{"id":3611,"date":"2026-09-16T11:06:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:06:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-1\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:27:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:27:42","slug":"ti-grade-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti Grade 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Ti Grade 1 \/ UNS R50250 \/ AMS 4940<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Ti Grade 1<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS R50250 \u00b7 W.Nr. 3.7025 \u00b7 DIN 17850 Ti 1 \u00b7 ASTM Grade 1 \u00b7 COMMERCIALLY PURE (unalloyed) titanium, alpha phase. Ceilings: O 0.18% max \u00b7 Fe 0.20% max \u00b7 N 0.03% max \u00b7 C 0.08% max \u00b7 H 0.015% max \u00b7 each other element 0.10% max \u00b7 other elements total 0.40% max \u00b7 balance Ti. It is the LOWEST-OXYGEN and most ductile grade of the family. IT DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN AND IT DOES NOT QUENCH HARDEN: it is single-phase alpha and strength cannot be added by heat treatment.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/ti-grade-1-ti-grade-2-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 2<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">It is bought where formability comes before strength: deep-drawn and heavily bent thin sheet parts, the cladding layer in explosion cladding, anode substrates in chlor-alkali electrolysis, sea-water and brackish-water heat exchanger tubes, expansion bellows and thin-wall chemical process equipment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 thin sheet \/ foil \u00b7 tube \u00b7 forgings. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">AMS (verified): 4940 &#8211; sheet, strip and plate; commercially pure, annealed, 25.0 ksi (172 MPa) yield strength. No verified AMS number was found for Grade 1 BAR or FORGINGS. ASTM: B265 \/ SB-265 (strip, sheet, plate) \u00b7 B348 (bars and billets) \u00b7 B338 (condenser and heat exchanger tubes, seamless and welded) \u00b7 B861 (seamless pipe) \u00b7 B862 (welded pipe) \u00b7 B363 (welding fittings) \u00b7 B381 Grade F-1 (forgings) \u00b7 B863 (wire) \u00b7 F67 Grade 1 (unalloyed titanium for surgical implants). EN \/ DIN: DIN 17850 Ti 1 (composition, W.Nr. 3.7025) \u00b7 DIN 17860 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 DIN 17862 (bar) \u00b7 DIN 17864 (forgings). MIL: MIL-T-9046J CP-4 and AMS-T-9046B CP-4 (sheet, strip, plate) &#8211; the CP number runs OPPOSITE to the grade number. Welding: AWS A5.16 \/ SFA-5.16 ERTi-1.<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">THE MIL-T-9046 \/ AMS-T-9046 CP NUMBERS RUN OPPOSITE TO THE ASTM GRADE NUMBERS: CP-1 = Grade 4 \u00b7 CP-2 = Grade 3 \u00b7 CP-3 = Grade 2 \u00b7 CP-4 = Grade 1. If an old drawing says &#8216;CP-1&#8217;, that is Grade 4, not Grade 1.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Formability. The ASTM B265 floor is 24% elongation and the yield CEILING is 310 MPa; having a yield ceiling in the specification guarantees that the material will not arrive too hard and keeps the springback calculation of press and draw tooling stable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Filler metal: matching commercially pure rod to AWS A5.16 \/ ASME SFA-5.16 &#8211; ERTi-1 for Grade 1, ERTi-2 for Grade 2, ERTi-4 for Grade 4. Preheat is NOT required and post-weld heat treatment is not mandatory (Corrosion Materials).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">IT DOES NOT HARDEN BY HEAT TREATMENT. There is no quenching, no solution treatment and no ageing; when a drawing calls for a hardness value, this grade is the wrong choice. FORBIDDEN BAND &#8211; ABOVE 590-620 \u00b0C IN AIR: annealing or hot forming in air above this temperature produces oxide scale and a diffused-in oxygen layer (alpha case);<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/titanium-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All titanium alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What Titanium Grade 1 Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">ASME Code Acceptance and MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURES<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nCommercially pure titanium &#8211; low oxygen. Ti Grade 1 is the purest form of titanium and is known as unalloyed titanium. The alloy contains 99.5% titanium and is known for its very high corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, low density and good mechanical properties.<\/p>\n<p>The commercially pure titanium grades have an excellent strength-to-density ratio and good corrosion resistance. These properties make commercially pure titanium suitable for the manufacture of components in weight-saving structures carrying low mass forces, and also for components requiring high corrosion resistance. In addition, because of the low thermal expansion of titanium, thermal stresses in titanium structures are lower than in other metallic materials. Together with this property, titanium components are increasingly becoming the material of choice in a widening range of sectors. The materials are also widely used in the medical sector because of their exceptional biocompatibility.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Application areas:<\/strong> chemical industry, aerospace industry, medical applications.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machinability:<\/strong> Being pure titanium, some difficulties can arise in terms of machinability, but machining is generally possible. The following are some important points regarding the machinability of Ti Grade 1.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machining:<\/strong> It can be processed by conventional methods such as milling, turning and drilling. During the machining of titanium, however, it is important to allow for high temperatures and to use appropriate cutting tools. Machining at low speed and the use of cutting fluids are necessary, because titanium can generate high temperatures during cutting operations.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Welding:<\/strong> It can be welded by the TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) and MIG (Metal Inert Gas) methods. It is important to use shielding gases such as argon during welding in order to prevent oxidation of the titanium. Post-weld heat treatment may be required, since some change in properties can occur in the weld zone.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cold forming:<\/strong> Cold forming is generally suitable for Ti Grade 1. Operations such as plasma cutting and bending can also be carried out, but care should be taken during the process.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hot forming:<\/strong> Hot forming is generally suitable for Ti Grade 1 and working at lower temperatures is recommended. It should be remembered that temperatures must not be too high.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">N %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fe %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">O %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 0.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">H %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties at 20 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hardness HB 30<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 HB 120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">0.2% Yield Strength Rp N\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2265 170<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile Strength Rm N\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2265 240<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2265 24%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Modulus of Elasticity kN\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties at 20 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density gr\/cm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Specific Heat Capacity J\/kg K<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">520<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal ConductivityW\/m K<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Electrical Resistivity \u03a9 mm\u00b2\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Ti Grade 1<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti Grade 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">R50250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What Titanium Grade 1 Is \u2014 and the ONE Thing That Separates It From Grade 2<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Titanium Grade 1 (UNS <b>R50250<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>3.7025<\/b> \/ DIN <b>Ti 1<\/b> \/ commonly sold as <b>Ti 99.8<\/b>) is <b>the softest and most ductile grade of unalloyed, commercially pure (CP) titanium<\/b>. At room temperature it is single-phase <b>HCP (\u03b1) titanium<\/b> \u2014 there is <b>no<\/b> second phase, no precipitate and no hardening mechanism in it. <b>It cannot be hardened by heat treatment.<\/b> Its strength comes from exactly two sources: cold work and <b>interstitial atoms<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>There is not a single deliberately added alloying element separating Grade 1 from Grade 2.<\/b> Both are unalloyed titanium; both carry the same carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen ceilings. <b>Only two lines in the specification differ: oxygen and iron.<\/b> Those two lines set the strength, the ductility, the bend radius, the welding behaviour, the price and what code calculation you are allowed to do. Everything else on this page follows from that one fact.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The Unalloyed Titanium Family \u00b7 The Only Variable Is Interstitial Content (ASTM B265)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 1<\/b><br \/>R50250 \/ 3.7025<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>O \u22640.18 % \u00b7 Fe \u22640.20 %.<\/b> Rm \u2265<b>240 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>138\u2013310 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>24 %<\/b>. <b>The most ductile and best cold-forming member of the family.<\/b> Deep drawing, explosive cladding, anode substrate, plate-heat-exchanger plate, lining. <b>It is not for anyone who wants strength<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 2<\/b><br \/>R50400 \/ 3.7035<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>O \u22640.25 % \u00b7 Fe \u22640.30 %.<\/b> Rm \u2265<b>345 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>275\u2013450 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>20 %<\/b>. <b>The industry workhorse.<\/b> Pressure vessels, piping, exchanger tube, flanges, forgings. The best-stocked grade there is \u2014 which is why <b>its price per kilo is often below Grade 1<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 3 \u00b7 Grade 4<\/b><br \/>R50550 \/ R50700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Gr 3:<\/b> O \u22640.35 % \u00b7 Rm \u2265<b>448\u2013450 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>18 %<\/b> \u2014 a niche grade whose real justification is not corrosion but <b>a higher allowable stress in the code calculation<\/b>. <b>Gr 4:<\/b> O \u22640.40 % \u00b7 N \u22640.05 % \u00b7 Fe \u22640.50 % \u00b7 Rm \u2265<b>552 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>15 %<\/b> \u2014 dental, medical, fasteners; formability drops sharply<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 5 \u00b7 Ti-6Al-4V<\/b><br \/>R56400 \/ 3.7165<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>A different material altogether.<\/b> An \u03b1+\u03b2 alloy, Rm \u2265<b>895 MPa<\/b>, heat treatable. <b>It is NOT a corrosion upgrade<\/b> \u2014 in reducing media and in crevice corrosion it is <b>worse<\/b> than the CP grades, and it cannot be cold formed. Detail: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti Grade 5 \/ ELI<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">What oxygen and iron actually do<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>In titanium, oxygen is not an impurity \u2014 it is an alloying element.<\/b> It sits interstitially in the octahedral sites of the HCP lattice, distorts it and <b>blocks dislocation motion<\/b> \u2014 solid-solution strengthening in the strictest sense. Yield and tensile rise; <b>elongation, formability and fracture toughness fall<\/b>; <b>the \u03b2 transus shifts up<\/b>. Going from Grade 1 to Grade 2 oxygen rises by only <b>0.07 percentage points<\/b>, and in exchange the minimum yield goes from <b>138 MPa to 275 MPa<\/b> \u2014 roughly double. <b>Iron is capped for a different reason:<\/b> iron is a <b>\u03b2 stabiliser<\/b>, it leaves a small amount of \u03b2 at grain boundaries, and iron-rich regions are the weak points in reducing acids and in crevice corrosion. Grade 1&#8217;s 0.20 % ceiling means a cleaner single phase and noticeably better ductility.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The sentence worth publishing:<\/b> Grade 1 is not a &#8220;purer&#8221; Grade 2. It is the grade chosen for a <b>different engineering purpose<\/b>. Grade 2 exists for strength and code calculability; <b>Grade 1 exists for formability, weld ductility and cladding adhesion<\/b>. Ordering the wrong one is expensive in both directions: put Grade 1 in a pressure vessel and your wall thickness grows for nothing; put Grade 2 into a deep-draw die and it tears.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip \u00b7 thin sheet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4940<\/b> (commercially pure, annealed, 25.0 ksi \/ 172 MPa yield) \u00b7 ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 Grade 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 billet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">There is NO verified AMS number for Grade 1 bar. ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 Grade 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube (condenser \u00b7 heat exchanger)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B338 \/ ASME SB-338 Grade 1 (seamless and welded)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B861 Grade 1 (seamless) \u00b7 ASTM B862 Grade 1 (welded). The former ASTM B337 has been withdrawn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B363 \/ ASME SB-363 (unalloyed titanium welding fittings)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B381 Grade F-1 \u00b7 DIN 17864<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B863 Grade 1 (UNS R50250)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Surgical implants<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM F67 Grade 1 (UNS R50250, unalloyed titanium)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding filler metal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AWS A5.16 \/ ASME SFA-5.16 ERTi-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">European \u00b7 inspection document<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">DIN 17850 Ti 1 (W.Nr. 3.7025, composition) \u00b7 DIN 17860 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 DIN 17862 (bar). EN 10204 is NOT a material specification; it defines the 3.1 \/ 3.2 document type.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">AMS numbers are written first, ASTM afterwards. AMS 4900 (55 ksi yield) belongs to GRADE 3 and is written on none of these cards. AMS 4902 belongs to Grade 2, AMS 4901 and AMS 4921 to Grade 4, and AMS 4940 to Grade 1. The numbers are separated by yield strength, not by grade name. EN 10204 is not a material specification but a type of inspection document (2.2 \/ 3.1 \/ 3.2).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Unlike the nickel alloys, titanium has an ASTM family numbered separately by product form, and it covers Grade 1 almost completely.<\/b> The table below can be used directly on a purchase order.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 Titanium Grade 1 (R50250 \/ 3.7025)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Strip \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 plate<br \/>Bar \u00b7 billet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B265<\/b> \/ ASME <b>SB-265<\/b> (strip, sheet, plate \u2014 supplied annealed) \u00b7 ASTM <b>B348<\/b> \/ SB-348 (bar and billet)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seamless and welded tube<br \/>(condenser \u00b7 exchanger)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B338<\/b> \/ SB-338 \u2014 <b>this is the family standard for condenser and heat-exchanger tube<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Seamless <b>ASTM B861<\/b> \u00b7 welded <b>ASTM B862<\/b>. <b>ASTM B337 was WITHDRAWN in 1997<\/b> and split into these two; <b>do not accept a current certificate citing B337<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Welding fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B363<\/b> \/ SB-363 (material) + <b>ASME B16.9<\/b> (dimensions) \u2014 <b>both go on the order<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Forgings (disc \u00b7 ring \u00b7 block)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B381<\/b> \/ SB-381 \u2014 grades carry an <b>F<\/b> prefix: Grade 1 forging is <b>F-1<\/b>, Grade 2 forging is <b>F-2<\/b>. <b>Removal of alpha case is an explicit requirement of the standard<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Wire \u00b7 castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B863<\/b> \u2014 <b>titanium DOES have a real wire product specification<\/b>, a meaningful advantage over the nickel alloys; but the grades covered <b>change from edition to edition<\/b>, so <b>put the edition year on the order acknowledgement<\/b>. Castings: ASTM <b>B367<\/b> \/ SB-367, whose grades use a separate <b>C prefix<\/b> (C-2, C-3 \u2026) \u2014 <b>a Grade 1 equivalent could not be independently verified as in scope<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Surgical implant<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>F67<\/b> \u00b7 in Europe <b>EN ISO 5832-2<\/b>, which defines <b>six grades<\/b> separated by tensile strength. <b>The numbering is not identical to ASTM<\/b> \u2014 match on chemistry, not on the number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Aerospace<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AMS 4940<\/b> (sheet, strip, plate \u2014 &#8220;Commercially Pure, Annealed, <b>25.0 ksi (172 MPa) yield<\/b>&#8220;) \u00b7 <b>AMS-T-9046 (formerly MIL-T-9046J) class CP-4<\/b> = Grade 1. <b>WARNING: the CP numbering runs INVERSE to the ASTM grade number<\/b> (CP-4 = Gr 1, CP-3 = Gr 2, CP-1 = Gr 4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welding consumables<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Bare wire: <b>AWS A5.16 ERTi-1<\/b> \u00b7 W.Nr. filler <b>3.7026<\/b> (Grade 2 filler is ERTi-2 \/ 3.7036). <b>There is NO covered electrode and there never will be<\/b> \u2014 slag and coating moisture inevitably load titanium with oxygen and hydrogen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASME Section IX<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Titanium base metals sit in the <b>P-No. 51\u201353<\/b> band, unalloyed grades at <b>P-No. 51<\/b>; fillers in <b>F-No. 51\u201356<\/b>, ERTi-1\/ERTi-2 at <b>F-No. 51<\/b>. <i>The band is verified; the grade-by-grade assignment could not be verified from a primary ASME table \u2014 confirm against the current QW\/QB-422 before writing a WPS<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Europe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>DIN 17850 Ti 1<\/b>, material number <b>3.7025<\/b>; product forms <b>DIN 17860<\/b> (sheet\/plate), <b>17862<\/b> (bar), <b>17863<\/b> (wire), <b>17864<\/b> (forgings). <b>3.7024<\/b> is the <b>WL\/aerospace<\/b> number. <b>EN 10204 is NOT a material specification<\/b>; it only defines the inspection-document type. The correct wording is &#8220;<b>ASTM B265 Gr 1, certified to EN 10204 3.1<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance and MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURES<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">1 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Reduces residual stress left by cold forming, straightening, machining and welding. It does not change the grain structure and does not lower strength.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">480-595 \u00b0C common band. ATI 538-593 \u00b0C \u00b7 HonTitan 538-593 \u00b0C \u00b7 NASA\/DMIC 482-593 \u00b0C (900-1100 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Corrosion Materials 482-593 \u00b0C (900-1100 \u00b0F). DIVERGING SOURCES: the RTI\/RMI Titanium Alloy Guide gives an upper limit of 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F) and Zapp gives a lower limit of 450 \u00b0C. NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30 minutes to 2 hours. ATI 30 minutes \u00b7 HonTitan 30 minutes to 2 hours \u00b7 RTI 30-60 minutes \u00b7 Zapp about 30 minutes \u00b7 NASA\/DMIC 15 minutes to 4 hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool. Corrosion Materials states forced air or slow cooling; Zapp states inert gas or air.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hardness and strength are practically unchanged. Stress relief is NOT a hardening step.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">2 \u00b7 ANNEALING (MILL ANNEAL \u00b7 RECRYSTALLIZATION)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2 \u00b7 ANNEALING (MILL ANNEAL \u00b7 RECRYSTALLIZATION)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Returns a cold-worked structure to a fully recrystallized equiaxed alpha structure. Restores formability and corrosion resistance. The temperature stays BELOW the beta transus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">650-760 \u00b0C common band. Corrosion Materials 649-760 \u00b0C (1200-1400 \u00b0F) \u00b7 HonTitan 649-760 \u00b0C for Grades 2-4 and 538-704 \u00b0C for Grade 1 \u00b7 Zapp about 700 \u00b0C \u00b7 ATI 538-704 \u00b0C. DIVERGING SOURCE: NASA\/DMIC gives 704-871 \u00b0C (1300-1600 \u00b0F); the top of that band approaches the beta transus. NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">6 minutes to 2 hours. Corrosion Materials 6 minutes to 2 hours \u00b7 ATI 0.5-2 hours \u00b7 HonTitan 0.5-2 hours \u00b7 Zapp 3 minutes per mm of section thickness, minimum 15 minutes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool. NASA\/DMIC states air or furnace cooling. Cooling rate does not set the strength; there is NO hardening by quenching.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Annealed condition. Specification minimums are written for this condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">3 \u00b7 VACUUM or PROTECTIVE-ATMOSPHERE ANNEALING<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3 \u00b7 VACUUM or PROTECTIVE-ATMOSPHERE ANNEALING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Not a separate strength step; it is step 2 carried out where a clean surface is required. It prevents alpha case formation and hydrogen pickup and lowers existing hydrogen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Same as the annealing band, about 540-760 \u00b0C. NASA\/DMIC gives 538-760 \u00b0C (1000-1400 \u00b0F) for hydrogen removal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NASA\/DMIC gives 2-4 hours at 0.5 micron vacuum. These figures come from a single source and are not written here as a binding time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cooling under vacuum or argon.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hardness is unchanged. NASA\/DMIC reports that this cycle lowers 550 ppm hydrogen to 25-35 ppm; vacuum annealing is the only practical way to remove hydrogen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is NOT to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve was used, so no curve is drawn. THIS MATERIAL IS COMMERCIALLY PURE (alpha phase) TITANIUM: IT DOES NOT HARDEN BY HEAT TREATMENT. There is NO quench hardening, no solution treatment and no ageing step (nothing like H900 or H1025). Strength is set directly by the OXYGEN, IRON and NITROGEN content and by the amount of cold work. The three steps below were each verified separately. Commercially pure titanium is a single-phase alpha material. Total Materia, NASA\/DMIC, RTI and HonTitan each state the same thing: in alpha and near-alpha alloys HIGH STRENGTH CANNOT BE DEVELOPED BY HEAT TREATMENT; only stress relief and annealing are used. Annealing is carried out BELOW the beta transus. HonTitan gives the beta transus as about 888 \u00b0C for Grade 1, 913 \u00b0C for Grade 2, 921 \u00b0C for Grade 3 and 949 \u00b0C for Grade 4; Carpenter gives 899-927 \u00b0C (1650-1700 \u00b0F) for Grade 2. A single per-grade figure could not be confirmed in four independent sources, so it is not written as binding. Hot forming is carried out at 480-540 \u00b0C (900-1000 \u00b0F) for severe operations according to Carpenter; Corrosion Materials gives 204-316 \u00b0C (400-600 \u00b0F). The two sources diverge and no average has been taken. Annealing or hot forming IN AIR above about 590-620 \u00b0C produces a visible oxide scale and a diffused-in oxygen layer (alpha case) (RTI\/RMI). On fatigue- or fracture-critical parts this layer must be removed COMPLETELY, either mechanically (grinding, grit blasting) or chemically (molten alkaline descale followed by 5:1 to 10:1 HNO3-HF pickling). Cooling rate does not set the strength of this material. When a specification calls for a hardness value, these grades are not the right choice.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The ceiling for titanium is strikingly low compared with the nickel alloys you are used to, and it is a CODE limit, not a metallurgical one.<\/b> Unalloyed titanium is metallurgically perfectly happy at 315 \u00b0C; the code stops there because there is no creep and long-term oxidation data behind it.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance \u00b7 Unalloyed Titanium (SB-265 \/ SB-338 \/ SB-348 \/ SB-381)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURE<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F) \u2014 for all applications.<\/b> Published explicitly for SB-265 Grade 2 plate and quoted as the titanium family ceiling. <b>There is no allowable stress above it<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Sections that accept it<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Section VIII Div. 1 and Div. 2<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Section III Class 2\/3<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Section XII<\/b> (transport tanks) \u2014 all to 315 \u00b0C. One source also lists <b>Section I<\/b> (power boilers) for Grade 2 plate; <i>single-sourced, confirm in the current Section II Part D<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME B31.3<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Titanium is in scope and is quoted with the <b>same 315 \u00b0C ceiling<\/b>. <i>Not independently verified \u2014 confirm against B31.3 Table A-1<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ASME B16.5 (flanges)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>TITANIUM IS NOT IN B16.5.<\/b> The standard does not include titanium in its material groups, so <b>there is no ready-made pressure\u2013temperature table<\/b>. A titanium flange is made to B16.5 <b>dimensions<\/b>, but its rating must be <b>calculated per B16.5 Annex A<\/b>, or designed as a gasket-dependent flange per VIII Div. 1 Appendix 2. <b>This is the single most overlooked item in titanium piping<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Code coverage for Grade 1<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Most of the rows above were verified through Grade 2.<\/b> That Grade 1 is separately listed in the same sections <b>could not be independently verified<\/b>; <b>confirm the R50250 line in Section II Part D before ordering<\/b>. In any case most designers move to Grade 2 anyway, because Grade 1&#8217;s 138 MPa minimum yield inflates the wall thickness. Note also that the ASME-approved <b>H grades are 2H, 7H, 16H and 26H<\/b> \u2014 <b>THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS GRADE 1H<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">What an &#8220;H&#8221; grade is, and why Grade 1 was left out<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>An H grade is a grade with identical chemistry but a raised minimum tensile strength.<\/b> Grade 2H has <b>exactly the same composition<\/b> as Grade 2; the only difference is that the minimum tensile is guaranteed at <b>400 MPa (58 ksi) instead of 345 MPa (50 ksi)<\/b>. Yield is 275 MPa and elongation 20 % for both. The justification is statistical: the Materials Technology Institute and the International Titanium Association reviewed first <b>more than 400 commercial heats<\/b> and later <b>more than 5,200 commercial test reports<\/b>, and showed that <b>over 99 % already met the 58 ksi minimum<\/b>. So an H grade is not a new material \u2014 it is <b>strength that already existed being accepted into the code<\/b>. In one published example, using Grade 2H under <b>Section VIII Div. 2 (Class 2) rules gives roughly a 14 % material saving<\/b> over Div. 1. <b>Grade 1 is outside this programme<\/b> \u2014 because Grade 1 is not bought for strength in the first place.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Titanium has fewer gaps than the nickel alloys, but they sit in different places and cost more when you hit them.<\/b> This is the section your sales engineers should memorise.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Gaps and Traps for R50250<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Flanges<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is no &#8220;ASTM titanium flange specification&#8221;.<\/b> The titanium equivalent of ASTM B462 does not exist. A titanium flange is made <b>from a B381 forging (F-1 \/ F-2) or from B265 plate<\/b>; the dimensions are ASME B16.5, but <b>the pressure\u2013temperature rating cannot be read off a table \u2014 it has to be calculated<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 1 castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">B367 covers unalloyed titanium castings, but casting grades use a <b>separate C-prefixed numbering<\/b> and <b>a casting grade equivalent to Grade 1 could not be independently verified as in scope<\/b>. In practice cast titanium valve and pump bodies are supplied as <b>Grade 2 \/ C-2<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bolts \u00b7 nuts \u00b7 spring wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>F467<\/b> (nuts) and <b>F468<\/b> (bolts) include titanium grades, but <b>Grade 1 coverage could not be independently verified<\/b> \u2014 and it is meaningless anyway: <b>you cannot hold preload with a 138 MPa minimum yield.<\/b> The route is <b>Grade 2, 4 or 5<\/b>. Same for <b>spring wire<\/b>: B863 covers it but <b>spring temper is not a defined strength class<\/b>. And <b>there is no &#8220;Grade 1H&#8221;<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hardening by heat treatment<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Not a process gap \u2014 a physical impossibility.<\/b> Grade 1 is single-phase \u03b1 titanium; there is no solution treat plus age. For surface hardness the route is <b>anodising, nitriding or coating<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>A current EN product standard<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Europe has <b>no current EN product-standard family<\/b> for titanium of the kind stainless steel enjoys; what is actually used is the <b>DIN 17850 family<\/b> plus the <b>ASTM B series<\/b>. The practical answer is <b>ASTM chemistry with an EN 10204 3.1 certificate<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>For unalloyed titanium, &#8220;composition&#8221; means writing down the interstitial ceilings.<\/b> There are five lines on the certificate; two of them (oxygen, iron) define the grade.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 ASTM B265 \/ B348 \/ B338 Grade 1 (weight %)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxygen \u00b7 Iron<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">O <b>\u22640.18<\/b> and Fe <b>\u22640.20<\/b> \u2014 <b>the two lines that define the grade.<\/b> Grade 2: \u22640.25 and \u22640.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Carbon \u00b7 Nitrogen<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">C <b>\u22640.08<\/b> \u00b7 N <b>\u22640.03<\/b> \u2014 both <b>identical to Grade 2<\/b>. Nitrogen is roughly twice as potent a strengthener as oxygen, which is why its ceiling is so low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hydrogen \u00b7 others<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">H <b>\u22640.015 (150 ppm)<\/b> \u2014 same as Grade 2; <b>this line is the first line of defence against hydrogen embrittlement<\/b>. Other elements \u22640.1 each, \u22640.4 total; balance titanium \u2014 hence the trade name <b>Ti 99.8<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Source conflict [D]<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Some mill sheets print the carbon ceiling as <b>0.10 %<\/b>. <b>The current ASTM B265 value is 0.08 %<\/b> \u2014 the 0.10 figure is a leftover from an older edition. <b>Write 0.08 % with the edition year on the order<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASTM versus DIN\/EN Divergences \u2014 the Ones That Matter on a Certificate<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Chemistry<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is no divergence in chemistry.<\/b> DIN 17850 Ti 1 and ASTM B265 Grade 1 use the same ceilings: O \u22640.18 \u00b7 Fe \u22640.20 \u00b7 C \u22640.08 \u00b7 N \u22640.03 \u00b7 H \u22640.015. <b>The problem is not chemistry, it is mechanicals<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Tensile strength<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>THIS IS THE TRAP.<\/b> ASTM B265 gives only a <b>minimum<\/b>: Rm \u2265240 MPa. DIN Ti 1 gives a <b>RANGE<\/b>: <b>Rm 290\u2013410 MPa<\/b>. So <b>a heat that conforms to ASTM can fall below the DIN lower limit<\/b> (say 260 MPa) <b>or exceed its upper limit<\/b> (430 MPa). <b>Tell a customer who wants dual certification this up front<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Yield strength<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM B265: <b>138\u2013310 MPa<\/b> (20\u201345 ksi) \u2014 <b>it has a maximum as well as a minimum<\/b>. The commonly published DIN Ti 1 value is <b>\u2265200 MPa<\/b>. <b>The ASTM maximum is the line most buyers miss<\/b>: heavily cold-worked, &#8220;stronger&#8221; Grade 1 <b>does not conform<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Elongation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM B265 <b>A \u226524 %<\/b> (50 mm) versus DIN Ti 1 <b>\u226530 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>DIN is the harder target<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Numbers and certificate<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>3.7025<\/b> = DIN 17850 Ti 1 (base metal) \u00b7 <b>3.7024<\/b> = WL\/aerospace \u00b7 <b>3.7026<\/b> = welding FILLER wire. Three different documents, permanently confused on datasheets. On the certificate, EN 10204 <b>3.1<\/b> is the European norm in practice; <b>3.2<\/b> (third party) may be required for PED pressure equipment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 208\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 &#8211; annealed strip, sheet and plate<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">240<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"374.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"397.9\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">138<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 &#8211; annealed bars and billets<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">240<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"374.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"397.9\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">138<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">AMS 4940 &#8211; annealed sheet, strip and plate<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"467.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"490.3\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">172<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 &#8211; annealed strip, sheet and plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">138-310<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">24%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 &#8211; annealed bars and billets<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">138<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">24%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4940 &#8211; annealed sheet, strip and plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">172<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. All rows are for the ANNEALED condition. Commercially pure titanium has no other heat treatment condition; there is no condition code such as H900 or QT650. THE HARDNESS COLUMN IS DELIBERATELY EMPTY. Commercially pure titanium is not ordered by hardness and ASTM B265 \/ B348 give no hardness minimum or maximum. RTI gives about 70 \/ 82 \/ 90 \/ 100 HRB (Grades 1-4) and ATI gives about 80 HRB for Grade 2 and about 100 HRB for Grade 4; four independent sources could not be found, so no value is written in the table. THE YIELD STRENGTH ALSO HAS A MAXIMUM in the specification. ASTM B265 gives both a minimum and a maximum for yield; material that arrives too hard is rejected as well. For a buyer running forming tools that ceiling matters as much as the floor. ASTM B265 bend radius requirement: for Grade 1, 1.5T below 1.78 mm thickness and 2T between 1.78 and 4.75 mm \u00b7 for Grade 2, 2T and 2.5T \u00b7 for Grade 4, 2.5T and 3T. Reduction of area (RA) is not written in the table: the sources give 25%, 30% and 35% for Grade 4 and contradict each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Never mix specification minima with typical mill values.<\/b> Purchasing works from the minima; typicals are <b>a guarantee of nothing<\/b> and, if substituted for the specification, cause trouble on the first certificate.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Minima \u00b7 ASTM B265 Grade 1 (annealed, room temperature)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile and yield minima<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm <b>\u2265240 MPa (35 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>\u2265138 MPa (20 ksi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Yield Rp0.2 \u00b7 MAXIMUM<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u2264310 MPa (45 ksi)<\/b> \u2014 <b>this line is an upper limit and it is enforced<\/b>. Over-cold-worked material is rejected<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Elongation \u00b7 bend radius<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>A \u226524 %<\/b> (50 mm). Bend radius <b>1.5T<\/b> (t &lt;1.8 mm) \u00b7 <b>2T<\/b> (1.8\u20134.75 mm); the coupon must bend through <b>105\u00b0<\/b> without fracture (ASTM E290); <i>Grade 2 is 2T \/ 2.5T.<\/i> Hardness is typically <b>~70 HRB \/ ~120 HV<\/b> (Gr 2: ~80 HRB \/ ~145 HV) \u2014 <i>typical, not a specification requirement<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>MIL \/ AMS differs [D]<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">AMS-T-9046 CP-4 and AMS 4940 give the yield minimum as <b>25 ksi (172 MPa)<\/b> \u2014 above ASTM&#8217;s 20 ksi. <b>Do not rely on the ASTM minimum for an aerospace order<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">DIN 17850 Ti 1 \u00b7 A SEPARATE SYSTEM \u2014 DO NOT MIX THE ROWS<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile strength Rm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>290\u2013410 MPa (a range)<\/b> \u2014 its minimum is <b>above<\/b> ASTM&#8217;s 240 MPa, and there is an upper limit as well<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Yield and elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield <b>\u2265200 MPa<\/b> <i>(the source labels this a 1.0 % offset; take care when comparing with Rp0.2)<\/i> \u00b7 elongation <b>\u226530 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>harder than ASTM&#8217;s 24 %.<\/b> Practical consequence: <b>an ASTM B265 Grade 1 certificate does NOT automatically mean DIN 17850 Ti 1 conformity<\/b>; if dual certification is wanted, say so at order stage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Typical Mill Values \u2014 NOT GUARANTEED<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Annealed sheet \u00b7 typical band<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm ~<b>290\u2013340 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 ~<b>170\u2013250 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 elongation typically <b>above 30 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>that last line is the commercial case for Grade 1<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elastic constants<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>E = 103\u2013105 GPa<\/b> <i>[D]<\/i> \u2014 roughly <b>half<\/b> that of steel, so <b>twice the deflection at the same section<\/b>. Compressive modulus ~<b>110 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 shear ~<b>45 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 Poisson <b>0.37<\/b> \u2014 <i>Grade 2 data, single-sourced; 0.32\u20130.37 is also quoted for Poisson<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bauschinger effect<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">A drop of <b>up to 25 % in compressive yield<\/b> after stretching has been reported. <b>If a cold-formed titanium part carries compressive load, this is a real design item<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">What Happens Hot (unalloyed titanium \u00b7 typical trend)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>General behaviour<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Unalloyed titanium <b>weakens fast and becomes more ductile fast<\/b> as it heats; it is not a creep alloy. Measured example (Gr 2): <b>typical tensile ~483 MPa (70 ksi) at 20 \u00b0C<\/b> falls to <b>~228 MPa (33 ksi) at 300 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>roughly half<\/b> \u2014 while <b>elongation rises to 43 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>What the code says<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The trend is the same for Grade 1 from a lower starting point; <b>Grade 1&#8217;s elevated-temperature tensile table could not be independently verified<\/b> \u2014 do not invent numbers. <b>Above 315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F) there is no code allowable stress<\/b>; even if mechanical data reaches 400 \u00b0C, <b>the design temperature stops at 315 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxidation in air<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Above ~540 \u00b0C alpha-case formation becomes a practical problem<\/b>; <b>above 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F) oxygen pick-up embrittles the metal<\/b>. The limit usually published as safe in oxygen-bearing environments is <b>~371 \u00b0C (700 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties \u00b7 Unalloyed Titanium Grade 1<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>4.51 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> (0.163 lb\/in\u00b3) \u2014 <b>57 %<\/b> of steel, <b>1.7 \u00d7<\/b> aluminium. Melting range <b>1,649\u20131,671 \u00b0C<\/b> (3,000\u20133,040 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>\u03b2 transus<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~888 \u00b0C<\/b> (1,630 \u00b0F \u00b114 \u00b0C). <i>[D: one source gives 881 \u00b0C for the same 1,630 \u00b0F; 1,630 \u00b0F converts exactly to 888 \u00b0C. An uncertainty of \u00b115 \u00b0C with interstitial content is normal.]<\/i> <b>Grade 2 is ~913 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 oxygen stabilises \u03b1, so the transus moves up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Modulus of elasticity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>103\u2013105 GPa<\/b> <i>[D]<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Thermal conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~16\u201322 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> <i>[D: sources diverge badly \u2014 16.4 \u00b7 20.8 \u00b7 21.8 \u00b7 22 W\/m\u00b7K have all been published; quote the band, not a single number]<\/i>. <b>WARNING:<\/b> some machining sources give <b>~7 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> \u2014 <b>that figure is for Ti-6Al-4V<\/b>; unalloyed titanium conducts markedly better<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal expansion<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>8.6 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/K<\/b> (20 \u00b0C) \u00b7 <b>8.7<\/b> (0\u2013200 \u00b0C) \u00b7 <b>~9.7<\/b> (500 \u00b0C). <b>About half that of stainless steel<\/b> \u2014 in a titanium\/steel tubesheet that difference is stress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Specific heat \u00b7 resistivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Specific heat <b>~520\u2013526 J\/kg\u00b7K<\/b> \u00b7 electrical resistivity <b>~0.52 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7m (52 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm)<\/b> <i>(Grade 2 data)<\/i>; another source gives <b>54\u201360 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm<\/b> for the unalloyed grades<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Magnetic \u00b7 surface film<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Non-magnetic<\/b> \u2014 the reason for its use in MRI equipment and mine-hunting vessels. The <b>TiO\u2082<\/b> film that forms spontaneously on the surface is nanometres thick and <b>re-forms within milliseconds if damaged, provided oxygen or water is present<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The most important sentence first: Grade 1 cannot be hardened by heat treatment.<\/b> In single-phase \u03b1 titanium there is no solution treat plus age, no martensite, no precipitate. Heat treatment has three purposes and all three are <b>to soften, to relieve stress and to stabilise dimensions<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment \u00b7 Grade 1<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Annealing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>538\u2013704 \u00b0C \u00b7 0.5\u20132 h \u00b7 air cool.<\/b> A mill anneal band of <b>650\u2013760 \u00b0C<\/b> is also quoted. <b>The \u03b2 transus (~888 \u00b0C) must NEVER be exceeded.<\/b> The atmosphere must be <b>vacuum or inert gas<\/b>; annealing in air produces <b>alpha case<\/b>, which then <b>has to be removed<\/b> \u2014 a tolerance plan that ignores this does not work<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress relief<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>538\u2013593 \u00b0C \u00b7 ~30 min \u00b7 air cool<\/b>, after welding, heavy machining or cold forming. <b>Not forbidden \u2014 recommended for welded titanium vessels<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Damaging phase window<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>None.<\/b> Titanium has no equivalent of the \u03c3, \u03bc, Ni\u2084Mo or \u03b3\u2032 precipitates of the nickel alloys \u2014 <b>the only enemies are oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen entering through the surface<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Forming<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Finish forging band <b>316\u2013649 \u00b0C<\/b>; heating band for deep drawing and spinning <b>204\u2013538 \u00b0C<\/b>; <b>25\u201340 % reduction<\/b> below the \u03b2 transus tidies the microstructure. <b>In cold forming Grade 1 is the best of the family<\/b>: bend radius <b>1.5T\u20132T<\/b>. But because the modulus is low, <b>springback is markedly greater than in steel<\/b> \u2014 allow generous overbend in the die<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Alpha Case, Hydrogen and Iron \u2014 Titanium&#8217;s Three Real Surface Damages<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Alpha case<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The <b>oxygen-rich, hard and brittle \u03b1 layer<\/b> that forms when titanium is heated in air. Grey-white, powdery or coloured, it <b>directly destroys fatigue life and ductility<\/b>, and it forms in air annealing, unshielded welding, hot forging, laser\/plasma cutting and on an overheated grinding surface. <b>The only cure is to remove it<\/b>: pickling (HF\/HNO\u2083) or machining \u2014 and <b>because pickling uses HF it carries a hydrogen pick-up risk<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hydrogen<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Ceiling <b>0.015 % (150 ppm)<\/b>. Hydrogen is not soluble in \u03b1 titanium; it precipitates as <b>TiH\u2082 platelets<\/b> and <b>lowers toughness<\/b>. Wet filler wire, oily surfaces, damp shielding gas and the HF pickling bath are the main sources<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Iron contamination<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Free iron smeared onto titanium starts local corrosion in service.<\/b> Steel brushes, bench tops, slings and shared grinding wheels are all forbidden \u2014 <b>a titanium shop must be physically separated from steel<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Welding titanium is not difficult; welding it CLEAN is.<\/b> Metallurgically Grade 1 is the easiest of the family to weld \u2014 single phase, no hardening, no preheat, no cracking tendency. The entire risk sits in one place: <b>molten and hot titanium absorbs oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen greedily.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding \u00b7 Titanium Grade 1<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Suitable processes<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>GTAW (TIG)<\/b> dominant \u00b7 GMAW \u00b7 PAW \u00b7 <b>EBW<\/b> and <b>LBW<\/b> \u00b7 spot, seam and flash resistance welding (<i>acceptable even without a protective atmosphere<\/i>). <b>Covered electrode (SMAW) and submerged arc (SAW) are NOT used<\/b> \u2014 slag and flux moisture mean inevitable contamination<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Filler metal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AWS A5.16 ERTi-1<\/b> (W.Nr. 3.7026). Grade 2 base metal is welded with <b>ERTi-2<\/b>. <b>Rule: the filler must match the base metal or be one grade BELOW it<\/b> \u2014 never above, or the weld metal ends up more brittle than the parent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Shielding gas<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Argon, 99.995 % minimum; preferably 99.999 % (5.0).<\/b> Helium or Ar-He for deeper penetration. <b>Under no circumstances a mixture containing CO\u2082, O\u2082 or H\u2082.<\/b> Flow: <b>~14\u201319 L\/min<\/b> with a large gas-lens torch (No. 12\u201316 cup), <b>~7\u20139.5 L\/min<\/b> with a standard No. 8 cup to avoid turbulence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Back purge<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>MANDATORY on pipe and tube.<\/b> The bore is fully argon purged and the ends sealed with aluminium tape. <b>A titanium pipe weld whose root ran unshielded is scrap<\/b> \u2014 it is not repaired, it is cut out<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Trailing shield<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Effectively mandatory.<\/b> Weld metal and HAZ must stay under argon <b>until they are too cool to take colour<\/b>; apart from short tacks, clean welding is impossible without it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Preheat \u00b7 interpass<br \/>stress relief<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is no preheat and none is needed<\/b> \u2014 with no hardening transformation there is no cold-cracking risk. Keep interpass temperature <b>low<\/b>; a numerical code limit <b>could not be independently verified<\/b>, and the working rule on the shop floor is <b>to wait, after each pass, until the weld has cooled under gas to a level where it will not take colour<\/b>. Stress relief is <b>not forbidden \u2014 it is recommended<\/b>: 538\u2013593 \u00b0C \u00b7 ~30 min \u00b7 air cool<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cleanliness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The &#8220;white glove rule&#8221;:<\/b> chemical cleaning with acetone or MEK first, then a stainless brush or carbide burr <b>dedicated to titanium only<\/b>. <b>No tool that has touched steel touches titanium.<\/b> Handle only with clean nitrile gloves; <b>wipe the filler wire with an acetone rag immediately before use<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">WELD COLOUR \u2014 the Only Valid Quick Acceptance Test on the Floor<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bright silver \u00b7 light straw<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ACCEPT.<\/b> Bright silver: shielding was perfect. Light straw\/gold: superficial oxidation, removable with Scotch-Brite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Dark blue \/ purple<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>REJECT.<\/b> Significant oxidation, properties degraded \u2014 rejected in aerospace and pressure equipment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grey \/ white powdery<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>SCRAP.<\/b> This is alpha case \u2014 a brittle, ceramic-like layer. <b>It is not cleaned off; it is cut out and rewelded<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Pre-production tack test<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Every shift, before production starts, run a few tacks on a clean piece of scrap titanium. <b>If the tack is bright silver, carry on.<\/b> If you see a rainbow halo, a blue tint or haze, <b>STOP<\/b>: there is a gas leak, moisture in the line or a bad batch of gas. <b>This single habit prevents most titanium welding scrap<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Grade 1 is the hardest grade in the titanium family to machine \u2014 and because that is counter-intuitive, it is constantly planned wrong.<\/b> Being soft does not make it easier; on the contrary it goes <b>&#8220;gummy&#8221;<\/b>: the chip smears onto the tool instead of breaking, forms a <b>built-up edge (BUE)<\/b> and ruins the surface. Grade 2, with its higher oxygen, <b>breaks chips more cleanly<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Starting Parameters (CP titanium \u00b7 family guidance)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cutting speed \u00b7 feed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">General starting band <b>~55\u201398 m\/min (180\u2013320 SFM)<\/b> \u00b7 roughing <b>~49\u201367 m\/min<\/b> \u00b7 finishing <b>~61\u201391 m\/min<\/b>. Feed <b>0.08\u20130.13 mm\/tooth<\/b> (12.7 mm end mill) \u2014 <b>NEVER reduce the feed<\/b>, low feed means rubbing and rubbing means work hardening<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Tooling and coolant<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Sharp, positive-rake carbide<\/b> coated <b>AlTiN or TiAlN<\/b>; on Grade 1 edge sharpness matters more than anything \u2014 the moment it dulls, the material is smeared rather than cut. <b>High-pressure through-tool coolant is preferred<\/b>; flood is acceptable, <b>dry cutting is not done<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Never dwell<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Titanium work hardens the instant it is rubbed. <b>Retract the drill fully on every peck<\/b>; a drill that sits at the bottom of the hole hardens it and breaks the tool on the next pass. <b>Short tools, short overhang, rigid machine<\/b> \u2014 the low modulus means the workpiece flexes too<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">FIRE \u2014 With Titanium This Is a Procedure, Not a Warning<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>DO NOT USE WATER<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The risk is in <b>fine chips, grinding dust and swarf<\/b> \u2014 bulk titanium does not ignite, high surface-to-volume material does. <b>A titanium fire is Class D:<\/b> water and CO\u2082 make it worse, use <b>dry sand or a Class D extinguisher<\/b>. Collect chips in <b>closed metal containers<\/b>; do not send grinding dust to a wet collector \u2014 <b>wet titanium dust generates hydrogen<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Pure oxygen<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Titanium burns in pure oxygen.<\/b> Published threshold: a risk of ignition at <b>oxygen concentrations above 35 %<\/b> at elevated temperature and pressure. <b>Do not offer titanium for oxygen service<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Dry chlorine<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In dry chlorine gas titanium corrodes rapidly and can ignite<\/b>; passivation requires the gas to contain <b>~1 % water<\/b>. <b>In a chlor-alkali plant the dry chlorine line is forbidden territory for titanium<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion \u2014 Why It Is Good, and WHERE IT FAILS<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">COMPARISON<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">A single criterion: the annealed-condition SPECIFICATION LIMITS of ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 (and of ASTM B348, which carries the same values). Chemical ceilings from Table 1, tensile values from Table 2. These are limits, not typical values; producer typicals run higher.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Grade<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">UNS<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">W.-Nr.<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Oxygen max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Iron max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Nitrogen max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile min MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield min MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield max MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation min<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50250<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3.7025<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.18%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.03%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">138<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">310<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">24%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Lowest oxygen, highest ductility. Deep drawing and explosion cladding work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">3.7035<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.25%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.30%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.03%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">345<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">275<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The workhorse of commercially pure titanium. The most common grade for plate, tube and heat exchangers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3.7055<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.30%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.05%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">380<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">18%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The intermediate step. It is not in this card set; it is shown to complete the ladder.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">3.7065<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.40%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.05%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">483<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">655<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The strongest of the commercially pure family. It is absent from most pipe and tube specifications.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Iliski<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">As the OXYGEN CEILING rises from 0.18% to 0.40%, the minimum tensile strength rises from 240 MPa to 550 MPa (+129%) and the minimum elongation falls from 24% to 15%. The iron ceiling also rises from 0.20% to 0.50%. THIS INCREASE HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH HEAT TREATMENT; all four grades use the same heat treatment cycle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Mechanism<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Oxygen and nitrogen enter the octahedral interstitial sites of the hexagonal close-packed alpha lattice and create an asymmetric lattice distortion; the resulting stress field impedes dislocation glide (interstitial solid solution strengthening). Iron stabilises a small amount of beta phase. The MDPI Crystals 2025 review gives a critical oxygen threshold of about 0.46% for pure titanium, above which room-temperature elongation collapses sharply. The 0.40% ceiling of Grade 4 sits just below that threshold.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Warning<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">All four grades are defined in ASTM with the same base elements; the difference is ONLY the oxygen, iron and nitrogen ceilings. If an order is placed simply as &#8216;commercially pure titanium&#8217;, it is undefined which strength class will arrive. The grade number and the UNS number must both be written.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The minimum yield of Grade 1 DEPENDS ON THE SPECIFICATION: the ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 table gives 138 MPa (20 ksi), while AMS 4940 requires 172 MPa (25 ksi). Two different floors apply to the same grade; an order must not be written without stating which specification governs. The carbon (0.08%) and hydrogen (0.015%) ceilings are identical in all four grades; they contribute nothing to the strength ladder. Grade 3 is not in this card set. It is shown only in the comparison table because it is the third step of the ladder.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>All of titanium&#8217;s corrosion resistance rests on one thing: the spontaneously formed <b>TiO\u2082<\/b> passive film.<\/b> That film is extremely stable, tightly adherent and \u2014 the critical point \u2014 <b>self-healing<\/b>, but only if <b>oxygen or water<\/b> is present in the environment. Every piece of good news and every piece of bad news below follows from that one sentence. <b>If the environment feeds the film, titanium is close to untouchable; if it cannot, titanium is an ordinary active metal.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Grade 1 and Grade 2 behave practically identically in corrosion<\/b> \u2014 both build the same TiO\u2082 film. Grade 1&#8217;s slightly lower iron gives a <b>marginal<\/b> edge in some environments; <b>do not turn that into a sales argument<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">WHERE IT IS EXCELLENT<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Seawater<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The family&#8217;s flagship duty.<\/b> Titanium tubing exposed for 16 years in a surface condenser on polluted seawater showed <b>no corrosion beyond slight discolouration<\/b>. General corrosion resistance is published to <b>260 \u00b0C (500 \u00b0F)<\/b>; another source says <b>315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F)<\/b> <i>[D]<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Oxidising environments<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Nitric acid, chromic acid, oxidising chlorides, hypochlorite, wet chlorine.<\/b> These feed the film, and titanium here <b>beats 316L and most nickel alloys<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ferric \/ cupric ions<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In titanium these are INHIBITORS, not a threat.<\/b> Fe\u00b3\u207a and Cu\u00b2\u207a <b>passivate<\/b> titanium in reducing acid: in 20 % sulphuric they <b>prevent<\/b> corrosion. <i>This is the exact opposite of the nickel-molybdenum alloys (the Hastelloy B family), where the same ions are the number one cause of failure. Anyone copying datasheets across alloy families gets this line backwards<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Chloride SCC \u00b7 alkalis \u00b7 organics<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Fully resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in aqueous chloride solutions<\/b> \u2014 the boiling MgCl\u2082 scenario that is a nightmare in stainless is a non-issue for titanium (for comparison, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">AISI 316L<\/a> cracks and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f55\/\">super duplex<\/a> is limited). Alkaline media and most organics are untroubled; cavitation and erosion resistance are high and <b>there is no practical velocity limit<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Acid Limits \u00b7 Unalloyed Titanium (pure acid, uninhibited)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrochloric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Useful resistance <b>to about 7 % at room temperature<\/b>. <b>At boiling, above 2 % the rate is 280 mpy (~7.1 mm\/y)<\/b> \u2014 it effectively dissolves. The limit moves up if ferric ion is present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Sulphuric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~20 % at 0 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~5 % at room temperature<\/b> \u00b7 <b>high corrosion at boiling with as little as 0.5 %<\/b>. Ferric and cupric ions prevent corrosion in a 20 % solution<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Phosphoric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>~30 % at room temperature<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~10 % at 60 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~2 % at 100 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>These limits are void in phosphoric acid containing halides<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Nitric acid<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Outstanding resistance across the whole concentration range at sub-boiling temperatures.<\/b> This is the acid titanium is strongest in \u2014 but see red fuming nitric below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrofluoric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ATTACKED RAPIDLY AT EVERY CONCENTRATION, EVEN VERY DILUTE. NOT RECOMMENDED.<\/b> Fluoride dissolves the TiO\u2082 film; passivity simply ceases to exist. <b>This is titanium&#8217;s most absolute limit<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">WHERE IT FAILS \u2014 Publish This at Least as Prominently as the Good News<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1 \u00b7 Hydrofluoric acid and fluorides<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>An absolute prohibition.<\/b> Even dilute HF dissolves the film. Fluoride pickling baths, HF-bearing process streams, fluorine chemistry \u2014 <b>titanium is not there<\/b>. <i>Note: titanium pickling baths are themselves HF\/HNO\u2083 mixtures; they work because they are controlled, short and nitric-rich \u2014 that is not a service environment<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>2 \u00b7 Reducing acids<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>HCl and H\u2082SO\u2084 above the limits in the table.<\/b> Deaerated, oxidant-free, hot reducing acid is titanium&#8217;s classic weakness. <b>The right answer there is the nickel-molybdenum family<\/b> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-b-3\/\">Hastelloy B-3<\/a>) <b>or the palladium titanium grades (7\/11\/16\/17)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>3 \u00b7 Dry chlorine gas<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Rapid attack and a risk of IGNITION.<\/b> Passivation needs <b>~1 % water<\/b> in the gas. <b>Wet chlorine is excellent for titanium; dry chlorine is lethal<\/b> \u2014 the most overlooked material selection error in chlor-alkali plants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>4 \u00b7 Hydrogen embrittlement<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>It happens when three conditions are met SIMULTANEOUSLY:<\/b> <b>(a)<\/b> temperature <b>above 77 \u00b0C (170 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 below that, hydrogen pick-up is too slow to matter in practice; <b>(b)<\/b> <b>pH &lt;3 or pH &gt;12<\/b> \u2014 in between, the oxide film does not pass hydrogen; <b>(c)<\/b> a mechanism generating hydrogen at the surface: <b>a galvanic couple, impressed-current cathodic protection, corrosion of the titanium itself, or dynamic abrasion of the surface<\/b>. In near-neutral brines a cathodic potential <b>more negative than \u22120.70 V (SCE)<\/b> is quoted as the threshold. <b>Practical consequence: do not accidentally make the titanium a cathode, and do not over-protect it<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>5 \u00b7 Crevice corrosion \u2014 a temperature threshold<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Unalloyed titanium is open to local pitting and crevice corrosion in seawater above ~82 \u00b0C (180 \u00b0F)<\/b> (one source gives <b>80 \u00b0C<\/b>). Under gaskets, in tubesheet holes, under deposits \u2014 the classic places; <b>low pH pulls the threshold down further<\/b>. <b>In hot brine the answer is Grade 7 (Pd) or Grade 12<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>6 \u00b7 Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Not used \u2014 risk of a pyrophoric reaction.<\/b> Intergranular attack produces <b>finely divided metallic particles<\/b> that can ignite spontaneously. Published hazardous window: <b>water &lt;1.34 % and NO\u2082 &gt;6 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>7 \u00b7 Anhydrous methanol<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Stress-corrosion cracking<\/b> once water falls <b>below 1.5 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>8 \u00b7 Pure oxygen<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Titanium BURNS in pure oxygen.<\/b> A risk of ignition at <b>oxygen concentrations above 35 %<\/b> at elevated temperature and pressure has been published. The limit regarded as safe is <b>~371 \u00b0C (700 \u00b0F)<\/b>; <b>above 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F) oxygen pick-up embrittles it<\/b>. <b>Also:<\/b> molten chloride salt baths, alkaline peroxide solutions and streams containing liquid mercury are all published prohibitions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>9 \u00b7 Galvanic coupling \u2014 the danger runs the other way<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In seawater titanium is passive (~0.0 V SCE) and is not attacked itself \u2014 but it eats THE OTHER MEMBER of the couple.<\/b> Connect a titanium exchanger to a carbon steel shell, to aluminium bronze or to ordinary stainless, and what corrodes is not the titanium but <b>the other metal<\/b>; because the titanium cathode area is large, the effect is severe. <b>Titanium tubes in a steel tubesheet is a classic field failure<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The Upgrade Path \u2014 What to Answer When Grade 1 Is Not Enough<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 11<\/b> (R52550)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 1 + 0.12\u20130.25 % palladium.<\/b> It keeps Grade 1&#8217;s formability and <b>raises resistance to reducing acid and crevice corrosion dramatically<\/b>. <b>This is the direct corrosion upgrade for Grade 1.<\/b> The cheap version is <b>Grade 17<\/b> (R52252): 0.04\u20130.08 % Pd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 7<\/b> (R52400)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Grade 2 + ~0.15 % Pd.<\/b> Published as moving the crevice threshold in seawater to <b>~250 \u00b0C<\/b> (at pH &gt;1), and usable to <b>27 % HCl at 25 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>45 % H\u2082SO\u2084<\/b>. <b>Cost 2\u20133 \u00d7 Grade 2.<\/b> The cheap version is <b>Grade 16<\/b> (0.04\u20130.08 % Pd, 20\u201335 % cheaper); to escape the palladium price there is also <b>Grade 26<\/b> (ruthenium-bearing, approved as <b>26H<\/b>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 12<\/b> (R53400)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni<\/b>, no palladium. Crevice resistance to <b>~120 \u00b0C<\/b> in hot chloride brines; <b>its strong-acid resistance is below Grade 7&#8217;s<\/b>. Cost <b>~1.3\u20131.5 \u00d7<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>NOT Grade 5<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Moving to Grade 5 for strength is not a corrosion upgrade \u2014 in most environments it is a DOWNGRADE.<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti-6Al-4V<\/a> trails the CP grades in reducing acids and crevice corrosion and cannot be cold formed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NOT titanium<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">If hot reducing acid is mixed with an oxidant, the answer is the nickel-chromium-molybdenum family: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/\">C-276<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-22\/\">C-22<\/a>. In hot sulphuric, the high-nickel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/\">alloy 825<\/a> is considered<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Is oxygen really the only difference between Grade 1 and Grade 2? Then why does the price run the other way?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Yes \u2014 only two lines in the specification differ: oxygen and iron.<\/b> Grade 1 is O \u22640.18 % and Fe \u22640.20 %; Grade 2 is \u22640.25 % and \u22640.30 %. The carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen ceilings are <b>identical<\/b>, and there is no deliberately added alloying element in either.<br \/>The consequence is not small: <b>that 0.07 percentage point of oxygen roughly doubles the minimum yield, from 138 MPa to 275 MPa.<\/b> The price is that minimum elongation falls from 24 % to 20 % and the bend radius goes from 1.5T\u20132T to 2T\u20132.5T.<br \/><b>The reason the price runs the other way is volume, not metallurgy.<\/b> Grade 2 is the overwhelming majority of industrial titanium consumption and is stocked at every service centre; Grade 1 is melted to a narrower oxygen window and is usually a smaller batch. <b>So its price per kilo is often above Grade 2&#8217;s, its lead time is longer and the thickness range is narrower.<\/b><br \/><b>Practical advice:<\/b> if the reason is deep drawing, explosive cladding, an anode substrate or a very tight bend radius, <b>Grade 1 is a genuine requirement<\/b>. If the reason is &#8220;purer, therefore better corrosion resistance&#8221;, <b>the reason is weak<\/b>: both grades build the same TiO\u2082 film and behave the same in practice. In that case <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\">Grade 2<\/a> is faster, cheaper and more useful in a code calculation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The customer specification says &#8220;Titanium Grade 1, ASME Section VIII, 400 \u00b0C design temperature&#8221;. Can we supply it?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Not as a pressure-retaining component \u2014 and the reason is a code limit, not a metallurgical one.<\/b><br \/><b>Metallurgically<\/b> unalloyed titanium is untroubled at 400 \u00b0C: no phase transformation, no embrittlement window, the \u03b2 transus far away (~888 \u00b0C). The material simply <b>gets weaker<\/b> \u2014 published typical data for Grade 2 show tensile falling from <b>~483 MPa at 20 \u00b0C to ~228 MPa at 300 \u00b0C<\/b> while <b>elongation rises to 43 %<\/b>.<br \/><b>The problem is code coverage, and the ceiling is surprisingly low: 315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F).<\/b> That figure applies to unalloyed titanium <b>for all applications<\/b> \u2014 VIII Div. 1 and Div. 2, III Class 2\/3, Section XII. <b>There is no code allowable stress above it.<\/b><br \/><b>A second coverage problem:<\/b> most of the code rows on this page were verified through <b>Grade 2<\/b>; that Grade 1 (R50250) is separately listed in the same sections could not be independently verified. <b>Confirm the R50250 line in Section II Part D before ordering.<\/b> In practice most designers move to Grade 2 anyway: a 138 MPa minimum yield inflates the wall thickness.<br \/><b>The third and most forgotten item is flanges. ASME B16.5 does not cover titanium.<\/b> There is no ready-made pressure\u2013temperature table; a titanium flange is made to B16.5 <b>dimensions<\/b> but its rating has to be <b>calculated per B16.5 Annex A<\/b>. &#8220;Class 300 titanium flange&#8221; is not a rating on its own.<br \/><b>Realistic answers:<\/b> get the design temperature brought down to 315 \u00b0C; move to <b>Grade 2 or Grade 2H<\/b> for strength (2H guarantees 400 MPa minimum tensile on identical chemistry, and in one published example gives a <b>14 % material saving<\/b> under Div. 2 Class 2 rules); or use the titanium as a <b>non-pressure-retaining lining on a code-approved backing material<\/b>. <b>What you must not do is quote &#8220;titanium is good to 500 \u00b0C&#8221; from a catalogue and let it turn into a design temperature.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">We want Grade 1 plate for explosive cladding onto steel. Why not Grade 2?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Because explosive cladding is a forming process, and Grade 1 is the most formable grade in the family.<\/b> A thin titanium plate is driven onto the backing plate at very high velocity by explosive energy; a metallurgical bond forms at the interface, but the price is <b>very high local plastic deformation in the impact zone<\/b>. <b>Grade 1&#8217;s minimum elongation is 24 % and its bend radius 1.5T\u20132T<\/b>; Grade 2, at 20 % and 2T\u20132.5T, is markedly stiffer and more prone to cracking at the wave front. The same logic applies to <b>deep drawing, spinning, pressing plate-heat-exchanger plates and tank lining<\/b>.<br \/><b>Three warnings.<\/b> <b>(1)<\/b> If the backing steel is to be stress relieved after cladding, make sure the temperature suits the titanium side too: <b>538\u2013593 \u00b0C is safe; an anneal at 650 \u00b0C or above carried out in air produces alpha case on the titanium surface.<\/b> <b>(2)<\/b> <b>No steel tool may touch the clad surface<\/b> \u2014 free iron contamination starts local corrosion in service. <b>(3)<\/b> Seam welds are made with ERTi-1 under full argon shielding and back purge; <b>an unshielded root pass is scrap, not a repair<\/b>.<br \/><b>And let us be honest:<\/b> if the part will not be formed, the premium you pay for Grade 1 buys nothing. For flat plate, pipe, flanges and pressure vessels, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\">Grade 2<\/a> is the better choice on every count.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Common datasheet errors \u2014 check these before you order<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. &#8220;Grade 1 and Grade 2 have the same chemistry&#8221; \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> Two lines differ: <b>oxygen (0.18 \/ 0.25 %)<\/b> and <b>iron (0.20 \/ 0.30 %)<\/b>. Those two lines double the minimum yield.<br \/><b>2. The AMS-T-9046 \/ MIL-T-9046 &#8220;CP&#8221; numbering runs INVERSE.<\/b> <b>CP-4 = Grade 1<\/b>, <b>CP-3 = Grade 2<\/b>, <b>CP-1 = Grade 4<\/b>. Assuming &#8220;CP-1 must be the purest&#8221; is the most common and most expensive misreading.<br \/><b>3. AMS number confusion.<\/b> Grade 1&#8217;s aerospace sheet specification is <b>AMS 4940<\/b> (&#8220;25.0 ksi yield&#8221;); <b>AMS 4901 is Grade 4 at 70 ksi yield<\/b>; <b>AMS 4902 is Grade 2<\/b>. Some distributor tables assign AMS 4901 to both Grade 1 and Grade 4 and thereby <b>contradict themselves in the same table<\/b>.<br \/><b>4. The material-number triplet.<\/b> <b>3.7025 = DIN 17850 Ti 1<\/b> (base metal), <b>3.7024 = WL\/aerospace<\/b>, <b>3.7026 = welding FILLER wire<\/b>. The same triplet exists on the Grade 2 side: <b>3.7035 \/ 3.7034 \/ 3.7036<\/b>.<br \/><b>5. The ASTM minimum and the DIN range get mixed.<\/b> ASTM B265 Grade 1 gives only <b>Rm \u2265240 MPa<\/b>; DIN Ti 1 sets both a lower and an UPPER limit at <b>Rm 290\u2013410 MPa<\/b>. <b>A heat that conforms to ASTM may fail DIN<\/b> \u2014 from below or from above.<br \/><b>6. The YIELD MAXIMUM gets overlooked.<\/b> ASTM B265 Grade 1 yield is <b>138\u2013310 MPa<\/b>; <b>310 MPa is an upper limit and it is enforced<\/b>. There is no such product as &#8220;high-strength Grade 1&#8221;.<br \/><b>7. There is no &#8220;Grade 1H&#8221;.<\/b> The ASME-approved H grades are <b>2H, 7H, 16H, 26H<\/b>.<br \/><b>8. ASTM B337 is still quoted as the pipe specification \u2014 it was WITHDRAWN in 1997.<\/b> The correct references are <b>B861 (seamless)<\/b> and <b>B862 (welded)<\/b>.<br \/><b>9. &#8220;B16.5 Class 150 titanium flange&#8221; is taken for a rating \u2014 it is NOT.<\/b> B16.5 does not cover titanium; the rating is <b>calculated per Annex A<\/b>.<br \/><b>10. Thermal conductivity gets copied from the wrong family.<\/b> <b>The ~7 W\/m\u00b7K figure is for Ti-6Al-4V<\/b>; the band published for unalloyed titanium is <b>~16\u201322 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> <i>[sources diverge across 16.4 \u00b7 20.8 \u00b7 21.8 \u00b7 22]<\/i>.<br \/><b>11. Ferric and cupric ions are taken for a threat \u2014 in titanium they are INHIBITORS.<\/b> Fe\u00b3\u207a and Cu\u00b2\u207a <b>passivate<\/b> titanium in reducing acid; this is the exact opposite of the Hastelloy B family.<br \/><b>12. &#8220;Titanium does not corrode&#8221; \u2014 WRONG and dangerous.<\/b> <b>It dissolves in HF at every concentration<\/b>, <b>ignites in dry chlorine<\/b>, <b>burns in pure oxygen<\/b>, <b>cracks in anhydrous methanol<\/b>, <b>forms a pyrophoric product in red fuming nitric acid<\/b>, <b>embrittles with hydrogen above 77 \u00b0C under cathodic charging<\/b> and <b>suffers crevice corrosion in seawater above 82 \u00b0C<\/b>.<br \/><b>13. Hardness scale and carbon ceiling.<\/b> Grade 1 is <b>~70 HRB (~120 HV)<\/b>; reading &#8220;70&#8221; as HRC produces nonsense. And the carbon ceiling is often printed as 0.10 % \u2014 the current ASTM B265 value is <b>0.08 %<\/b>.<br \/><b>14. Hardening by heat treatment gets offered.<\/b> <b>Grade 1 is single-phase \u03b1 titanium; it cannot be hardened.<\/b> For surface hardness the route is anodising, nitriding or coating.<br \/><b>15. The modulus is assumed to be steel-like.<\/b> It is <b>103\u2013105 GPa<\/b>, roughly half that of steel \u2014 <b>twice the deflection at the same section<\/b>. In titanium design stiffness almost always governs before strength.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 2<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-4\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 4<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-ti6al4v\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5 ELI<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/titanium-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All titanium alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Ti Grade 1\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-1\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Titanium Grade 1 (UNS R50250 \/ W.Nr. 3.7025 \/ DIN Ti 1 \/ commonly sold as Ti 99.8) is the softest and most ductile grade of unalloyed, commercially pure (CP) titanium.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Ti Grade 1\",\"description\":\"Titanium Grade 1 (UNS R50250 \/ W.Nr. 3.7025 \/ DIN Ti 1 \/ commonly sold as Ti 99.8) is the softest and most ductile grade of unalloyed, commercially pure (CP) titanium.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS R50250\",\"W.Nr. 3.7025\",\"Ti\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"R50250\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"3.7025\"}],\"additionalProperty\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"name\":\"DIN \/ EN designation\",\"value\":\"Ti\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ti Grade 1 \/ UNS R50250 \/ AMS 4940 DEFENCE METAL Ti Grade 1 UNS R50250 \u00b7 W.Nr. 3.7025 \u00b7 DIN 17850 Ti 1 \u00b7 ASTM Grade 1 \u00b7 COMMERCIALLY PURE (unalloyed) titanium, alpha phase. Ceilings: O 0.18% max \u00b7 Fe 0.20% max \u00b7 N 0.03% max \u00b7 C 0.08% max \u00b7 H 0.015% max &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-1\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Ti Grade 1&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"TI GRADE 1 \/ UNS R50250 \/ AMS 4940 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ti Grade 1 (UNS R50250) \u2014 AMS 4940. The purest commercially available titanium, 99.5% Ti, low oxygen, highly formable and biocompatible.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,13,16],"class_list":["post-3611","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>TI GRADE 1 \/ UNS R50250 \/ AMS 4940 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ti Grade 1 (UNS R50250) \u2014 AMS 4940. 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