{"id":3621,"date":"2026-09-16T11:08:17","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f53\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T21:14:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T18:14:49","slug":"aisi-f53","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f53\/","title":{"rendered":"AISI F53 \/ (1.4410)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">AISI F53 \/ (1.4410) \/ UNS S32750<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">F53 (2507)<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS S32750 \u00b7 W.Nr. 1.4410 \u00b7 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 \u00b7 in ASTM A240: 24.0-26.0% Cr \u2013 6.0-8.0% Ni \u2013 3.00-5.00% Mo \u2013 0.24-0.32% N \u2013 Cu \u2264 0.50% \u2013 C \u2264 0.03% \u2013 balance Fe. ITS NITROGEN BAND IS THE HIGHEST OF THE FIVE (0.24-0.32%) and its molybdenum band the widest (3.00-5.00%); that is what gives it the highest calculated PREN ceiling of the five (47.6). It is a ferritic-austenitic (super duplex) stainless steel; it is NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE, NOT AGED, and its only heat treatment is solution annealing followed by a rapid quench.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/duplex-aisi-318-super-duplex-aisi-f53-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 318<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/25\/aisi-f55-aisi-f53-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">AISI F55<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">It is bought for seawater and hot chloride service where the highest-strength super duplex is required: seawater piping systems, desalination plant, chemical process equipment, flue gas scrubbers, offshore production equipment, heat exchangers.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Pipe and tube \u00b7 Forgings. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">THERE IS NO AMS. ASTM: A182 \/ SA-182 \u2014 GRADE F53 (forged flanges and fittings) \u00b7 A240 \/ SA-240 (plate, sheet and strip) \u00b7 A479 \/ SA-479 (bar and shapes) \u00b7 A789 \/ SA-789 (tube) \u00b7 A790 \/ SA-790 (pipe) \u00b7 A815 \/ SA-815 (wrought fittings) \u00b7 A276 \/ SA-276 (cited in the Rolled Alloys specification list). EN: 1.4410 \u00b7 10088-2 \u00b7 10088-3. NORSOK MDS D57 \u00b7 NORSOK M-650 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 \u00b7 API 6A (Langley Alloys). ASME Section IX welding group P-No 10H (Rolled Alloys, Langley Alloys).<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">&#8216;F53&#8217; IS a genuine ASTM A182 forging class code, not an alloy name. The duplex class list of ASTM A182 is: F50 = S31200, F51 = S31803, F52 = S32950, F53 = S32750, F54 = S39274, F55 = S32760, F57 = S39277, F59 = S32520, F60 = S32205, F61 = S32550, F65 =\u2026<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Of the five grades this one carries the highest ASTM A240 tensile minimum: 795 MPa (116 ksi). In the same table S32550 is 760 MPa, S32760 750 MPa, S32205 655 MPa and S32900 620 MPa. Its yield minimum of 550 MPa equals that of the other two super duplex grades.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">FILLER METAL: AWS E2594 \/ ER2594 (Rolled Alloys: &#8216;2507 is welded using E2594 or ER2594 filler metal&#8217;). Sandmeyer and Penn Stainless describe the same job as &#8216;2507\/P100 filler metal is suggested when welding 2507 because it will produce the appropriate duplex weld structure&#8217;.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">THE TEMPERATURE CEILING is about 270-315 \u00b0C; the reason is 475 \u00b0C embrittlement. Each with its source: Sandmeyer &#8216;not recommended for applications which require long exposures to temperatures above 570 \u00b0F because of the risk of a reduction in toughness&#8217; (299 \u00b0C) \u00b7 Rolled Alloys &#8216;2507 should be limited to applications below 600 \u00b0F&#8217; (316\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/stainless-steel\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All stainless steels &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment, Machining and Forming<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Service Limits and Comparison<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nAISI F53 is an alloy in the duplex stainless steel class. Duplex steels combine ferritic and austenitic structures and so offer the properties of both phases together. This type of steel is notable in particular for its high corrosion resistance, high mechanical strength and excellent weldability.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Corrosion resistance:<\/strong> With excellent corrosion resistance, this super duplex stainless grade has good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength even under the most demanding conditions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Weldability:<\/strong> Just as welding is difficult with all duplex materials, it is difficult with this super duplex material, and its use is not recommended where extensive welding is involved.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machinability:<\/strong> This material is not easy to machine. Although European material machines better than comparable grades, machining this material is nevertheless quite difficult. Not metallurgically well suited to forging, this grade is not the choice where parts are to be produced by forging.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Heat treatment:<\/strong> Post-weld heat treatment is not required. The maximum service temperature is 280 \u00b0C (536 \u00b0F) for long exposure times and 300 \u00b0C (572 \u00b0F) for short exposure times.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Applications:<\/strong> This stainless grade is chosen where very high mechanical values and very high corrosion resistance are required at the same time. It is very frequently used where ordinary duplex stainless steels (such as 1.4362 or 1.4462) are not sufficient, in places such as oil refineries where better corrosion resistance is needed. It is very frequently used on oil platforms, in chemical production plants, in heat exchangers, in high corrosion and wear environments, in power generation plants, and in bolting requiring very high corrosion resistance. This grade is the most widely used super duplex material, and 1.4410 can be specified in almost any application where a super duplex material is required.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Max. 0.030<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mn<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Max. 1.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Si<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Max. 0.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Max. 0.035<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Max. 0.015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cr<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Min. 24.00 \u00b7 Max. 26.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ni<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Min. 6.00 \u00b7 Max. 8.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">N<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Max. 0.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Mo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Min. 3.00 \u00b7 Max. 5.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Max. 0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile Strength (MPa)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">750-930<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Proof Stress (MPa)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Elongation A50 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Hardness Brinell<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">260 Max HB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">7.75 g\/cm3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Melting Point<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">1396-1450 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Modulus of Elasticity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">210 Gpa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Electrical Resistivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">2.2 x10^-6 \u03a9 .m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal Conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">15.0 W\/m.K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Thermal Expansion<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">13.0 x10^-6 \/K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 AISI F53<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">AISI F53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">S32750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">W.Nr (DIN\/EN)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">1.4410<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASTM<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">A182 \u00b7 A276 \u00b7 A479<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forgings, flanges and fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. ASTM A182 \/ ASME SA-182 \u2014 GRADE F53 (S32750). Dimensions to ASME B16.5 \/ B16.47 \/ B16.11. Heat treatment per A182: 1025 \u00b0C followed by a liquid quench.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. ASTM A240 \/ ASME SA-240 \u00b7 EN 10088-2 \u00b7 1.4410<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Sheet and strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. ASTM A240 \/ ASME SA-240 \u00b7 EN 10088-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar and flat bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. ASTM A479 \/ ASME SA-479 (SEPARATE minimums above and below 50 mm) \u00b7 ASTM A276 \/ ASME SA-276 \u00b7 EN 10088-3 \u00b7 NORSOK MDS D57 \u00b7 NORSOK M-650 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 \u00b7 API 6A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Seamless and welded pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A790 \/ ASME SA-790 (1025-1125 \u00b0C + rapid cooling)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Seamless and welded tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A789 \/ ASME SA-789 (1025-1125 \u00b0C + rapid cooling)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wrought fitting<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A815 \/ ASME SA-815 \u2014 post-weld heat treatment is mandatory: 1025-1125 \u00b0C + water quench<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Weld wire and electrode<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">AWS E2594 \/ ER2594 (Rolled Alloys) \u00b7 2507\/P100 (Sandmeyer, Penn Stainless) \u00b7 ASME IX Group P10H<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">AMS note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">No AMS number could be confirmed for this alloy; since the four independent source threshold was not met, no AMS number has been put on the card. &#8216;F53&#8217; is NOT an AMS number but an ASTM A182 forging class code, and it is valid only on the forging row.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">&#8216;F53&#8217; is valid only on an ASTM A182 forging order; on plate, bar, pipe and tube the relevant specification and UNS S32750 must be written. ASTM A479 makes a diameter distinction; the ordered diameter changes the mechanical acceptance criteria.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">F53 \/ SAF 2507 (UNS S32750 \/ EN 1.4410) is the reference super duplex grade: <b>PREN ~42<\/b>, with a yield strength more than three times that of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">316L<\/a>. In exchange, the grade is <b>unforgiving<\/b> \u2014 the welding and heat-treatment sections below are the most important part of this page.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 F53 \/ 2507 (S32750 \/ 1.4410)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Sheet \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM \/ ASME <b>A240 \/ A240M<\/b> \u00b7 EN 10028-7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>A276 \/ A276M<\/b> \u00b7 <b>A479 \/ A479M<\/b> (its scope explicitly covers austenitic-ferritic, i.e. duplex, grades)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Forgings \u00b7 flanges<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM \/ ASME <b>A182 \/ A182M, Grade F53<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seamless pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>A790 \/ A790M<\/b> \u2014 its title covers both seamless and welded product<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Seamless tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>A789 \/ A789M<\/b> \u2014 likewise covers welded product<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>A815 \/ A815M<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM A580 \/ A580M is the general stainless wire standard; S32750&#8217;s presence in its grade table could not be independently confirmed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Welding wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">AWS A5.9 <b>ER2594<\/b> (bare wire)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welding electrode<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">AWS A5.4 <b>E2594<\/b> (covered electrode) \u2014 the &#8220;25Cr-10Ni-4Mo-N&#8221; family<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Offshore purchasing<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NORSOK M-630<\/b> (current edition M-630:2020, Edition 7), titled &#8220;Material data sheets and element data sheets for piping&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Why NORSOK is cited separately:<\/b> M-630 does not replace ASTM; it is <b>layered on top of it<\/b>. Where ASTM defines minimum chemistry, mechanical properties and heat treatment, NORSOK MDS sheets add project-level requirements: tighter ferrite-content windows, mandatory ASTM G48-type pitting and crevice corrosion testing, low-temperature Charpy impact testing, and formal welding-procedure qualification tied to the specific MDS number. <b>No numeric NORSOK thresholds are published on this page<\/b>, because the standard&#8217;s clause text is licensed and could not be independently verified \u2014 confirm them against the project MDS.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Composition:<\/b> C \u22640.030% \u00b7 Cr 24.0\u201326.0% \u00b7 Ni 6.0\u20138.0% \u00b7 Mo 3.0\u20135.0% \u00b7 <b>N 0.24\u20130.32%<\/b> \u00b7 Mn \u22641.20% \u00b7 Si \u22640.80% \u00b7 P \u22640.035% \u00b7 S \u22640.020% \u00b7 Cu \u22640.50%. <b>PREN = %Cr + 3.3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N<\/b>; at mid-range values (Cr 25, Mo 4, N 0.28) that gives <b>\u224842.7<\/b>. Published figures range from 41 to 42 and all comfortably clear the conventional <b>PREN \u2265 40<\/b> super duplex threshold.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Minimums (solution annealed) \u00b7 Comparison<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>2507 \/ F53 (S32750)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield \u2265 <b>550 MPa (80 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Tensile \u2265 <b>795 MPa (116 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u2265 15% \u00b7 Hardness \u2264 32 HRC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-318\/\">2205 (S32205)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield \u2265 450 MPa (65 ksi) \u00b7 Tensile \u2265 655 MPa (95 ksi) \u00b7 Elongation \u2265 25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">316L<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield \u2265 170 MPa (25 ksi) \u00b7 Tensile \u2265 485 MPa (70 ksi) \u00b7 Elongation \u2265 40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">The upshot<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">2507&#8217;s yield strength is roughly <b>22% higher<\/b> than 2205&#8217;s and <b>more than three times<\/b> 316L&#8217;s. Down-gauging is the grade&#8217;s principal commercial justification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding \u2014 the Central Risk for This Grade<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Super duplex is welded in a narrow window, and there is a way to get it wrong in both directions. <b>Cooling too fast<\/b> (too low a heat input) leaves no time for ferrite to transform back to austenite; excess ferrite remains at the fusion line and in the HAZ, and toughness and corrosion resistance both fall. <b>Cooling too slowly<\/b> (too high a heat input) precipitates sigma and chi phases in the 700\u20131000 \u00b0C window and degrades the same two properties by a different route.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Verified parameters<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Processes:<\/b> GTAW (with filler), GMAW, SMAW, PAW, SAW. <b>Heat input:<\/b> one mill datasheet gives <b>0.5\u20132 kJ\/mm<\/b>; that figure is single-sourced and should be treated as indicative \u2014 the binding value comes from welding-procedure qualification. <b>Maximum interpass temperature:<\/b> sources diverge \u2014 the duplex industry guide gives <b>100 \u00b0C<\/b> for super duplex while one mill gives <b>&lt;150 \u00b0C, preferably &lt;120 \u00b0C<\/b>. The safer and more commonly cited figure for super duplex is <b>100 \u00b0C<\/b>, and the divergence itself is worth knowing. <b>Preheat is not recommended<\/b> (it may be detrimental for duplex). <b>Filler:<\/b> AWS <b>ER2594 \/ E2594<\/b>. <b>Shielding and backing gas:<\/b> nitrogen additions suppress chromium-nitride precipitation and speed austenite re-formation in the weld \u2014 the principle is verified, but no specific %N\u2082 figure could be. <b>Post-weld solution annealing is normally not done in the field<\/b>; correct heat-input control is relied on instead. Mill data states &#8220;no PWHT required&#8221;, though a full solution anneal (1100\u20131125 \u00b0C) may be applied deliberately for heavy-section repairs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Ferrite\/austenite balance<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The target balance is quoted in different bands by different sources: <b>35\u201360% ferrite<\/b> for base metal and <b>30\u201370%<\/b> for weld metal in one; another mill gives ~50\/50 in the base metal, &lt;70% in the HAZ and 20\u201360% in the weld metal. <b>Do not publish a single fixed number<\/b> \u2014 the binding figure is set by the project specification, particularly the NORSOK MDS. Measurement is by two routes: a magnetic Ferrite Number meter calibrated to AWS A4.2, and metallographic point count per ASTM E562 (manual) or E1245 (automated). <b>An important caution:<\/b> a low magnetic ferrite reading may not mean the ferrite content is genuinely low \u2014 it can also indicate that ferrite has transformed into intermetallic (sigma) phase.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment, Machining and Forming<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">1 \u00b7 SOLUTION ANNEAL + QUENCH \u2014 this is the only valid heat treatment<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 \u00b7 SOLUTION ANNEAL + QUENCH \u2014 this is the only valid heat treatment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">It takes intermetallic phases back into solid solution and sets the ferrite-austenite balance. IT DOES NOT RAISE STRENGTH. This is the delivery condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Sources differ, EACH WITH ITS SOURCE: ASTM A790 and A789 1025-1125 \u00b0C [1880-2060 \u00b0F] \u00b7 ASTM A815 1025-1125 \u00b0C \u00b7 IMOA 1025-1125 \u00b0C [1880-2060 \u00b0F] \u00b7 ASTM A182 F53 1025 \u00b0C [1880 \u00b0F] \u00b7 Outokumpu (Forta SDX 2507) 1040-1120 \u00b0C \u00b7 Industeel (UR 2507) 1080-1120 \u00b0C \u00b7 Sandmeyer and Penn Stainless 1925 \u00b0F (1052 \u00b0C) min. NO SINGLE FIGURE IS GIVEN AND NO AVERAGE IS TAKEN. Practical envelope: about 1025-1125 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Until the whole section is at temperature. No numerical time was found in four independent sources, so none is given.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">RAPID COOLING IS MANDATORY. Sandmeyer and Penn Stainless state &#8216;Annealing should be followed immediately by a rapid air or water quench&#8217;; ASTM A790 and A789 say &#8216;rapid cooling in air or water&#8217;; ASTM A815 says &#8216;Water quench or rapidly cooled&#8217;; ASTM A182 says &#8216;solution treat and quench&#8217; for F53 and requires cooling in a liquid medium down to 260 \u00b0C [500 \u00b0F]; Langley Alloys states &#8216;solution annealed and water quenched&#8217;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A240 ceiling 310 HBW \u00b7 ASTM A479 ceiling 310 HB \u00b7 ASTM A182 F53 ceiling 310 HBW \u00b7 Sandmeyer, Rolled Alloys and Penn Stainless 32 HRC max. THIS IS THE HIGHEST HARDNESS CEILING OF THE FIVE GRADES.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">2 \u00b7 AFTER WELDING \u2014 AN INTERMEDIATE-TEMPERATURE STRESS RELIEF IS FORBIDDEN<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2 \u00b7 AFTER WELDING \u2014 AN INTERMEDIATE-TEMPERATURE STRESS RELIEF IS FORBIDDEN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Where a heat treatment is required, a full solution anneal and quench is performed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A815 states the requirement for wrought fittings explicitly: &#8216;heat treatment shall be performed after welding and in accordance with the requirements of Table 1&#8217; \u2014 for S32750 that is 1025-1125 \u00b0C followed by a water quench.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Until the whole section is at temperature; no separate numerical time could be confirmed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Water quench or rapid cooling by other means.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The hardness of the solution annealed condition (A240 ceiling 310 HBW, 32 HRC).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Warning<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">INTERPASS TEMPERATURE DURING WELDING: Sandmeyer and Penn Stainless state &#8216;The interpass weld temperature should not exceed 300 \u00b0F&#8217; (about 150 \u00b0C). This is not a heat treatment stage but it concerns the same forbidden band.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">3 \u00b7 DIAMETER DISTINCTION \u2014 in ASTM A479 the mechanical minimum CHANGES with section size<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3 \u00b7 DIAMETER DISTINCTION \u2014 in ASTM A479 the mechanical minimum CHANGES with section size<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">This is not a heat treatment stage; it is the specification&#8217;s acknowledgement that the heat treatment does not give the same result in a heavy section.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A479: at 50 mm (2 in.) and below, 800 MPa tensile \/ 550 MPa yield; above 50 mm, 760 MPa tensile \/ 515 MPa yield. Calculations must be made against the ordered diameter.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">4 \u00b7 PRECIPITATION HARDENING \u2014 THERE IS NONE<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">4 \u00b7 PRECIPITATION HARDENING \u2014 THERE IS NONE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">This alloy has NO ageing stage such as H900 \/ H1025 \/ H1075 \/ H1150 and cannot be hardened by ageing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA: &#8216;Duplex stainless steels will not form martensite during cooling. High strength and hardness in a duplex stainless steel are the result of high nitrogen content, the duplex structure itself, and work hardening.&#8217; The only way to raise strength is cold work, and cold work leaves residual stress.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">TWO SEPARATE FORBIDDEN BANDS \u2014 (1) sigma and intermetallic precipitation, (2) 475 \u00b0C embrittlement<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">TWO SEPARATE FORBIDDEN BANDS \u2014 (1) sigma and intermetallic precipitation, (2) 475 \u00b0C embrittlement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">What happens<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">BAND 1 \u2014 SIGMA AND INTERMETALLIC PHASES (about 600-1000 \u00b0C): sigma, chi and similar intermetallics precipitate from the ferrite. IMOA: &#8216;The presence of sigma phase decreases the pitting resistance of duplex stainless steels, due to the depletion of chromium and molybdenum in surrounding areas&#8217; and &#8216;Toughness and ductility are also sharply reduced when intermetallic phase precipitation occurs.&#8217; IMOA also states &#8216;Detrimental phases can form in a matter of minutes at the critical temperature&#8217; \u2014 this band is measured in minutes, not hours. BAND 2 \u2014 475 \u00b0C EMBRITTLEMENT (about 300-525 \u00b0C): alpha prime (\u03b1&#8217;) precipitates inside the ferrite, the material hardens and loses toughness. IMOA: &#8216;Alpha prime can form in the ferrite phase of duplex stainless steels below about 525 \u00b0C.&#8217; This band sets the SERVICE TEMPERATURE CEILING of duplex steels; IMOA: &#8216;The upper temperature limit for duplex stainless steel service is controlled by alpha prime formation.&#8217;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">As named in the source<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">SIGMA \/ INTERMETALLIC BAND, every figure with its source: IMOA 700-1000 \u00b0C (&#8216;Sigma phase and other intermetallic phases such as chi can precipitate from the ferrite &#8230; on cooling too slowly through the temperature range of 700-1000 \u00b0C&#8217;), and 700-950 \u00b0C for the 2205 sigma field \u00b7 Outokumpu 600-1000 \u00b0C (&#8216;Intermetallic phases such as sigma phase occurs in the temperature range 600-1000 \u00b0C&#8217;) \u00b7 Industeel 1000-600 \u00b0C (&#8216;At high temperature: 1000-600 \u00b0C (1830-1110 \u00b0F), the \u03b1 phase may transform in \u03b1, \u03c7,&#8230; intermetallic phases&#8217;) \u00b7 Rolled Alloys 1300-1800 \u00b0F, i.e. 704-982 \u00b0C (&#8216;Sigma phase will precipitate upon exposure to temperatures within the 1300-1800 \u00b0F range&#8217;) \u00b7 Sandmeyer 1300-1800 \u00b0F, i.e. 704-982 \u00b0C. PRACTICAL ENVELOPE: about 600-1000 \u00b0C. NO SINGLE FIGURE IS GIVEN AND NO AVERAGE IS TAKEN. 475 \u00b0C EMBRITTLEMENT BAND, every figure with its source: IMOA 300-525 \u00b0C \u00b7 Rolled Alloys 650-980 \u00b0F, i.e. 343-527 \u00b0C (&#8216;Exposure to temperatures in the 650-980 \u00b0F range causes the precipitation of alpha prime in the ferritic portion of the material. This phenomenon is also referred to as 885 \u00b0F embrittlement&#8217;) \u00b7 Outokumpu 350-500 \u00b0C (&#8216;decomposition of ferrite occurs in the range 350-500 \u00b0C (475 \u00b0C embrittlement)&#8217;) \u00b7 Industeel 300-500 \u00b0C (&#8216;At lower temperature (300-500 \u00b0C) the \u03b1 phase transforms in \u03b1\u2032 resulting in a hardening&#8217;). PRACTICAL ENVELOPE: about 300-525 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Kinetik uyarisi<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">KINETICS NOTE \u2014 SUPER DUPLEX, NAMED DIRECTLY: IMOA&#8217;s comparison names this grade explicitly: &#8216;Precipitates tend to form quicker with increasing alloy content as shown in Figure 4 where the start curve for 2507 is to the left (shorter time) of the one for 2205.&#8217; The intermetallic start curve of 2507 therefore lies to the LEFT of that of 2205, and precipitation begins sooner at the same temperature. IMOA also states &#8216;Detrimental phases can form in a matter of minutes at the critical temperature.&#8217; Industeel puts the same point as &#8217;25 Cr super duplex grades are subject to intermetallic phase precipitations (\u03c3&#8230;)&#8217;. THE PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCE: a quenching delay on a heavy section or a complex geometry is far less tolerated than on 2205, and welding heat input and interpass temperature must be held tight (Sandmeyer and Penn Stainless: the interpass temperature must not exceed 300 \u00b0F, about 150 \u00b0C).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">En sik hata<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THE MOST COMMON MISTAKE: cooling slowly after solution annealing, or leaving the part in the furnace to cool on its own. Rolled Alloys puts the measure plainly: &#8216;It is important to cool to below 700 \u00b0F as quickly as possible. If the cooling rate is too slow, it will lead to decreased corrosion resistance and lowered impact strength.&#8217; IMOA says the same: &#8216;Allowing a plate or a fitting to cool into the 700-980 \u00b0C range prior to quenching may lead to the formation of intermetallic phases.&#8217; THE SECOND MISTAKE: applying an intermediate-temperature stress-relief anneal as one would on an austenitic stainless \u2014 on a duplex steel that anneal lands inside the sigma band.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is NOT to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve was used, so no curve is drawn. THIS ALLOY IS A DUPLEX (ferritic-austenitic) STAINLESS STEEL: it is NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE, it is NOT AGED, and it does not transform to martensite on cooling. There is NO ageing step such as H900 \/ H1025 \/ H1075 \/ H1150 and no ageing diagram is drawn. IMOA states: &#8216;Duplex stainless steels will not form martensite during cooling. High strength and hardness in a duplex stainless steel are the result of high nitrogen content, the duplex structure itself, and work hardening.&#8217; The only valid heat treatment is SOLUTION ANNEALING FOLLOWED BY RAPID QUENCHING; strength comes from the composition, the two-phase structure and cold work. The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve was used, so no curve is drawn. The stages are NOT ageing stages; this alloy is not precipitation hardenable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Heat treatment<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Solution annealing: 1025\u20131125 \u00b0C, water quench.<\/b> Two independent sources confirm this band. <b>The quench must be immediate<\/b>: the 700\u20131000 \u00b0C sigma\/chi window has to be crossed as fast as possible, and the time between leaving the furnace and hitting the water must be minimised, because sigma forms there <b>within minutes<\/b>. <b>This is the most important practical difference for the grade:<\/b> 2507&#8217;s precipitation curve sits <b>further to the left<\/b> than 2205&#8217;s, because the driving force for sigma formation increases with chromium and molybdenum content \u2014 super duplex precipitates sigma markedly faster. The band itself is wider too: 700\u20131000 \u00b0C for 2507 against 700\u2013950 \u00b0C for 2205. <b>475 \u00b0C embrittlement: 300\u2013525 \u00b0C<\/b>; the effect is less severe than in fully ferritic steels because about half the structure is austenite, but it is most pronounced in the molybdenum-bearing grades. Duplex <b>cannot be hardened by heat treatment<\/b>. Standard delivery is solution annealed and water quenched.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Machining<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Super duplex requires <b>markedly higher cutting forces<\/b> than 316L and wears tools faster. Recommended carbide roughing speeds in turning diverge strikingly: 170\u2013240 m\/min for lean duplex S32101, 90\u2013120 m\/min for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-318\/\">2205<\/a>, and <b>50\u201370 m\/min for 2507<\/b> \u2014 super duplex is machined at roughly half the speed of standard duplex. The work-hardening rate is comparable to the austenitics, but the chip is tough and abrasive, and because sulphur is kept low, chip breaking is difficult too. Powerful, rigid machines, coated carbide inserts with positive chip-breaker geometry, scheduled edge changes (do not run inserts to failure) and generous EP-additive cutting oil or emulsion are required; dry cutting is recommended in face milling to aid chip ejection.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Hot and cold forming<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Hot-working range: 1230\u20131025 \u00b0C, with a minimum finishing temperature of 1050 \u00b0C.<\/b> Going below that risks sigma precipitation and ferrite cracking. After hot forming, a <b>full solution anneal plus water quench is mandatory<\/b>. During annealing the material is soft at solution temperature and prone to warping, so parts need adequate support. <b>Beware shortcuts:<\/b> a lower temperature, a shorter time, or a stress relief in place of a full anneal all risk leaving harmful intermetallic phases in the structure.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Service Limits and Comparison<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">THE FIVE DUPLEX \/ SUPER DUPLEX GRADES COMPARED BY PREN<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">PITTING RESISTANCE EQUIVALENT NUMBER (PREN). This is the quantity that ranks these grades; yield or tensile strength does not.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:8px 12px 0;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">A \u00b7 PREN \u2014 calculated from the ASTM A240 composition band (SAME FORMULA, SAME TABLE)<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:2px 12px 0;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.6;\">ASTM A240 \/ ASME SA-240 composition table. All five UNS numbers are in it. The figures are calculated, not measured.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Bilesim a240<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Bilesim a240<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Pren hesap<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Pren hesap<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Pren yayimlanan<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Pren yayimlanan<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Note<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AISI 329 \u00b7 UNS S32900 \u00b7 1.4460<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AISI 329 \u00b7 UNS S32900 \u00b7 1.4460<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 23.0-28.0% \u00b7 Mo 1.00-2.00% \u00b7 N NOT specified<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 23.0-28.0% \u00b7 Mo 1.00-2.00% \u00b7 N NOT specified<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">26.3 &#8211; 34.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">26.3 &#8211; 34.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA typical 30-31<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA typical 30-31<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THE NITROGEN TERM IS ZERO. ASTM A240 and A789 set no nitrogen requirement for S32900, so the third term of PREN never forms in this grade. This is the lowest PREN of the five.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THE NITROGEN TERM IS ZERO. ASTM A240 and A789 set no nitrogen requirement for S32900, so the third term of PREN never forms in this grade. This is the lowest PREN of the five.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 \u00b7 UNS S32205 \u00b7 1.4462<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 \u00b7 UNS S32205 \u00b7 1.4462<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 22.0-23.0% \u00b7 Mo 3.00-3.50% \u00b7 N 0.14-0.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 22.0-23.0% \u00b7 Mo 3.00-3.50% \u00b7 N 0.14-0.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">34.1 &#8211; 37.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">34.1 &#8211; 37.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 35-36 \u00b7 Outokumpu 35 \u00b7 NeoNickel 35 \u00b7 Sandmeyer and Rolled Alloys \u2265 34 \u00b7 Langley 34 \u00b7 Industeel \u2265 33-34<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 35-36 \u00b7 Outokumpu 35 \u00b7 NeoNickel 35 \u00b7 Sandmeyer and Rolled Alloys \u2265 34 \u00b7 Langley 34 \u00b7 Industeel \u2265 33-34<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">A standard duplex. It is NOT a super duplex; its PREN floor is below 40.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">A standard duplex. It is NOT a super duplex; its PREN floor is below 40.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">UNS S31803 \u00b7 1.4462 (the older, wide-band version of 2205)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">UNS S31803 \u00b7 1.4462 (the older, wide-band version of 2205)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 21.0-23.0% \u00b7 Mo 2.50-3.50% \u00b7 N 0.08-0.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 21.0-23.0% \u00b7 Mo 2.50-3.50% \u00b7 N 0.08-0.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">30.5 &#8211; 37.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">30.5 &#8211; 37.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 33-35<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 33-35<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ROW OF THE COMPARISON: the lower end of the S31803 band falls to PREN 30.5, so a fully COMPLIANT S31803 heat can sit 3.6 points below the S32205 floor of 34.1. The two carry the same W.Nr. (1.4462) but they are NOT equivalent.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ROW OF THE COMPARISON: the lower end of the S31803 band falls to PREN 30.5, so a fully COMPLIANT S31803 heat can sit 3.6 points below the S32205 floor of 34.1. The two carry the same W.Nr. (1.4462) but they are NOT equivalent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">F255 \/ Ferralium 255 \u00b7 UNS S32550 \u00b7 1.4507<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">F255 \/ Ferralium 255 \u00b7 UNS S32550 \u00b7 1.4507<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 24.0-27.0% \u00b7 Mo 2.90-3.90% \u00b7 N 0.10-0.25% \u00b7 Cu 1.50-2.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 24.0-27.0% \u00b7 Mo 2.90-3.90% \u00b7 N 0.10-0.25% \u00b7 Cu 1.50-2.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">35.2 &#8211; 43.9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">35.2 &#8211; 43.9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 38-41 \u00b7 Langley Alloys above 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 38-41 \u00b7 Langley Alloys above 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">THE SPECIFICATION BAND DROPS BELOW 40 (floor 35.2), whereas commercial Ferralium 255 heats hold nitrogen at 0.20-0.25% and lift PREN above 40 (Langley). ASTM A240 sets NO PREN \u2265 40 requirement for S32550 \u2014 the only grade it imposes that on is S32760. Copper is NOT in the PREN formula; the copper in S32550 does not raise PREN.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">THE SPECIFICATION BAND DROPS BELOW 40 (floor 35.2), whereas commercial Ferralium 255 heats hold nitrogen at 0.20-0.25% and lift PREN above 40 (Langley). ASTM A240 sets NO PREN \u2265 40 requirement for S32550 \u2014 the only grade it imposes that on is S32760. Copper is NOT in the PREN formula; the copper in S32550 does not raise PREN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">F55 \/ Zeron 100 \u00b7 UNS S32760 \u00b7 1.4501<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F55 \/ Zeron 100 \u00b7 UNS S32760 \u00b7 1.4501<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 24.0-26.0% \u00b7 Mo 3.00-4.00% \u00b7 N 0.20-0.30% \u00b7 W 0.50-1.00% \u00b7 Cu 0.50-1.00%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 24.0-26.0% \u00b7 Mo 3.00-4.00% \u00b7 N 0.20-0.30% \u00b7 W 0.50-1.00% \u00b7 Cu 0.50-1.00%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">37.1 &#8211; 44.0 \u00b7 SPECIFICATION FLOOR 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">37.1 &#8211; 44.0 \u00b7 SPECIFICATION FLOOR 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 40-43 \u00b7 Outokumpu 42 \u00b7 Rolled Alloys > 40 \u00b7 NeoNickel 41 \u00b7 Langley above 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 40-43 \u00b7 Outokumpu 42 \u00b7 Rolled Alloys > 40 \u00b7 NeoNickel 41 \u00b7 Langley above 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THIS IS THE ONLY ONE OF THE FIVE WHOSE PREN IS BOUND BY THE SPECIFICATION. ASTM A240 carries the footnote &#8216;Cr + 3.3 Mo + 16 N = 40 min.&#8217; on the S32760 row; 40 is therefore not a computed result but an ACCEPTANCE CRITERION. With the tungsten formula the same composition gives 37.9-45.7 and Rolled Alloys states it plainly: &#8216;With this formula ZERON 100 has a PREN > 41.&#8217;<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THIS IS THE ONLY ONE OF THE FIVE WHOSE PREN IS BOUND BY THE SPECIFICATION. ASTM A240 carries the footnote &#8216;Cr + 3.3 Mo + 16 N = 40 min.&#8217; on the S32760 row; 40 is therefore not a computed result but an ACCEPTANCE CRITERION. With the tungsten formula the same composition gives 37.9-45.7 and Rolled Alloys states it plainly: &#8216;With this formula ZERON 100 has a PREN > 41.&#8217;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">F53 \/ 2507 \u00b7 UNS S32750 \u00b7 1.4410<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">F53 \/ 2507 \u00b7 UNS S32750 \u00b7 1.4410<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 24.0-26.0% \u00b7 Mo 3.00-5.00% \u00b7 N 0.24-0.32%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cr 24.0-26.0% \u00b7 Mo 3.00-5.00% \u00b7 N 0.24-0.32%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">37.7 &#8211; 47.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">37.7 &#8211; 47.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 40-43 \u00b7 Outokumpu 43 \u00b7 Rolled Alloys 42 \u00b7 Alleima minimum 42 for tube and pipe \u00b7 Sandmeyer \u2265 40 \u00b7 Langley 41 \u00b7 Industeel \u2265 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">IMOA 40-43 \u00b7 Outokumpu 43 \u00b7 Rolled Alloys 42 \u00b7 Alleima minimum 42 for tube and pipe \u00b7 Sandmeyer \u2265 40 \u00b7 Langley 41 \u00b7 Industeel \u2265 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">THE TOP OF ITS CALCULATED BAND IS THE HIGHEST OF THE FIVE (47.6), because the molybdenum band runs up to 5.00% and the nitrogen band is the highest of all (0.24-0.32%). But its floor is not bound to 40 as S32760&#8217;s is; there is NO PREN footnote on the S32750 row of A240.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">THE TOP OF ITS CALCULATED BAND IS THE HIGHEST OF THE FIVE (47.6), because the molybdenum band runs up to 5.00% and the nitrogen band is the highest of all (0.24-0.32%). But its floor is not bound to 40 as S32760&#8217;s is; there is NO PREN footnote on the S32750 row of A240.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:8px 12px 0;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">B \u00b7 SOLUTION ANNEALING TEMPERATURE \u2014 ASTM A790 and A789 heat treatment table (SAME TABLE)<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:2px 12px 0;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.6;\">ASTM A790 (seamless and welded duplex pipe) and ASTM A789 (duplex tube), Table 1. All five UNS numbers are in it.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 329 (S32900)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F255 (S32550)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F55 (S32760)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F53 (S32750)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F255 (S32550)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Difference<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Difference<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 329 (S32900)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F55 (S32760)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F53 (S32750)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Solution annealing temperature \u2014 ASTM A790 and A789 (SAME TABLE, seamless and welded pipe\/tube)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Solution annealing temperature \u2014 ASTM A790 and A789 (SAME TABLE, seamless and welded pipe\/tube)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">925-955 \u00b0C [1700-1750 \u00b0F]<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1020-1100 \u00b0C [1870-2010 \u00b0F]<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1040 \u00b0C [1900 \u00b0F] min.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1070-1140 \u00b0C [1960-2085 \u00b0F]<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1025-1125 \u00b0C [1880-2060 \u00b0F]<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1040 \u00b0C [1900 \u00b0F] min.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The annealing temperature of 329 is BELOW ALL FOUR of the others, and the top of its band (955 \u00b0C) sits inside the sigma band. Modern duplex grades are annealed ABOVE the sigma band; 329 is annealed at its edge. This is the concrete measure of why 329 is regarded as first generation.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The annealing temperature of 329 is BELOW ALL FOUR of the others, and the top of its band (955 \u00b0C) sits inside the sigma band. Modern duplex grades are annealed ABOVE the sigma band; 329 is annealed at its edge. This is the concrete measure of why 329 is regarded as first generation.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Cooling requirement \u2014 ASTM A790 and A789<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cooling requirement \u2014 ASTM A790 and A789<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO DIFFERENCE \u2014 rapid cooling is MANDATORY on all five. On the forging side ASTM A182 states it more tightly: &#8216;solution treat and quench&#8217;, in a liquid medium down to 260 \u00b0C [500 \u00b0F].<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO DIFFERENCE \u2014 rapid cooling is MANDATORY on all five. On the forging side ASTM A182 states it more tightly: &#8216;solution treat and quench&#8217;, in a liquid medium down to 260 \u00b0C [500 \u00b0F].<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling in air or water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:8px 12px 0;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">C \u00b7 SPECIFICATION MINIMUMS \u2014 ASTM A240 mechanical table (SAME TABLE, room temperature, solution annealed plate)<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:2px 12px 0;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.6;\">ASTM A240 \/ ASME SA-240 mechanical table. The values are SPECIFICATION MINIMUMS, not typical values.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 329 (S32900)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F255 (S32550)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F55 (S32760)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F53 (S32750)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Difference<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Difference<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 329 (S32900)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F255 (S32550)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F55 (S32760)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F53 (S32750)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Minimum tensile strength<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Minimum tensile strength<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">620 MPa (90 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">655 MPa (95 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">760 MPa (110 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">750 MPa (108 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">795 MPa (116 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F53 (S32750) is the highest, 329 the lowest.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F53 (S32750) is the highest, 329 the lowest.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Minimum yield strength (0.2%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Minimum yield strength (0.2%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">485 MPa (70 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">450 MPa (65 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550 MPa (80 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550 MPa (80 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550 MPa (80 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NOTE: on minimum yield, 329 is ABOVE 2205 (485 vs 450 MPa). Yield strength does not rank this family; the quantity that ranks it is PREN. All three super duplex grades are equal at 550 MPa.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NOTE: on minimum yield, 329 is ABOVE 2205 (485 vs 450 MPa). Yield strength does not rank this family; the quantity that ranks it is PREN. All three super duplex grades are equal at 550 MPa.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Minimum elongation (ASTM A240, plate)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Minimum elongation (ASTM A240, plate)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">S32205 and S32760 require 25%; the other three 15%.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">S32205 and S32760 require 25%; the other three 15%.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Hardness ceiling (ASTM A240, Brinell)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hardness ceiling (ASTM A240, Brinell)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">269 HBW<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">293 HBW<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">302 HBW<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">270 HBW<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">310 HBW<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The hardness ceiling does not follow the strength order; the ceiling for S32760 is lower than that for S32205.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The hardness ceiling does not follow the strength order; the ceiling for S32760 is lower than that for S32205.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:8px 12px 0;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">D \u00b7 NAMING \u2014 ASTM A182 forging class codes (SAME TABLE)<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:2px 12px 0;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.6;\">The duplex class list of ASTM A182 \/ ASME SA-182. This is where market names and specification codes get confused.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Criterion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 329 (S32900)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F255 (S32550)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F55 (S32760)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F53 (S32750)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 329 (S32900)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F255 (S32550)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Difference<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Difference<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F55 (S32760)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">F53 (S32750)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM A182 forging class code<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A182 forging class code<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NONE \u2014 S32900 is not listed in ASTM A182<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F60 (S32205) \u00b7 F51 (S31803)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F61 \u2014 there is NO A182 class called &#8216;F255&#8217;<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F55<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F53<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NONE \u2014 S32900 is not listed in ASTM A182<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F61 \u2014 there is NO A182 class called &#8216;F255&#8217;<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The duplex class list of ASTM A182 is: F50 (S31200), F51 (S31803), F52 (S32950), F53 (S32750), F54 (S39274), F55 (S32760), F57 (S39277), F59 (S32520), F60 (S32205), F61 (S32550), F65 (S32906). F255 is NOT on the list.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The duplex class list of ASTM A182 is: F50 (S31200), F51 (S31803), F52 (S32950), F53 (S32750), F54 (S39274), F55 (S32760), F57 (S39277), F59 (S32520), F60 (S32205), F61 (S32550), F65 (S32906). F255 is NOT on the list.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Origin of the market name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Origin of the market name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">An AISI type number (old AISI 300\/400 series logic)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;2205&#8217; comes from the composition: ~22% Cr, ~5% Ni. &#8216;AISI 318&#8217; is an old type name.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;255&#8217; comes from the Ferralium 255 TRADE NAME; the letter &#8216;F&#8217; was attached to it later by the market, not by A182.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;F55&#8217; IS a genuine ASTM A182 class code. Zeron 100 is the licensed trade name.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;F53&#8217; IS a genuine ASTM A182 class code. &#8216;2507&#8217; comes from the composition: ~25% Cr, ~7% Ni.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">An AISI type number (old AISI 300\/400 series logic)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;255&#8217; comes from the Ferralium 255 TRADE NAME; the letter &#8216;F&#8217; was attached to it later by the market, not by A182.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">TWO of the three names (F53, F55) are genuine A182 class codes; ONE (F255) is not. Specifying the alloy by its UNS number on the order removes this confusion by itself.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">TWO of the three names (F53, F55) are genuine A182 class codes; ONE (F255) is not. Specifying the alloy by its UNS number on the order removes this confusion by itself.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;2205&#8217; comes from the composition: ~22% Cr, ~5% Ni. &#8216;AISI 318&#8217; is an old type name.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;F55&#8217; IS a genuine ASTM A182 class code. Zeron 100 is the licensed trade name.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">&#8216;F53&#8217; IS a genuine ASTM A182 class code. &#8216;2507&#8217; comes from the composition: ~25% Cr, ~7% Ni.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Compared with<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AISI 329 (S32900 \u00b7 1.4460) \u2014 AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205 and S31803 \u00b7 1.4462) \u2014 F255 \/ Ferralium 255 (S32550 \u00b7 1.4507) \u2014 F55 \/ Zeron 100 (S32760 \u00b7 1.4501) \u2014 F53 \/ 2507 (S32750 \u00b7 1.4410)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Compared with<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">AISI 329 (S32900 \u00b7 1.4460) \u2014 AISI 318 \/ 2205 (S32205 and S31803 \u00b7 1.4462) \u2014 F255 \/ Ferralium 255 (S32550 \u00b7 1.4507) \u2014 F55 \/ Zeron 100 (S32760 \u00b7 1.4501) \u2014 F53 \/ 2507 (S32750 \u00b7 1.4410)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Vurgulanan<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">F53 \/ 2507 (S32750)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Pren formulu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">PREN = %Cr + 3.3 \u00d7 %Mo + 16 \u00d7 %N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Pren formulu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">PREN = %Cr + 3.3 \u00d7 %Mo + 16 \u00d7 %N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Pren formulu tungstenli<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">PREN(W) = %Cr + 3.3 \u00d7 (%Mo + 0.5 \u00d7 %W) + 16 \u00d7 %N \u2014 meaningful only for S32760<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Pren formulu tungstenli<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">PREN(W) = %Cr + 3.3 \u00d7 (%Mo + 0.5 \u00d7 %W) + 16 \u00d7 %N \u2014 meaningful only for S32760<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Ortak sinir<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">WHAT ALL FIVE SHARE AS A LIMIT: none of them is PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE, and none of them goes into continuous service much above 300 \u00b0C. IMOA&#8217;s ASME and T\u00dcV ceilings: 2205 unwelded 315 \u00b0C (ASME) and 280 \u00b0C (T\u00dcV), welded 315 \u00b0C (ASME) and 250 \u00b0C (T\u00dcV); 2507 seamless tube 315 \u00b0C (ASME) and 250 \u00b0C (T\u00dcV). Rolled Alloys gives 600 \u00b0F (316 \u00b0C) for 2205 and 2507 and 300 \u00b0C for Zeron 100; Sandmeyer gives 570 \u00b0F (299 \u00b0C) for 2507; Penn Stainless gives 572 \u00b0F (300 \u00b0C) for 2205; Industeel gives 280 \u00b0C for 2205 and 270 \u00b0C for super duplex. The reason is one and the same: 475 \u00b0C embrittlement.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Ortak sinir<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">WHAT ALL FIVE SHARE AS A LIMIT: none of them is PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE, and none of them goes into continuous service much above 300 \u00b0C. IMOA&#8217;s ASME and T\u00dcV ceilings: 2205 unwelded 315 \u00b0C (ASME) and 280 \u00b0C (T\u00dcV), welded 315 \u00b0C (ASME) and 250 \u00b0C (T\u00dcV); 2507 seamless tube 315 \u00b0C (ASME) and 250 \u00b0C (T\u00dcV). Rolled Alloys gives 600 \u00b0F (316 \u00b0C) for 2205 and 2507 and 300 \u00b0C for Zeron 100; Sandmeyer gives 570 \u00b0F (299 \u00b0C) for 2507; Penn Stainless gives 572 \u00b0F (300 \u00b0C) for 2205; Industeel gives 280 \u00b0C for 2205 and 270 \u00b0C for super duplex. The reason is one and the same: 475 \u00b0C embrittlement.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">RULE: every block in this diagram is read from ONE TABLE OF ONE SPECIFICATION; different specifications are never compared on the same row. All five UNS numbers fall within the scope of ASTM A240, A789 and A790, so they are listed side by side under the same acceptance criteria (the scope of A182 and A479 is not the same for all five, and that is stated separately). THE PREN COLUMN IS A CALCULATION, NOT A MEASUREMENT: the lower and upper ends of the ASTM A240 composition band were substituted into PREN = %Cr + 3.3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N. Published PREN values are given in a separate column WITH THE NAME OF THE SOURCE; the two columns must not be mixed. THE BLOCKS ARE NOT ADDED TOGETHER AND NOT PLACED ON A COMMON AXIS. The figures in the PREN column are CALCULATED, NOT MEASURED; the ends of the ASTM A240 composition band were substituted into the formula. A calculated PREN band and the PREN of commercial heats are not the same thing: a producer works inside the band and typically aims at its upper half. CPT (critical pitting temperature) and CCT (critical crevice temperature) values have NOT been put on this diagram; the reason is given under &#8216;atlananlar&#8217;. Copper (Cu) does not appear in the PREN formula. The 1.50-2.50% copper of S32550 and the 0.50-1.00% copper of S32760 do not raise PREN; their effect is on behaviour in reducing media and is measured separately. All five grades are supplied SOLUTION ANNEALED AND RAPIDLY QUENCHED; none of them is precipitation hardenable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">2507 \/ F53 \u00b7 Properties and Alternatives<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Service temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 the ASME maximum design-stress temperature. <b>The limit is set by 475 \u00b0C embrittlement and sigma-phase kinetics, not by oxidation.<\/b> German T\u00dcV rules give a more conservative band (250\u2013480 \u00b0C) depending on weld condition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Minimum temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Duplex retains good toughness to around \u221240 \u00b0C; unlike the austenitics, however, it shows a ductile-to-brittle transition and is <b>not suitable for cryogenic service<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">CPT \/ CCT<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Figures diverge by test method and <b>must not be merged<\/b>: ASTM G48 Method E gives a CPT of ~60\u201370 \u00b0C and Method F a CCT of ~30\u201340 \u00b0C (one mill&#8217;s data), while another source quotes a CPT of ~85 \u00b0C without stating the method (probably a different, electrochemical protocol). <b>Always quote a corrosion-temperature figure together with its test method<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Duplex with \u226530% ferrite is far more resistant than 304 or 316; 2507&#8217;s ferrite content is well above that threshold<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Produced for sour service; note that sour-service qualification typically requires tighter controls than the standard mill temper \u2014 verify against the relevant NACE part<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Magnetic<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Ferromagnetic<\/b> \u2014 a two-phase structure with an exceedingly fine austenite\/ferrite spacing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Typical applications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Offshore oil and gas (piping, umbilicals, risers), seawater cooling, desalination, flue-gas cleaning, chemical process vessels and piping, chemical tankers, pulp and paper, storage tanks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">PREN Comparison<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">316L<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">24\u201325<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">2304 (lean duplex)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">25\u201328<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-318\/\">2205 \/ F51<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">33\u201336<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>2507 \/ F53 (S32750)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>40\u201343<\/b> (calculated \u224842.7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f55\/\">Zeron 100 \/ F55 (S32760)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">40\u201343 \u2014 including the tungsten term; contains ~0.7% W plus ~0.7% Cu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f255\/\">F255 (S32550)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">38\u201341 \u2014 copper-bearing; borderline on the PREN threshold<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Is F53 the same thing as F55, or just a naming difference?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">They are related but genuinely distinct alloys, not two trade names for one material. <b>F53 (UNS S32750)<\/b> and <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f55\/\">F55 (UNS S32760)<\/a><\/b> are both super duplex grades with PREN comfortably above 40 and broadly 25Cr-7Ni-4Mo chemistry, but F55 carries deliberate <b>copper and tungsten<\/b> additions that F53 does not. F53, in turn, typically runs slightly higher molybdenum and nitrogen and reaches a higher tensile strength (116 ksi against 109 ksi). Both sit in the ~80 ksi minimum yield class and are used in overlapping offshore and seawater applications, which is why buyers sometimes treat them as equivalent. They are qualified separately under ASTM (different UNS numbers, different grade letters in A182\/A240\/A789\/A790), have different NORSOK MDS numbers, and are <b>not automatically interchangeable on a welding procedure or a corrosion-critical specification<\/b>. A WPS qualified for F53 is not automatically valid for F55.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Why does NORSOK matter when buying for offshore?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>NORSOK M-630<\/b> (&#8220;Material data sheets and element data sheets for piping&#8221;, current edition 7, 2020) is the Norwegian offshore industry&#8217;s own materials-qualification framework, and it does not replace the ASTM specifications \u2014 it <b>layers on top of them<\/b>. Where ASTM defines minimum chemistry, mechanical properties and heat treatment, NORSOK MDS sheets add project-level requirements: spec-defined, tighter ferrite-content windows, mandatory ASTM G48-type pitting and crevice testing at defined temperatures, low-temperature Charpy testing, and formal welding-procedure qualification records tied to the <b>specific MDS number<\/b> rather than a generic ASTM callout. Buying &#8220;ASTM A182 F53&#8221; material for a NORSOK-governed offshore project without also confirming NORSOK MDS compliance and documentation is a common and costly mistake: the mill certificate must show the relevant <b>MDS reference<\/b>, not just the ASTM grade, or the material will be rejected at project QA\/QC.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Why does super duplex fabrication cost more?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The premium comes not mainly from the raw material but from the <b>process control<\/b> the grade demands at every fabrication step. Weld heat input has to be controlled tightly enough to be fast enough to avoid sigma and chi phase (which forms far faster in 2507 than in 2205, because higher chromium and molybdenum increase the driving force for precipitation) while staying slow enough to let ferrite transform back to austenite in the weld and HAZ. Interpass temperature is capped (commonly around 100 \u00b0C for super duplex, more relaxed for standard duplex). The filler is a specific 25Cr-10Ni-4Mo-N alloy (AWS ER2594 \/ E2594), not a generic stainless filler. And production welds typically need ferrite-content verification (magnetic and\/or metallographic) plus corrosion and impact testing on the qualifying procedure. Each of those needs its own qualified welding procedure specification, tighter-than-usual NDT, and often destructive testing of production coupons \u2014 <b>that procedural burden, more than alloy cost<\/b>, is what drives the higher fabricated cost.<\/p>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 482\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM A240 \/ ASME SA-240 \u00b7 plate, sheet and strip<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"647.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"670.9\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">795<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"448.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"471.3\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM A479 \/ ASME SA-479 \u00b7 bar and shapes, diameter \u2264 50 mm (2 in.)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">800<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"448.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"471.3\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM A479 \/ ASME SA-479 \u00b7 bar and shapes, diameter > 50 mm (2 in.)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"619.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"642.4\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">760<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"196\" width=\"419.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"442.7\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">515<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM A182 \/ ASME SA-182 \u00b7 forgings \u00b7 GRADE F53<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"242\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">800<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"260\" width=\"448.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"471.3\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"300\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM A790 \/ SA-790 (pipe) and A789 \/ SA-789 (tube)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"306\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">800<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"324\" width=\"448.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"471.3\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Producer specification \u00b7 Sandmeyer and Penn Stainless, plate<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"370\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">800<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"388\" width=\"448.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"471.3\" y=\"400\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"428\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Producer specification \u00b7 Langley Alloys, bar<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"434\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"446\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">800<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"452\" width=\"448.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"471.3\" y=\"464\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM A240 \/ ASME SA-240 \u00b7 plate, sheet and strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">310 HBW max. \u00b7 32 HRC max.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">795<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM A479 \/ ASME SA-479 \u00b7 bar and shapes, diameter \u2264 50 mm (2 in.)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">310 HB max.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM A479 \/ ASME SA-479 \u00b7 bar and shapes, diameter > 50 mm (2 in.)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">310 HB max.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">515<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">760<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM A182 \/ ASME SA-182 \u00b7 forgings \u00b7 GRADE F53<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">310 HBW max.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM A790 \/ SA-790 (pipe) and A789 \/ SA-789 (tube)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Producer specification \u00b7 Sandmeyer and Penn Stainless, plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">32 HRC max.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Producer specification \u00b7 Langley Alloys, bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">EVERY ROW IS A SPECIFICATION MINIMUM for room temperature; these are NOT typical values, and a typical value never goes into a calculation. BECAUSE THIS ALLOY IS NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE, the rows are split by SPECIFICATION and PRODUCT FORM, not by ageing condition; there is NO condition column such as H900 or H1075. Different specifications can give different minimums for the same UNS number; that is a difference of test-piece geometry and acceptance criteria, not of the material. COLD-WORKED TEMPERS are NOT in this table unless stated otherwise.<\/b> Every ASTM row is a specification minimum, not a typical value. ASTM A479 makes a diameter distinction: above 50 mm the minimums drop. Calculations are made against the ordered diameter. The producer rows do not replace the ASTM floor; the 25% elongation requirement of Langley Alloys is above the 15% of ASTM and is producer-specific.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f55\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AISI F55<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-318\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 318<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-329\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 329<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/duplex-steels\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Duplex steels \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"AISI F53\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f53\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"F53 \/ SAF 2507 (UNS S32750 \/ EN 1.4410) is the reference super duplex grade: PREN ~42, with a yield strength more than three times that of 316L. In exchange, the grade is unforgiving \u2014 the welding and heat-treatment sections below are the most important part of this page.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"AISI F53\",\"description\":\"F53 \/ SAF 2507 (UNS S32750 \/ EN 1.4410) is the reference super duplex grade: PREN ~42, with a yield strength more than three times that of 316L. In exchange, the grade is unforgiving \u2014 the welding and heat-treatment sections below are the most important part of this page.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS S32750\",\"W.Nr. 1.4410\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"S32750\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"1.4410\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>AISI F53 \/ (1.4410) \/ UNS S32750 DEFENCE METAL F53 (2507) UNS S32750 \u00b7 W.Nr. 1.4410 \u00b7 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 \u00b7 in ASTM A240: 24.0-26.0% Cr \u2013 6.0-8.0% Ni \u2013 3.00-5.00% Mo \u2013 0.24-0.32% N \u2013 Cu \u2264 0.50% \u2013 C \u2264 0.03% \u2013 balance Fe. ITS NITROGEN BAND IS THE HIGHEST OF THE FIVE (0.24-0.32%) and &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f53\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;AISI F53 \/ (1.4410)&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"AISI F53 \/ (1.4410) \/ UNS S32750 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"AISI F53 (UNS S32750, 1.4410) \u2014 super duplex stainless steel, the most widely used super duplex grade for offshore and refinery service.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[13,14,15],"class_list":["post-3621","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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