angle<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>High positive.<\/b> Use tooling designed for aluminium, with wide polished flutes; steel geometry clogs in aluminium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Coolant<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Flood emulsion or MQL. <b>2017A should not be cut dry<\/b>: it smears and loses dimensional control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Chip form<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Al\u2082Cu particles give <b>breakable chips<\/b> \u2014 this is 2017A\u2019s real advantage over the 5xxx series<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Caveat on the speeds above<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The source states they are for <b>ideal conditions<\/b>: rigid clamping, short tool overhang, the right carbide grade. <b>In a real shop the limit is machine rigidity and workholding, not speed<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Distortion is the real issue.<\/b> The hard part of machining 2017A is not cutting \u2014 it is <b>residual stress<\/b>. Quenched thick plate carries serious residual stress between surface and core. Removing material from one side unbalances that stress and the part moves. <b>Three countermeasures:<\/b> (1) <b>specify a stress-relieved temper<\/b> \u2014 T451 \/ T351 \/ T4511; (2) <b>a symmetric cutting plan<\/b> \u2014 remove material evenly from both faces; (3) <b>rest the part between roughing and finishing<\/b>, with a separate setup if possible. <b>Without these three, no tool will save the part.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion \u2014 WHERE IT FAILS<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">COMPARISON<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">CRITERION: (1) STRENGTH, compared only through SPECIFICATION MINIMA of the same standard family \u2014 EN 485-2 for flat products, EN 755-2 for extrusions; typical values are not mixed in. (2) STRENGTHENING MECHANISM: heat-treatable (2017A, 6060, 6082, 7075) versus non-heat-treatable (5754). (3) WELDABILITY, expressed through filler metal and post-weld behaviour as well as the producers&#8217; 1-5 \/ 1-6 ratings. (4) CORROSION RESISTANCE, as normal atmosphere plus seawater plus stress corrosion cracking. (5) MACHINABILITY, from producer ratings per temper. The rows are ordered by strength class, not by preference.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Grade<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Mechanism<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Strength<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Weldability<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Corrosion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Limit<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN AW-2017A (AlCu4MgSi(A) \u00b7 3.1325)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">HEAT-TREATABLE. Solution treatment 495-505 \u00b0C + quench + NATURAL ageing (T4\/T451). Hardening comes from Al2Cu \/ Al2CuMg precipitation. Artificial ageing (T6) is not used commercially.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EN 755-2 minima: T4 extruded rod up to 25 mm diameter, Rp0.2 min 260 MPa, Rm min 380 MPa. EN 485-2 sheet T4\/T451: Rp0.2 240-260 MPa, Rm 350-390 MPa.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NOT SUITABLE FOR FUSION WELDING. Producer data sheets rate gas, TIG and MIG as unsuitable; only resistance (spot) welding is usable. Structural joints are riveted or bolted.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Poor. With copper at 3.5-4.5 % the cathodic Al2Cu particles drive galvanic attack; poor in normal atmosphere and unsuitable for seawater. Plating, anodising or paint is mandatory.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Not used in welded structures or in seawater. Decorative anodising is unsuitable. Even in T451, asymmetric machining of heavy sections is reported to cause distortion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN AW-5754 (AlMg3 \u00b7 3.3535)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NOT HEAT-TREATABLE. Strength comes from magnesium in solid solution plus COLD WORK (H tempers). There is NO solution treatment or ageing step; tempers such as T4 or T6 are not defined for this alloy.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">EN 485-2 minima: O\/H111 Rp0.2 min 80 MPa, Rm 190-240 MPa \u00b7 H22 Rp0.2 min 130 MPa, Rm 220-270 MPa \u00b7 H24 Rp0.2 min 160 MPa, Rm 240-280 MPa. The lowest strength class of the five.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">THE BEST OF THE FIVE. Gas, arc and resistance welding all rated very good; filler SG-AlMg3 and SG-AlMg5. No post-weld heat treatment is needed or possible; the HAZ returns to annealed (O) strength and the design uses that value.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Very good. Resists seawater and industrially polluted atmospheres; covered by DIN EN 602 for food contact.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Does not replace the others in highly stressed load-bearing structures. Machinability is moderate to poor (soft, gummy chips). Because the magnesium band is 2.6-3.6 %, beta phase (Mg2Al3) sensitisation becomes relevant at the top of the band, so prolonged warm service needs the same care as 5083.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN AW-6060 (AlMgSi \u00b7 3.3206)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">HEAT-TREATABLE, by Mg2Si precipitation. Cooling at the exit of the extrusion press (press quench) takes the place of a separate solution treatment; artificial ageing then gives T5. For T6 a separate furnace solution treatment, quench and ageing are applied.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EN 755-2 minima (rod up to 150 mm): T4 60\/120 MPa \u00b7 T5 120\/160 MPa \u00b7 T6 150\/190 MPa \u00b7 T66 160\/215 MPa. The second lowest of the five and clearly below 6082.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Good. TIG and MIG rated 2 (good). Filler SG-AlMg5, AlSi5, or AlMg3 where the part will be anodised. Welding heat reduces HAZ strength by roughly 50 %.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Very good (normal atmosphere rated 1), good in marine atmosphere. IT IS THE BEST OF THE FIVE FOR DECORATIVE ANODISING, because low iron and manganese give consistent colour and gloss.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Strength is low; a load-bearing structure needs 6082. There is no EN mechanical property table for this alloy in sheet, plate or forging form \u2014 in practice 6060 is an EXTRUSION alloy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN AW-6082 (AlSi1MgMn \u00b7 3.2315)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">HEAT-TREATABLE. Solution treatment 525-540 \u00b0C + quench + ARTIFICIAL AGEING 155-190 \u00b0C. Hardening comes from Mg2Si (beta&#8221;) precipitation.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">EN 755-2 minima: T6 rod 20-150 mm Rp0.2 min 260 MPa, Rm min 310 MPa \u00b7 T4 Rp0.2 min 110 MPa, Rm min 205 MPa. EN 485-2 T6\/T651 plate 6-12.5 mm: 255\/300 MPa. The highest class among the weldable alloys here.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Good. MIG rated 1 (very good), TIG 2. Filler 4043\/AlSi5 for self-welding or 5356\/AlMg5. HOWEVER the HAZ overages and softens: in a peer-reviewed measurement the proof strength falls from about 260 MPa to below 130 MPa, roughly a 50 % loss.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Very good (normal atmosphere 1, marine atmosphere 2). Can be certified for marine use under EN 13195.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">In a welded structure it does not match the corrosion behaviour of 5083\/5754. It is quench sensitive: in heavy sections a slower cooling rate misses the T6 values. For decorative anodising it is behind 6060 because of the manganese.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">EN AW-7075 (AlZn5.5MgCu \u00b7 3.4365)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">HEAT-TREATABLE. Solution treatment 470-480 \u00b0C + quench + ARTIFICIAL AGEING. Hardening comes from MgZn2 (eta&#8217;) precipitation. T73\/T7351 is a TWO-STAGE OVERAGEING treatment that trades strength away to buy resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC).<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EN 485-2 minima: T651 plate 6-12.5 mm Rp0.2 min 460 MPa, Rm min 540 MPa. EN 755-2 T6 extruded rod up to 25 mm: 505\/570 MPa. By far the highest of the five.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NOT SUITABLE FOR FUSION WELDING. Producer data sheets rate gas, TIG and MIG as unsuitable and the Alcoa weldability table simply states NO. Only resistance welding is usable; joints are riveted or bolted.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Poor. Producer data sheets rate normal atmosphere and seawater 4-5 (poor to unsuitable). THE GOVERNING LIMIT IS STRESS CORROSION CRACKING: Kaiser rates T6\/T651 as &#8216;C&#8217; \u2014 service failures with sustained tension stress acting in the short transverse direction.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">T6\/T651 in heavy section is open to SCC in the short transverse direction, which is why critical parts are ordered in T73\/T7351. It cannot be welded. Continuous service temperature is about 90 \u00b0C (BIKAR). Decorative anodising is unsuitable.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Vurgu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">en-aw-2017a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">Every strength row is a SPECIFICATION MINIMUM; producer typical values are not mixed into this table. 5754 is the only non-heat-treatable alloy here; the other four are solution treated, quenched and aged. The two mechanisms are not interchangeable. 2017A and 7075 are not suitable for fusion welding; 5754, 6060 and 6082 are weldable. Even in the weldable three the weld zone loses strength. In 7075, T73\/T7351 is an overageing treatment: strength is deliberately lowered in exchange for resistance to stress corrosion cracking.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This section describes where 2017A cannot be sold, and it should be read honestly.<\/b> The manufacturer rating tables are unambiguous: <b>normal atmosphere \/ weather: 4 (poor)<\/b>, <b>seawater: 4\u20135 (poor to unsuited)<\/b>. For comparison, on the same scale <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5754\/\">EN AW-5754<\/a> scores <b>1<\/b> in atmosphere and <b>1\u20132<\/b> in seawater; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5083\/\">EN AW-5083<\/a> scores <b>1<\/b> in both. <b>That is not a nuance, it is a class difference.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Mechanism \u2014 why it is this bad<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Aluminium\u2019s corrosion resistance rests on a self-repairing surface <b>Al\u2082O\u2083 film<\/b>. On 2017A that film is still there \u2014 the problem is underneath it. In the matrix and at the grain boundaries sit <b>Al\u2082Cu (\u03b8) and Al\u2082CuMg (S) particles<\/b>. These are <b>cathodic<\/b> to the surrounding aluminium: in the presence of an electrolyte the aluminium around the particle becomes the <b>anode<\/b> and dissolves. In other words, <b>the alloy contains microscopic galvanic cells inside itself<\/b>. The consequences:<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">EN AW-2017A \u00b7 Corrosion Damage Modes<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Pitting<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">In any chloride-bearing environment. Sea air, road salt, sweat, cleaning chemicals. <b>Pinholes running deep while the surface still looks clean<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Intergranular corrosion (IGC)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Driven by the potential difference between the copper-rich precipitate network at the grain boundary and the <b>copper-depleted zone<\/b> beside it. <b>Slow quenching, overageing and welding heat all make it worse.<\/b> It reduces strength without visible damage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Exfoliation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">In rolled plate and extrusions with elongated grain structure. The corrosion product occupies more volume and <b>lifts the material like the pages of a book<\/b>. It starts at edges and hole walls<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The naturally aged (T3\/T4) tempers of the 2xxx series are <b>known to be susceptible to SCC in the short-transverse direction<\/b>. Risky for parts machined from thick plate that carry sustained tensile stress. <b>No numerical threshold-stress data specific to 2017A could be verified in this study<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Galvanic coupling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">2017A is <b>more noble<\/b> than copper-free aluminium and <b>more active<\/b> than steel and stainless steel. <b>Couple a 2017A part to stainless bolts and the aluminium is eaten.<\/b> Use insulating washers, coatings or compatible fasteners<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Weld zone<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">It should not be welded in the first place; if it is, <b>a narrow band along the weld becomes open to intergranular corrosion<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">How it is protected<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. Alclad.<\/b> The classic solution for copper-bearing 2xxx sheet is cladding both faces with pure or low-alloy aluminium (<b>alclad<\/b>). The cladding acts both as a barrier and as <b>cathodic protection<\/b>: even when scratched, the cladding sacrifices itself. <b>Caveat:<\/b> alclad 2024 is common; <b>alclad 2017A availability could not be verified in this study<\/b> \u2014 confirm before ordering. Also, <b>if you machine into the thickness of an alclad sheet you remove the protection<\/b>; a machined part is not alclad. <b>2. Protective anodising.<\/b> Rating <b>2 (good)<\/b>. Chromic or sulphuric acid anodising plus a paint primer is the aerospace standard. <b>The decorative anodising rating is 5 (unsuited)<\/b> \u2014 copper gives a dull, inconsistent colour. <b>Never promise a \u201cnatural anodised decorative finish\u201d on 2017A.<\/b> <b>3. Paint and coating.<\/b> Rating <b>3 (moderate)<\/b>; used together with a chromate-phosphate or chromate-free conversion coating primer. <b>4. Design.<\/b> Remove water-trapping pockets, capillary gaps and hidden crevices; protect edges and hole walls too \u2014 <b>that is where exfoliation starts<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Where it must not be used \u2014 the explicit list<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Seawater and marine atmosphere<\/b> (uncoated). <b>Buried or permanently wet service.<\/b> <b>Welded structures.<\/b> <b>Food and beverage contact<\/b> (not suitable per DIN EN 602). <b>Decoratively anodised architectural surfaces.<\/b> <b>Uncoated exterior parts exposed to road salt.<\/b> <b>Welded pressure vessels.<\/b> For every item on this list the right answer is to change the alloy \u2014 not to use thicker 2017A.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Should I buy 2017A-T4 or 6082-T6? Both give roughly the same yield strength.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>In almost every case, 6082-T6.<\/b> Look at the numbers: 6082-T6\/T651 plate at 3\u20136 mm gives <b>Rm 310 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 260 MPa<\/b>; 2017A-T4\/T451 plate in the same band gives <b>Rm 390 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 245 MPa<\/b>. So <b>6082 leads on yield strength and 2017A leads on tensile strength<\/b>. Because most designs are sized on yield strength, <b>the strength argument usually does not justify 2017A<\/b>. Meanwhile 6082 <b>welds<\/b>, <b>resists corrosion<\/b> and <b>anodises<\/b>; 2017A does none of the three. <b>Choose 2017A only for these three reasons:<\/b> (1) high tensile strength and fatigue are genuinely required, (2) <b>chip breaking and tool life in volume machining<\/b> are decisive, (3) the part is a <b>rivet or fastener<\/b>. If there is welding, outdoor exposure or a visible surface, move to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-6082\/\">EN AW-6082<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The certificate says T4 but the hardness reads higher than the certificate. Is this a non-conformance?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Most likely not \u2014 most likely it is time.<\/b> 2017A is a naturally ageing alloy and the precipitation process continues <b>for years at room temperature, decelerating but never fully stopping<\/b>. The textbook \u201c5\u20138 days\u201d marks the point where the condition becomes engineering-stable; it does not mean the process halted. A bar that has been in stock a long time can read measurably harder than fresh material from the same cast. <b>The acceptance criteria are not hardness but the Rp0.2, Rm and A minima in EN 485-2 \/ EN 754-2 \/ EN 755-2 \u2014 and those minima may be exceeded upward.<\/b> <b>The real non-conformance is this:<\/b> elongation (A) falling <b>below<\/b> the minimum. If there is a dispute, <b>run a tensile test<\/b>; do not decide on hardness. <b>Note:<\/b> this effect hits production planning too \u2014 it is normal for two batches delivered two years apart to give different burr and dimensions on the same program.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Can we repair our 2017A part with TIG? It is only a small crack.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>No.<\/b> This has nothing to do with the welder\u2019s skill. Three mechanisms act at once: (1) <b>solidification cracking<\/b> \u2014 an Al-Cu composition at 4 % copper leaves liquid film at grain boundaries as the weld pool freezes and it cracks under shrinkage stress; this is <b>the composition itself<\/b> and no parameter fixes it; (2) <b>HAZ liquation and strength loss<\/b> \u2014 welding heat exceeds the solution treatment temperature and the heat-affected zone undergoes an uncontrolled heat treatment; (3) <b>collapse of corrosion resistance<\/b> \u2014 in a supplier\u2019s own words, \u201ctraditional welding is not possible as the corrosion resistance characteristics would be affected\u201d. On top of that <b>there is no suitable filler wire<\/b>: no filler metal of 2017 chemistry exists in the AWS A5.10 list. <b>What to do instead:<\/b> replace the part, or make a <b>mechanical repair<\/b> \u2014 doubler plate, rivets, bolts, fasteners. And if the part lives inside a structure that will be welded, <b>the wrong alloy was specified<\/b> and the design should move to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5083\/\">5083<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5754\/\">5754<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-6082\/\">6082<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">What is the real difference between 2017A and 2024, and which should I stock?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>In chemistry the single decisive row is magnesium:<\/b> <b>0.4\u20131.0 %<\/b> in 2017A against <b>1.2\u20131.8 %<\/b> in 2024. The copper bands are nearly identical (3.5\u20134.5 against 3.8\u20134.9). The extra magnesium strengthens the <b>Al\u2082CuMg (S phase)<\/b> precipitate and lifts the strength: in plate, <b>2024-T351: Rm ~435\u2013440 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 ~290 MPa<\/b>, against <b>2017A-T4\/T451: Rm ~390 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 ~245\u2013260 MPa<\/b>. <b>The price:<\/b> 2024 has even worse corrosion behaviour (alclad is close to mandatory), lower ductility and formability, and higher cost and supply constraint. <b>Neither is fusion weldable<\/b> (both rate 5 for gas\/TIG\/MIG). <b>Stocking decision:<\/b> if you do aerospace structural sheet work, 2024 (and alclad) is unavoidable; for <b>general machine building, tooling plate, machined mechanical parts and fasteners<\/b>, 2017A is cheaper, easier to machine and more ductile. <b>Do not substitute one number for the other<\/b> \u2014 on a certificate they are separate alloys.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b12\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Traps<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. \u201cRm 450 MPa, Rp0.2 400 MPa, 120 HB\u201d.<\/b> We found these figures on a datasheet for 2017A. <b>They match none of the EN 485-2, EN 754-2 or EN 755-2 tables.<\/b> The standard minima in plate are in the <b>Rm 390 \/ Rp0.2 245\u2013260<\/b> band. <b>Do not use them in design.<\/b><br \/><b>2. \u201cElectrical conductivity 33.5 MS\/m\u201d.<\/b> Same page. That works out to roughly <b>58 % IACS<\/b>, which is <b>effectively pure aluminium territory<\/b>. The verified band is <b>18\u201328 m\/(\u03a9\u00b7mm\u00b2)<\/b>, roughly <b>31\u201348 % IACS<\/b>. If you measure 58 % IACS on a 2017A part, what you are measuring is not 2017A.<br \/><b>3. \u201cGood weldability\u201d.<\/b> Some commercial pages state this for 2017A. <b>It is wrong.<\/b> Manufacturer rating tables give gas\/TIG\/MIG a <b>5 = unsuited<\/b>. The correct sentence is: <b>resistance (spot) welding is suitable, fusion welding is not<\/b>.<br \/><b>4. \u201cGood corrosion resistance\u201d.<\/b> Some supplier pages use this phrase. The same source then says a few lines later that welding would damage the corrosion resistance. <b>The rating tables are clear: 4 in atmosphere, 4\u20135 in seawater.<\/b> 2017A\u2019s corrosion resistance is <b>poor relative to copper-free aluminium<\/b>; the word \u201cgood\u201d is defensible only against steel, which is not a useful comparison.<br \/><b>5. Treating T4 and T451 as the same.<\/b> Same strength, <b>different residual stress<\/b>. The trailing <b>51<\/b> means <b>stress relieved by stretching<\/b>. If you are cutting an asymmetric part from thick plate, that difference decides whether the part bananas on the table.<br \/><b>6. Confusing T3 with T4.<\/b> T3 includes <b>cold work<\/b> in between and appears on drawn products (EN 754-2); T4 appears on extrusions and plate. The values are not the same.<br \/><b>7. Looking for 2017A-T6.<\/b> The EN tables we consulted contain <b>no T6\/T651 mechanical values for 2017A<\/b>. If someone quotes standard values for 2017A-T6, ask for the source.<br \/><b>8. Mistaking \u201cservice temperature 135\u2013145 \u00b0C\u201d for a code limit.<\/b> It is <b>guidance from one manufacturer datasheet family<\/b>, not a design limit. There is <b>no ASME code temperature for 2017A<\/b>.<br \/><b>9. Treating the solidification range as one number.<\/b> Sources contradict between <b>512\u2013650 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>555\u2013640 \u00b0C<\/b>. We have seen both; do not publish one of them as the single truth.<br \/><b>10. The chromium row.<\/b> One source gives <b>Cr max 0.10 %<\/b>, a manufacturer gives <b>0.10\u20130.25 %<\/b>. If you are writing a purchase specification, confirm that row <b>against the current edition of EN 573-3<\/b>.<br \/><b>11. Treating 2017 and 2017A as identical.<\/b> Same family, <b>not the same band<\/b>. In aerospace supply chains they appear separately on certificates.<br \/><b>12. \u201cCast 2017A\u201d.<\/b> No such material exists; 2017A is a <b>wrought alloy<\/b>. Copper-bearing aluminium castings are a separate family (EN AC- series).<br \/><b>13. Counting alclad as protection on a machined part.<\/b> The alclad layer is <b>on the surface<\/b>; machining into the thickness removes the protection. And <b>alclad 2017A availability could not be verified in this study<\/b>.<br \/><b>14. Promising decorative anodising.<\/b> The protective anodising rating is <b>2 (good)<\/b>, the decorative anodising rating is <b>5 (unsuited)<\/b>. Copper gives a dull, inconsistent anodic colour.<br \/><b>15. Using it in food contact.<\/b> <b>Not suitable per DIN EN 602.<\/b> On the same criterion, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5754\/\">5754<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5083\/\">5083<\/a> are suitable.<br \/><b>16. Planning bends from thick plate.<\/b> Elongation falls to <b>4 %<\/b> at 150 mm and <b>2 %<\/b> at 200 mm. Thick 2017A is not a forming material.<br \/><b>17. Assuming \u201cthinner is stronger\u201d in extrusions.<\/b> In the EN 755-2 table the highest values are <b>not at \u226425 mm but in the 25\u201375 mm band<\/b>.<br \/><b>18. Using stainless fasteners.<\/b> 2017A is <b>active<\/b> relative to stainless; in a wet environment the aluminium is consumed at the joint. Insulation or compatible fasteners are mandatory.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5083\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">EN AW 5083<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-5754\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">EN AW 5754<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-6060\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">EN AW 6060<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-6082\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">EN AW 6082<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aluminium-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All aluminium alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"EN AW 2017A\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-2017a\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"EN AW-2017A (chemical symbol Al Cu4 MgSi(A) \/ material number 3.1325 \/ old DIN name AlCuMg1 \/ French AFNOR name A-U4G \/ US equivalent A92017, i.e. AA 2017 \/ 2017A) is a heat-treatable aluminium-copper-magnesium alloy. Nominally it carries 3.5\u20134.5 % Cu, 0.4\u20131.0 % Mg, 0.4\u20131.0 % Mn and 0.2\u20130.8 % Si.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"EN AW 2017A\",\"description\":\"EN AW-2017A (chemical symbol Al Cu4 MgSi(A) \/ material number 3.1325 \/ old DIN name AlCuMg1 \/ French AFNOR name A-U4G \/ US equivalent A92017, i.e. AA 2017 \/ 2017A) is a heat-treatable aluminium-copper-magnesium alloy. Nominally it carries 3.5\u20134.5 % Cu, 0.4\u20131.0 % Mg, 0.4\u20131.0 % Mn and 0.2\u20130.8 % Si.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"W.Nr. 3.1325\",\"EN AW-2017A\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"3.1325\"}],\"additionalProperty\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"name\":\"EN AW designation\",\"value\":\"EN AW-2017A\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EN AW 2017A \/ UNS A92017 \/ AMS 4110 \/ AMS 4116 DEFENCE METAL EN AW-2017A EN AW-2017A \u00b7 AlCu4MgSi(A) \u00b7 W.Nr. 3.1325 \u00b7 Per EN 573-3: Cu 3.5-4.5 % \u2013 Mn 0.40-1.00 % \u2013 Mg 0.40-1.00 % \u2013 Si 0.20-0.80 % \u2013 Fe max 0.70 % \u2013 balance Al. This is a 2xxx series &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/en-aw-2017a\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;EN AW 2017A&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"EN AW 2017A \/ UNS A92017 \/ AMS 4110 \/ AMS 4116 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"EN AW 2017A \/ AlCu4MgSi (UNS A92017) \u2014 AMS 4110 \/ AMS 4116. High-strength aluminium-copper alloy for aerospace structural parts.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,9],"class_list":["post-3673","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>EN AW 2017A \/ UNS A92017 \/ AMS 4110 \/ AMS 4116 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"EN AW 2017A \/ AlCu4MgSi (UNS A92017) \u2014 AMS 4110 \/ AMS 4116. 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