{"id":3609,"date":"2026-09-16T11:06:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:24:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:24:43","slug":"ti-grade-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti Grade 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Ti Grade 2 \/ UNS R50400 \/ AMS 4902 \/ AMS 4941<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Ti Grade 2<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS R50400 \u00b7 W.Nr. 3.7035 \u00b7 DIN 17850 Ti 2 \u00b7 ASTM Grade 2 \u00b7 COMMERCIALLY PURE (unalloyed) titanium, alpha phase. Ceilings: O 0.25% max \u00b7 Fe 0.30% max \u00b7 N 0.03% max \u00b7 C 0.08% max \u00b7 H 0.015% max \u00b7 each other element 0.10% max \u00b7 other elements total 0.40% max \u00b7 balance Ti. It is the most widely used grade of commercially pure titanium. IT DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN AND IT DOES NOT QUENCH HARDEN: it is single-phase alpha and strength cannot be added by heat treatment.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/16\/aisi-316l-ti-grade-2-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 316L<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/ti-grade-2-ti-grade-5-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/ti-grade-1-ti-grade-2-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 1<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">It is bought for welded and formed equipment where corrosion resistance and moderate strength are both required: sea-water and brackish-water heat exchangers and condensers, chlorine and chlorine dioxide lines, hypochlorite and nitric acid service, chemical process tanks and piping, desalination\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 tube \u00b7 forgings. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">AMS (verified): 4902 &#8211; sheet, strip and plate up through 25.4 mm; commercially pure, annealed, 40.0 ksi (276 MPa) yield strength \u00b7 4942 &#8211; seamless tubing, annealed, 40 ksi yield \u00b7 4941 &#8211; WELDED tubing, annealed, 40 ksi yield \u00b7 4951 &#8211; welding wire, commercially pure. No verified AMS number was found for Grade 2 BAR or FORGINGS. ASTM: B265 \/ SB-265 (strip, sheet, plate) \u00b7 B348 \/ SB-348 (bars and billets) \u00b7 B338 \/ SB-338 (condenser and heat exchanger tubes) \u00b7 B861 (seamless pipe) \u00b7 B862 (welded pipe) \u00b7 B363 (welding fittings) \u00b7 B381 Grade F-2 (forgings) \u00b7 B863 (wire) \u00b7 B367 (castings) \u00b7 F67 Grade 2 (surgical implants) \u00b7 F467 (nuts) \u00b7 F468 (bolts). EN \/ DIN: DIN 17850 Ti 2 (composition, W.Nr. 3.7035) \u00b7 DIN 17860 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 DIN 17862 (bar) \u00b7 DIN 17864 (forgings). MIL: MIL-T-9046 \/ AMS-T-9046 CP-3 &#8211; the CP number runs OPPOSITE to the grade number. Welding: AWS A5.16 \/ SFA-5.16 ERTi-2. ASME Section IX P-No 51.<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">THE MIL-T-9046 \/ AMS-T-9046 CP NUMBERS RUN OPPOSITE TO THE ASTM GRADE NUMBERS: CP-1 = Grade 4 \u00b7 CP-2 = Grade 3 \u00b7 CP-3 = Grade 2 \u00b7 CP-4 = Grade 1. If an old drawing says &#8216;CP-1&#8217;, that is Grade 4, not Grade 1.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Breadth of product forms. Grade 2 is the only one of the three grades that appears in EVERY main ASTM product form: plate (B265), bar (B348), heat exchanger tube (B338), seamless pipe (B861), welded pipe (B862), fittings (B363), forgings (B381 F-2), wire (B863) and castings (B367).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Filler metal: matching commercially pure rod to AWS A5.16 \/ ASME SFA-5.16 &#8211; ERTi-1 for Grade 1, ERTi-2 for Grade 2, ERTi-4 for Grade 4. Preheat is NOT required and post-weld heat treatment is not mandatory (Corrosion Materials).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">IT DOES NOT HARDEN BY HEAT TREATMENT. There is no quenching, no solution treatment and no ageing; when a drawing calls for a hardness value, this grade is the wrong choice. FORBIDDEN BAND &#8211; ABOVE 590-620 \u00b0C IN AIR: annealing or hot forming in air above this temperature produces oxide scale and a diffused-in oxygen layer (alpha case);<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/titanium-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All titanium alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What Titanium Grade 2 Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">ASME Code Acceptance and MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURES<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nTi Grade 2 is another commercially pure form of titanium and is known as unalloyed titanium. Like Ti Grade 1 it offers very high purity, but it provides higher strength in terms of mechanical properties. It contains 99.2% titanium and stands out for its corrosion resistance, light weight and biocompatibility.<\/p>\n<p>The commercially pure titanium grades have an excellent strength-to-density ratio and good corrosion resistance. These properties make commercially pure titanium suitable for the manufacture of components in weight-saving structures carrying low mass forces, and also for components requiring high corrosion resistance. In addition, because of the low thermal expansion of titanium, thermal stresses in titanium structures are lower than in other metallic materials. Together with this property, titanium components are increasingly becoming the material of choice in a widening range of sectors. The materials are also widely used in the medical sector because of their exceptional biocompatibility.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Application areas:<\/strong> chemical industry, aerospace industry, medical applications.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machinability:<\/strong> Because it has somewhat higher mechanical properties than pure titanium, it is also somewhat more difficult to machine, but it can be processed with conventional machining techniques. Machinability depends on factors such as the hardness of the alloy, its high melting point and the need to work at elevated temperature.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machining:<\/strong> It can be processed by operations such as milling, turning and drilling, but machining at low speed is recommended. Cutting tools should generally be a hard alloy or carbide, and cutting and cooling fluids should be used to prevent the titanium from overheating.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Welding:<\/strong> It can be welded by the TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) and MIG (Metal Inert Gas) methods. Oxidation should be prevented during welding by using shielding gases such as argon.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cold forming:<\/strong> Cold forming operations are suitable for Ti Grade 2, and plasma cutting and bending operations can generally also be carried out.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hot forming:<\/strong> It is suitable for hot forming, but temperatures should not be too high. Working at the lower end of the temperature range is generally recommended for titanium alloys.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">N %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fe %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">O %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">H %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties at 20 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hardness HB 30<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 HB 150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">0.2% Yield Strength Rp N\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2265 275<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile Strength Rm N\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2265 345<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2265 20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Modulus of Elasticity kN\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties at 20 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density gr\/cm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Specific Heat Capacity J\/kg K<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">520<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal ConductivityW\/m K<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Electrical Resistivity \u03a9 mm\u00b2\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Ti Grade 2<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti Grade 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">R50400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4902 \u00b7 4941 \u00b7 4942 \u00b7 4951<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What Titanium Grade 2 Is \u2014 and Why It Is the De Facto Standard for Industrial Titanium<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4902<\/b> (commercially pure, annealed, 40.0 ksi \/ 276 MPa yield; up through 25.4 mm) \u00b7 ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 Grade 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 billet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">There is NO verified AMS number for Grade 2 bar. ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 Grade 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Seamless tubing<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4942<\/b> (seamless tubing, annealed, 40 ksi yield) \u00b7 ASTM B338 \/ ASME SB-338 Grade 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welded tubing<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4941<\/b> (WELDED tubing, annealed, 40 ksi yield) \u00b7 ASTM B338 \/ ASME SB-338 Grade 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B861 Grade 2 (seamless) \u00b7 ASTM B862 Grade 2 (welded). The former ASTM B337 has been withdrawn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B363 \/ ASME SB-363 (unalloyed titanium welding fittings)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B381 Grade F-2 \u00b7 DIN 17864<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire \u00b7 welding wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4951<\/b> (commercially pure welding wire; the Grade 2 match is given by three sources) \u00b7 ASTM B863 Grade 2 \u00b7 AWS A5.16 \/ SFA-5.16 ERTi-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Castings \u00b7 fasteners<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B367 Grade C-2 (castings) \u00b7 ASTM F467 (nuts) \u00b7 ASTM F468 (bolts)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Surgical implants<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM F67 Grade 2 (UNS R50400, unalloyed titanium)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Pressure vessels \u00b7 welding qualification<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASME Section IX P-No 51 (UNS R50400) \u00b7 used in ASME Section VIII and related sections through SB-265 \/ SB-338 \/ SB-348<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">European \u00b7 inspection document<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">DIN 17850 Ti 2 (W.Nr. 3.7035, composition) \u00b7 DIN 17860 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 DIN 17862 (bar). EN 10204 is NOT a material specification; it defines the 3.1 \/ 3.2 document type.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">AMS numbers are written first, ASTM afterwards. AMS 4900 (55 ksi yield) belongs to GRADE 3 and is written on none of these cards. AMS 4902 belongs to Grade 2, AMS 4901 and AMS 4921 to Grade 4, and AMS 4940 to Grade 1. The numbers are separated by yield strength, not by grade name. EN 10204 is not a material specification but a type of inspection document (2.2 \/ 3.1 \/ 3.2).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Titanium Grade 2 (UNS <b>R50400<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>3.7035<\/b> \/ DIN <b>Ti 2<\/b> \/ commonly sold as <b>Ti 99.6<\/b>) is <b>the workhorse of unalloyed, commercially pure (CP) titanium<\/b>. At room temperature it is single-phase <b>HCP (\u03b1)<\/b> titanium: no second phase, no precipitate, no hardening mechanism. <b>It cannot be hardened by heat treatment.<\/b> Its strength comes only from cold work and from <b>interstitial atoms<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>There is not a single deliberately added alloying element separating Grade 2 from Grade 1.<\/b> Both are unalloyed titanium and their carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen ceilings are <b>identical<\/b>. Only two lines in the specification differ: <b>oxygen (0.25 % versus 0.18 %) and iron (0.30 % versus 0.20 %)<\/b>. Those two lines take the minimum yield from <b>138 MPa to 275 MPa<\/b>, roughly double \u2014 and <b>that is what makes Grade 2 the only CP grade you can practically build a code calculation on.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The Unalloyed Titanium Family \u00b7 Where Grade 2 Sits (ASTM B265)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 1<\/b><br \/>R50250 \/ 3.7025<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>O \u22640.18 % \u00b7 Fe \u22640.20 %.<\/b> Rm \u2265<b>240 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>138\u2013310 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>24 %<\/b>, bend <b>1.5T\u20132T<\/b>. <b>The most ductile of the family:<\/b> deep drawing, explosive cladding, anode substrate, lining. Of little use in a code calculation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 2<\/b><br \/>R50400 \/ 3.7035<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>O \u22640.25 % \u00b7 Fe \u22640.30 %.<\/b> Rm \u2265<b>345 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>275\u2013450 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>20 %<\/b>, bend <b>2T\u20132.5T<\/b>, typical hardness <b>~80 HRB \/ ~145 HV<\/b>. <b>This is the overwhelming majority of industrial titanium:<\/b> pressure vessels, piping, exchanger tube, flanges, forgings, tank lining. Stocked at every service centre \u2014 <b>which is why its price per kilo is often below Grade 1<\/b>. <b>Grade 2H<\/b> shares the same UNS and EXACTLY the same chemistry; the only difference is a minimum tensile guaranteed at <b>400 MPa (58 ksi) instead of 345<\/b> \u2014 <b>not a new material, but a higher minimum accepted into the code<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 3 \u00b7 Grade 4<\/b><br \/>R50550 \/ R50700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Gr 3:<\/b> O \u22640.35 % \u00b7 Rm \u2265<b>448\u2013450 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>18 %<\/b>. <b>Gr 4:<\/b> O \u22640.40 % \u00b7 N \u22640.05 % \u00b7 Fe \u22640.50 % \u00b7 Rm \u2265<b>552 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>15 %<\/b>. Formability drops sharply, corrosion behaviour is identical to Grade 2 \u2014 <b>strength grades, not corrosion grades<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 5 \u00b7 Ti-6Al-4V<\/b><br \/>R56400 \/ 3.7165<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>A different material altogether.<\/b> An \u03b1+\u03b2 alloy, Rm \u2265<b>895 MPa<\/b>, heat treatable. <b>It is NOT a corrosion upgrade<\/b> \u2014 in reducing media and crevice corrosion it trails the CP grades, and it cannot be cold formed. Detail: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti Grade 5 \/ ELI<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">What oxygen does \u2014 and why Grade 2 is the sweet spot<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>In titanium, oxygen is not an impurity \u2014 it is an alloying element.<\/b> It sits interstitially in the HCP lattice, distorts it and <b>blocks dislocation motion<\/b> \u2014 solid solution strengthening in the strictest sense. Yield and tensile rise; <b>elongation, formability and fracture toughness fall<\/b>; <b>the \u03b2 transus shifts up<\/b> (~888 \u00b0C in Grade 1, <b>~913 \u00b0C<\/b> in Grade 2). <b>Iron<\/b> is a <b>\u03b2 stabiliser<\/b>: it leaves a small amount of \u03b2 at grain boundaries, and iron-rich regions are the weak points in reducing acid and in crevice corrosion.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Grade 2&#8217;s commercial dominance comes down to one sentence:<\/b> its interstitial content holds the best balance between <b>engineering-useful strength<\/b> (275 MPa yield) and <b>still-excellent ductility<\/b> (20 % minimum, typically above 25 %). Grade 1 welds well but inflates wall thickness in a code calculation; Grades 3 and 4 give strength but cannot be formed and lose weld ductility. <b>Grade 2 welds, forms AND passes the ASME calculation.<\/b> No other unalloyed titanium grade does all three at once.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Unlike the nickel alloys, titanium has an ASTM family numbered separately by product form \u2014 and Grade 2 is covered in EVERY specification in it.<\/b> The table below can go straight onto a purchase order.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 Titanium Grade 2 (R50400 \/ 3.7035)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Strip \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 plate<br \/>Bar \u00b7 billet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B265<\/b> \/ <b>SB-265<\/b> (strip, sheet, plate \u2014 annealed) \u00b7 <b>B348<\/b> \/ SB-348 (bar, billet)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seamless and welded tube<br \/>(condenser \u00b7 exchanger)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B338<\/b> \/ SB-338 \u2014 <b>this is the family standard for seawater condenser and exchanger tube, and Grade 2 is its de facto principal grade<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Seamless <b>ASTM B861<\/b> \u00b7 welded <b>ASTM B862<\/b>. <b>ASTM B337 was WITHDRAWN in 1997<\/b> and split into these two \u2014 <b>do not accept a certificate citing B337<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fittings \u00b7 forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B363<\/b> \/ SB-363 (material) + <b>ASME B16.9<\/b> (dimensions) \u2014 <b>both must appear on the order<\/b>; Grade 2 uses the <b>WPT2 \/ WPT2S<\/b> class codes <i>(letter code not independently verified)<\/i>. Forgings: ASTM <b>B381<\/b> \/ SB-381, <b>F<\/b>-prefixed \u2014 Grade 2 forging is <b>F-2<\/b>, and <b>the great majority of titanium flanges are made from F-2<\/b>. Removal of alpha case is an explicit requirement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Wire \u00b7 castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B863<\/b> \u2014 <b>titanium DOES have a real wire product specification<\/b>, a meaningful advantage over the nickel alloys; but the grades covered <b>change from edition to edition<\/b>, so <b>put the edition year on the order acknowledgement<\/b>. Castings: ASTM <b>B367<\/b> \/ SB-367 \u2014 grades are <b>C<\/b>-prefixed and Grade 2&#8217;s equivalent is <b>C-2<\/b>; <b>this is the de facto grade for cast titanium valve and pump bodies<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Surgical implant \u00b7 aerospace<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>F67<\/b> \u00b7 in Europe <b>EN ISO 5832-2<\/b>, which defines <b>six grades<\/b> by tensile strength \u2014 <b>the numbering is not the same as ASTM<\/b>, so match on chemistry. Aerospace: <b>AMS 4902<\/b> (sheet\/strip\/plate, annealed, 40.0 ksi yield) \u00b7 <b>AMS 4941<\/b> (welded tube) \u00b7 <b>AMS 4942<\/b> (seamless tube) \u00b7 <b>AMS 4951<\/b> (welding filler) \u00b7 <b>AMS-T-9046 (formerly MIL-T-9046J) class CP-3<\/b> = Grade 2. <b>WARNING: the CP numbering runs INVERSE to the ASTM grade number<\/b> (CP-3 = Gr 2, CP-4 = Gr 1, CP-1 = Gr 4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welding consumables<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Bare wire: <b>AWS A5.16 ERTi-2<\/b> \u00b7 W.Nr. filler <b>3.7036<\/b> (Grade 1 filler is ERTi-1 \/ 3.7026). <b>There is NO covered electrode and there never will be<\/b> \u2014 slag and coating moisture inevitably load titanium with oxygen and hydrogen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASME Section IX \u00b7 Europe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Titanium base metals sit at <b>P-No. 51\u201353<\/b>, unalloyed grades at <b>P-No. 51<\/b>; fillers at <b>F-No. 51\u201356<\/b>, ERTi-1\/ERTi-2 at <b>F-No. 51<\/b> <i>(the band is verified; the grade-by-grade assignment could not be verified from a primary ASME table \u2014 confirm QW\/QB-422 before writing a WPS)<\/i>. <b>Europe:<\/b> <b>DIN 17850 Ti 2<\/b>, material number <b>3.7035<\/b>; product forms <b>DIN 17860<\/b> (sheet\/plate), <b>17862<\/b> (bar), <b>17863<\/b> (wire), <b>17864<\/b> (forgings). <b>3.7034<\/b> is the <b>WL\/aerospace<\/b> number <i>[D: some mill sheets print 3.7034 as the base-metal number \u2014 the base metal is 3.7035]<\/i>. <b>EN 10204 is NOT a material specification<\/b>; it defines only the inspection-document type (2.2, 3.1, 3.2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance and MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURES<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">1 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Reduces residual stress left by cold forming, straightening, machining and welding. It does not change the grain structure and does not lower strength.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">480-595 \u00b0C common band. ATI 538-593 \u00b0C \u00b7 HonTitan 538-593 \u00b0C \u00b7 NASA\/DMIC 482-593 \u00b0C (900-1100 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Corrosion Materials 482-593 \u00b0C (900-1100 \u00b0F). DIVERGING SOURCES: the RTI\/RMI Titanium Alloy Guide gives an upper limit of 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F) and Zapp gives a lower limit of 450 \u00b0C. NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30 minutes to 2 hours. ATI 30 minutes \u00b7 HonTitan 30 minutes to 2 hours \u00b7 RTI 30-60 minutes \u00b7 Zapp about 30 minutes \u00b7 NASA\/DMIC 15 minutes to 4 hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool. Corrosion Materials states forced air or slow cooling; Zapp states inert gas or air.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hardness and strength are practically unchanged. Stress relief is NOT a hardening step.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">2 \u00b7 ANNEALING (MILL ANNEAL \u00b7 RECRYSTALLIZATION)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2 \u00b7 ANNEALING (MILL ANNEAL \u00b7 RECRYSTALLIZATION)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Returns a cold-worked structure to a fully recrystallized equiaxed alpha structure. Restores formability and corrosion resistance. The temperature stays BELOW the beta transus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">650-760 \u00b0C common band. Corrosion Materials 649-760 \u00b0C (1200-1400 \u00b0F) \u00b7 HonTitan 649-760 \u00b0C for Grades 2-4 and 538-704 \u00b0C for Grade 1 \u00b7 Zapp about 700 \u00b0C \u00b7 ATI 538-704 \u00b0C. DIVERGING SOURCE: NASA\/DMIC gives 704-871 \u00b0C (1300-1600 \u00b0F); the top of that band approaches the beta transus. NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">6 minutes to 2 hours. Corrosion Materials 6 minutes to 2 hours \u00b7 ATI 0.5-2 hours \u00b7 HonTitan 0.5-2 hours \u00b7 Zapp 3 minutes per mm of section thickness, minimum 15 minutes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool. NASA\/DMIC states air or furnace cooling. Cooling rate does not set the strength; there is NO hardening by quenching.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Annealed condition. Specification minimums are written for this condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">3 \u00b7 VACUUM or PROTECTIVE-ATMOSPHERE ANNEALING<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3 \u00b7 VACUUM or PROTECTIVE-ATMOSPHERE ANNEALING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Not a separate strength step; it is step 2 carried out where a clean surface is required. It prevents alpha case formation and hydrogen pickup and lowers existing hydrogen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Same as the annealing band, about 540-760 \u00b0C. NASA\/DMIC gives 538-760 \u00b0C (1000-1400 \u00b0F) for hydrogen removal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NASA\/DMIC gives 2-4 hours at 0.5 micron vacuum. These figures come from a single source and are not written here as a binding time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cooling under vacuum or argon.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hardness is unchanged. NASA\/DMIC reports that this cycle lowers 550 ppm hydrogen to 25-35 ppm; vacuum annealing is the only practical way to remove hydrogen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is NOT to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve was used, so no curve is drawn. THIS MATERIAL IS COMMERCIALLY PURE (alpha phase) TITANIUM: IT DOES NOT HARDEN BY HEAT TREATMENT. There is NO quench hardening, no solution treatment and no ageing step (nothing like H900 or H1025). Strength is set directly by the OXYGEN, IRON and NITROGEN content and by the amount of cold work. The three steps below were each verified separately. Commercially pure titanium is a single-phase alpha material. Total Materia, NASA\/DMIC, RTI and HonTitan each state the same thing: in alpha and near-alpha alloys HIGH STRENGTH CANNOT BE DEVELOPED BY HEAT TREATMENT; only stress relief and annealing are used. Annealing is carried out BELOW the beta transus. HonTitan gives the beta transus as about 888 \u00b0C for Grade 1, 913 \u00b0C for Grade 2, 921 \u00b0C for Grade 3 and 949 \u00b0C for Grade 4; Carpenter gives 899-927 \u00b0C (1650-1700 \u00b0F) for Grade 2. A single per-grade figure could not be confirmed in four independent sources, so it is not written as binding. Hot forming is carried out at 480-540 \u00b0C (900-1000 \u00b0F) for severe operations according to Carpenter; Corrosion Materials gives 204-316 \u00b0C (400-600 \u00b0F). The two sources diverge and no average has been taken. Annealing or hot forming IN AIR above about 590-620 \u00b0C produces a visible oxide scale and a diffused-in oxygen layer (alpha case) (RTI\/RMI). On fatigue- or fracture-critical parts this layer must be removed COMPLETELY, either mechanically (grinding, grit blasting) or chemically (molten alkaline descale followed by 5:1 to 10:1 HNO3-HF pickling). Cooling rate does not set the strength of this material. When a specification calls for a hardness value, these grades are not the right choice.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The ceiling for titanium is strikingly low compared with the nickel alloys you are used to, and it is a CODE limit, not a metallurgical one.<\/b> Grade 2 is metallurgically perfectly happy at 315 \u00b0C; the code stops there because there is no creep and long-term oxidation data behind it. <b>Most of the family&#8217;s code lines were published through Grade 2 in the first place<\/b> \u2014 it is the best-documented unalloyed titanium grade in ASME.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance \u00b7 Titanium Grade 2 (SB-265 \/ SB-338 \/ SB-348 \/ SB-381)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURE<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F) \u2014 for all applications<\/b>, published explicitly for SB-265 Grade 2 plate. <b>There is no allowable stress above it<\/b>; do not offer Grade 2 as a pressure-retaining component above 315 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Sections that accept it<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Section VIII Div. 1 and Div. 2<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Section III Class 2\/3<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Section XII<\/b> (transport tanks); one source also lists <b>Section I<\/b> (power boilers) for Grade 2 plate \u2014 <b>all to 315 \u00b0C<\/b>. <i>The Section I row is single-sourced.<\/i> <b>ASME B31.3<\/b> is also in scope and is quoted with the <b>same 315 \u00b0C ceiling<\/b> <i>(not independently verified \u2014 confirm Table A-1)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME B16.5 (flanges)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>TITANIUM IS NOT IN B16.5.<\/b> The standard does not include titanium in its material groups, so <b>there is no ready-made pressure\u2013temperature table<\/b>. A titanium flange is made to B16.5 <b>dimensions<\/b>, but its rating must be <b>calculated per B16.5 Annex A<\/b>, or designed as a gasket-dependent flange per VIII Div. 1 Appendix 2. <b>This is the most overlooked item in titanium piping, and it is where the price difference comes from<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 2H<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>ASME-approved H grades: 2H, 7H, 16H, 26H<\/b> (R50400, R52400, R52402, R52404). Grade 2H gives <b>400 MPa (58 ksi) minimum tensile<\/b> and a <b>higher allowable stress<\/b> on identical chemistry. <b>THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS GRADE 1H.<\/b> <b>Numerical allowable stresses<\/b> are not published on this page \u2014 Section II Part D values are updated edition to edition; <b>always take the design value from the code edition in force, never from a distributor sheet<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">What an &#8220;H&#8221; grade is, and whether Grade 2H is worth buying<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>An H grade is a grade with identical chemistry but a raised minimum tensile strength.<\/b> Grade 2H has <b>exactly the same composition<\/b> as Grade 2 \u2014 same UNS number, same O, Fe, C, N and H ceilings. The only difference is that the minimum tensile is guaranteed at <b>400 MPa (58 ksi) instead of 345 MPa (50 ksi)<\/b>; yield stays at <b>275 MPa<\/b> and elongation at <b>20 %<\/b> for both.<br \/><b>The justification is statistical.<\/b> The Materials Technology Institute and the International Titanium Association reviewed first <b>more than 400 commercial heats<\/b> and later <b>more than 5,200 commercial test reports<\/b>, and showed that <b>over 99 % already met the 58 ksi minimum<\/b>. So an H grade is not a new material \u2014 it is <b>strength that already existed being accepted into the code<\/b>. In one published example, using Grade 2H under <b>Section VIII Div. 2 (Class 2) rules gives roughly a 14 % material saving<\/b> over Div. 1.<br \/><b>The practical answer:<\/b> if you are building a thick-walled, large-diameter vessel and the design can move to Div. 2, <b>ask for 2H<\/b> \u2014 same metal, similar price, thinner wall. In thin sheet, exchanger tube and general piping the difference disappears in practice; <b>there, specifying 2H only narrows your supplier pool<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Grade 2 is the most widely covered titanium grade; the gaps are few but expensive.<\/b> This is the section your sales engineers should memorise.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Gaps and Traps for R50400<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Flanges<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is no &#8220;ASTM titanium flange specification&#8221;<\/b> \u2014 the titanium equivalent of ASTM B462 does not exist. A flange is made from a <b>B381 F-2 forging<\/b> or from <b>B265 plate<\/b>; dimensions are ASME B16.5 but <b>the rating is calculated, not read off a table<\/b>. &#8220;Class 150 titanium flange&#8221; is not a rating<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Covered electrode (SMAW)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Does not exist and is not technically possible.<\/b> The honest answer to &#8220;titanium electrodes&#8221; is <b>GTAW\/ERTi-2 or GMAW; no covered electrode<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bolts \u00b7 nuts \u00b7 spring wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>F467<\/b> (nuts) and <b>F468<\/b> (bolts) include titanium grades, but <b>Grade 2 coverage could not be independently verified<\/b>. Besides, <b>275 MPa minimum yield is low for a highly preloaded joint<\/b>; the practical route is <b>Grade 4 or Grade 5<\/b>, and titanium fasteners carry a real <b>galling risk<\/b> (a solid lubricant or coating is mandatory). Same for <b>spring wire<\/b>: B863 covers it but <b>spring temper is not a defined strength class<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hardening by heat treatment<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Not a process gap \u2014 a physical impossibility.<\/b> Grade 2 is single-phase \u03b1 titanium; there is no solution treat plus age, so for surface hardness the route is <b>anodising, nitriding or coating<\/b>. Europe also has <b>no current EN product-standard family<\/b> for titanium; what is actually used is the <b>DIN 17850 family plus the ASTM B series<\/b>, and the practical answer is <b>ASTM chemistry with an EN 10204 3.1 certificate<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>For unalloyed titanium, &#8220;composition&#8221; means writing down the interstitial ceilings.<\/b> There are five lines on the certificate; two of them (oxygen, iron) define the grade.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 ASTM B265 \/ B348 \/ B338 Grade 2 (weight %)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxygen \u00b7 Iron<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">O <b>\u22640.25<\/b> and Fe <b>\u22640.30<\/b> \u2014 <b>the two lines that define the grade.<\/b> Grade 1: \u22640.18 and \u22640.20; Grade 3: O \u22640.35. <b>Grade 2H chemistry is identical to Grade 2<\/b> \u2014 H is not a chemistry class but <b>a mechanical-guarantee class<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Carbon \u00b7 Nitrogen<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">C <b>\u22640.08<\/b> \u00b7 N <b>\u22640.03<\/b> \u2014 both <b>identical to Grade 1<\/b>. Nitrogen is roughly twice as potent a strengthener as oxygen, which is why its ceiling is so low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hydrogen \u00b7 others<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">H <b>\u22640.015 (150 ppm)<\/b> \u2014 same as Grade 1; <b>this line is the first line of defence against hydrogen embrittlement<\/b>. Other elements \u22640.1 each, \u22640.4 total; balance titanium \u2014 hence the trade name <b>Ti 99.6<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Source conflict [D]<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Some mill sheets print the carbon ceiling as <b>0.10 %<\/b>. <b>The current ASTM B265 value is 0.08 %<\/b> \u2014 0.10 is a leftover from an older edition. <b>Write 0.08 % with the edition year on the order<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASTM versus DIN\/EN Divergences \u2014 the Ones That Matter on a Certificate<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Chemistry<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is no divergence in chemistry.<\/b> DIN 17850 Ti 2 and ASTM B265 Grade 2 use the same ceilings: O \u22640.25 \u00b7 Fe \u22640.30 \u00b7 C \u22640.08 \u00b7 N \u22640.03 \u00b7 H \u22640.015. <b>The problem is not chemistry, it is mechanicals<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Tensile strength<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>THIS IS THE TRAP.<\/b> ASTM B265 gives only a <b>minimum<\/b> (Rm \u2265345 MPa); DIN Ti 2 gives a <b>RANGE<\/b> (<b>390\u2013540 MPa<\/b>). So <b>a heat conforming to ASTM can fall below the DIN lower limit<\/b> (360 MPa) <b>or exceed its upper limit<\/b> (560 MPa). <b>Tell a customer who wants dual certification this at order stage<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Yield and elongation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM B265: <b>275\u2013450 MPa<\/b> (40\u201365 ksi) \u2014 <b>a maximum as well as a minimum<\/b>. The commonly published DIN Ti 2 value is <b>\u2265270 MPa<\/b> <i>(the source labels it a 1.0 % offset; take care comparing with Rp0.2)<\/i>. <b>The ASTM maximum is the line most buyers miss<\/b>: heavily cold-worked, &#8220;stronger&#8221; Grade 2 <b>does not conform<\/b>. Elongation: ASTM <b>A \u226520 %<\/b> versus DIN <b>\u226522 %<\/b>, so <b>an ASTM B265 Grade 2 certificate does NOT automatically mean DIN 17850 Ti 2 conformity<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Numbers and certificate<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>3.7035<\/b> = DIN 17850 Ti 2 (base metal) \u00b7 <b>3.7034<\/b> = WL\/aerospace \u00b7 <b>3.7036<\/b> = welding FILLER wire. <i>[D: several mill sheets print the Grade 2 base metal as 3.7034 \u2014 a common error.]<\/i> On the certificate, EN 10204 <b>3.1<\/b> is the European norm in practice; <b>3.2<\/b> (third party) may be required for PED pressure equipment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 254\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 &#8211; annealed strip, sheet and plate<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">345<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"519.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"542.7\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">275<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 &#8211; annealed bars and billets<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">345<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"519.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"542.7\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">275<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">AMS 4902 &#8211; annealed sheet, strip and plate (up through 25.4 mm)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"521.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"544.6\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">276<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">AMS 4941 (welded tubing) and AMS 4942 (seamless tubing) &#8211; annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"224\" width=\"521.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"544.6\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">276<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 &#8211; annealed strip, sheet and plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">275-450<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">345<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 &#8211; annealed bars and billets<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">275<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">345<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4902 &#8211; annealed sheet, strip and plate (up through 25.4 mm)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">276<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4941 (welded tubing) and AMS 4942 (seamless tubing) &#8211; annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">276<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. All rows are for the ANNEALED condition. Commercially pure titanium has no other heat treatment condition; there is no condition code such as H900 or QT650. THE HARDNESS COLUMN IS DELIBERATELY EMPTY. Commercially pure titanium is not ordered by hardness and ASTM B265 \/ B348 give no hardness minimum or maximum. RTI gives about 70 \/ 82 \/ 90 \/ 100 HRB (Grades 1-4) and ATI gives about 80 HRB for Grade 2 and about 100 HRB for Grade 4; four independent sources could not be found, so no value is written in the table. THE YIELD STRENGTH ALSO HAS A MAXIMUM in the specification. ASTM B265 gives both a minimum and a maximum for yield; material that arrives too hard is rejected as well. For a buyer running forming tools that ceiling matters as much as the floor. ASTM B265 bend radius requirement: for Grade 1, 1.5T below 1.78 mm thickness and 2T between 1.78 and 4.75 mm \u00b7 for Grade 2, 2T and 2.5T \u00b7 for Grade 4, 2.5T and 3T. Reduction of area (RA) is not written in the table: the sources give 25%, 30% and 35% for Grade 4 and contradict each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Never mix specification minima with typical mill values.<\/b> Purchasing works from the minima; typicals guarantee <b>nothing<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Minima \u00b7 ASTM B265 Grade 2 and 2H (annealed, room temperature)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile strength Rm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 2: \u2265345 MPa (50 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Grade 2H: \u2265400 MPa (58 ksi)<\/b> \u2014 <b>that is the only difference<\/b>. Minimum yield Rp0.2 is <b>\u2265275 MPa (40 ksi)<\/b> for both, and the <b>yield MAXIMUM is \u2264450 MPa (65 ksi)<\/b> \u2014 <b>an upper limit that is enforced<\/b>; over-cold-worked material is rejected<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elongation \u00b7 bend \u00b7 hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>A \u226520 %<\/b> (50 mm) for Grade 2 and 2H alike. Bend radius <b>2T<\/b> (t &lt;1.8 mm) \u00b7 <b>2.5T<\/b> (1.8\u20134.75 mm); the coupon must bend through <b>105\u00b0<\/b> without fracture (ASTM E290) <i>\u2014 Grade 1 is 1.5T \/ 2T<\/i>. Hardness typically <b>~80 HRB \/ ~145 HV<\/b> <i>(typical, not a requirement; Grade 1 ~70 HRB, Grade 4 ~100 HRB)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">DIN 17850 Ti 2 \u00b7 A SEPARATE SYSTEM \u2014 DO NOT MIX THE ROWS<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile strength Rm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>390\u2013540 MPa (a range)<\/b> \u2014 its minimum is <b>above<\/b> ASTM&#8217;s 345 MPa, and there is an <b>upper limit<\/b> as well<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Yield and elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield <b>\u2265270 MPa<\/b> <i>(labelled a 1.0 % offset)<\/i> \u00b7 elongation <b>\u226522 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>harder than ASTM&#8217;s 20 %.<\/b> Practical consequence: <b>if dual certification is wanted, say so at order stage; the heat selection changes<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Typical Mill Values \u2014 NOT GUARANTEED<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Annealed sheet \u00b7 typical band<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm ~<b>400\u2013480 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 ~<b>300\u2013400 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 elongation typically <b>above 25 %<\/b>. <b>One published mill typical: tensile ~483 MPa (70 ksi) at 20 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 far above the minimum. <b>That is precisely the statistical case for Grade 2H<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elastic constants<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>E = 105 GPa<\/b> \u2014 roughly <b>half<\/b> that of steel, so <b>twice the deflection at the same section<\/b>. Compressive modulus ~<b>110 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 shear ~<b>45 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 Poisson <b>0.37<\/b> <i>(single-sourced; 0.32\u20130.37 is also quoted for Poisson \u2014 verify before using it in a critical calculation)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bauschinger effect<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">A drop of <b>up to 25 % in compressive yield<\/b> after stretching has been reported \u2014 <b>if a cold-formed part carries compressive load, this is a real design item<\/b>. <b>Creep\/fatigue:<\/b> no numerical curves are published on this page; unalloyed titanium is not a creep alloy and the code ceiling is 315 \u00b0C anyway<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">What Happens Hot<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Measured trend<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Unalloyed titanium <b>weakens fast and becomes more ductile fast<\/b> as it heats. Published Grade 2 data: <b>typical tensile ~483 MPa (70 ksi) at 20 \u00b0C<\/b> falls to <b>~228 MPa (33 ksi) at 300 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>roughly half<\/b> \u2014 while <b>elongation rises to 43 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>What the code says<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Above 315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F) there is no code allowable stress.<\/b> Even if mechanical data reaches 400 \u00b0C, <b>the design temperature stops at 315 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>These are two separate numbers; label each of them<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxidation in air<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Above ~540 \u00b0C alpha case becomes a practical problem<\/b>; <b>above 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F) oxygen pick-up embrittles the metal<\/b>. The limit usually published as safe in oxygen-bearing environments is <b>~371 \u00b0C (700 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties \u00b7 Titanium Grade 2<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>4.51 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> (0.163 lb\/in\u00b3) \u2014 <b>57 %<\/b> of steel, <b>1.7 \u00d7<\/b> aluminium. Melting range <b>1,649\u20131,671 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>\u03b2 transus<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~913 \u00b0C<\/b> (1,675\u20131,680 \u00b0F), with a normal <b>\u00b115 \u00b0C<\/b> uncertainty from interstitial content. <b>Grade 1 is ~888 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 oxygen stabilises \u03b1, so the transus moves up. <i>One source gives the alpha transus as 877\u2013904 \u00b0C<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Modulus of elasticity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>105 GPa<\/b> (15.0\u201315.2 \u00d7 10\u00b3 ksi) \u2014 <b>roughly half that of steel<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Thermal conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~16\u201322 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> <i>[D: sources diverge badly \u2014 16.4 \u00b7 20.8 \u00b7 21.8 \u00b7 22 W\/m\u00b7K have all been published; quote the band, not a single number]<\/i>. <b>WARNING:<\/b> some machining sources give <b>~7 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> \u2014 <b>that figure is for Ti-6Al-4V<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal expansion<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>8.6 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/K<\/b> (20 \u00b0C) \u00b7 <b>8.7<\/b> (0\u2013200 \u00b0C) \u00b7 <b>~9.7<\/b> (500 \u00b0C). <b>About half that of stainless steel<\/b> \u2014 in a titanium tube \/ steel tubesheet combination that difference is stress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Specific heat \u00b7 resistivity<br \/>magnetic \u00b7 surface film<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Specific heat <b>~520\u2013526 J\/kg\u00b7K<\/b> \u00b7 resistivity <b>~0.52 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7m (52 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm)<\/b> (another source gives <b>54\u201360 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm<\/b>). <b>Non-magnetic<\/b> \u2014 the reason for its use in MRI equipment and mine-hunting vessels. The <b>TiO\u2082<\/b> film that forms spontaneously is nanometres thick and <b>re-forms within milliseconds if damaged, provided oxygen or water is present<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The most important sentence first: Grade 2 cannot be hardened by heat treatment.<\/b> In single-phase \u03b1 titanium there is no solution treat plus age, no martensite, no precipitate. The purpose of heat treatment is <b>to soften, to relieve stress and to stabilise dimensions<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment \u00b7 Grade 2<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Annealing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>538\u2013704 \u00b0C \u00b7 0.5\u20132 h \u00b7 air cool<\/b>; one published mill recipe is <b>704 \u00b0C (1,300 \u00b0F) \u00b7 2 hours<\/b>, and a mill anneal band of <b>650\u2013760 \u00b0C<\/b> is also quoted. <b>The \u03b2 transus (~913 \u00b0C) must NEVER be exceeded.<\/b> The atmosphere must be <b>vacuum or inert gas<\/b>; annealing in air produces <b>alpha case<\/b>, which then <b>has to be removed<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress relief<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>538\u2013593 \u00b0C \u00b7 ~30 min \u00b7 air cool<\/b>, after welding, heavy machining or cold forming. <b>Not forbidden \u2014 recommended for welded titanium vessels.<\/b> <b>There is NO damaging phase window<\/b>: titanium has no equivalent of the \u03c3, \u03bc, Ni\u2084Mo or \u03b3\u2032 precipitates \u2014 <b>the only enemies are oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen entering through the surface<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Forming<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Finish forging <b>316\u2013649 \u00b0C<\/b>; deep drawing and spinning <b>204\u2013538 \u00b0C<\/b>, <b>480\u2013540 \u00b0C<\/b> for severe operations; <b>25\u201340 % reduction<\/b> below the \u03b2 transus tidies the microstructure. <b>Grade 2 cold forms well, but not as well as Grade 1:<\/b> bend radius <b>2T\u20132.5T<\/b>, and <b>springback is far greater than in steel<\/b> \u2014 allow generous overbend<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Alpha Case, Hydrogen and Iron \u2014 Titanium&#8217;s Three Real Surface Damages<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Alpha case<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The <b>oxygen-rich, hard and brittle \u03b1 layer<\/b> that forms when titanium is heated in air; grey-white or powdery, it <b>directly destroys fatigue life and ductility<\/b>, and it forms in air annealing, unshielded welding, hot forging and laser\/plasma cutting. <b>The only cure is removal<\/b> \u2014 and <b>pickling with HF carries a hydrogen pick-up risk<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hydrogen<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Ceiling <b>0.015 % (150 ppm)<\/b>. Hydrogen is not soluble in \u03b1 titanium; it precipitates as <b>TiH\u2082 platelets<\/b> and <b>lowers toughness<\/b>. Wet filler wire, oily surfaces, damp gas and the HF pickling bath are the main sources. <b>Iron contamination:<\/b> <b>free iron smeared onto titanium starts local corrosion in service<\/b> \u2014 steel brushes, bench tops, slings and shared wheels are forbidden, and <b>a titanium shop must be physically separated from steel<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Welding titanium is not difficult; welding it CLEAN is.<\/b> Grade 2 welds easily in metallurgical terms \u2014 single phase, no hardening, no preheat, no cracking. The entire risk is in one place: <b>molten and hot titanium absorbs oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen greedily.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding \u00b7 Titanium Grade 2<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Suitable processes<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>GTAW (TIG)<\/b> dominant \u00b7 GMAW \u00b7 PAW \u00b7 <b>EBW<\/b> and <b>LBW<\/b> \u00b7 spot, seam and flash resistance welding (<i>acceptable even without a protective atmosphere<\/i>). <b>Covered electrode (SMAW) and submerged arc (SAW) are NOT used<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Filler metal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AWS A5.16 ERTi-2<\/b> (W.Nr. 3.7036, AMS 4951). <b>Rule: the filler must match the base metal or be one grade BELOW it<\/b> \u2014 never above. <b>Welding Grade 2 with ERTi-1 is acceptable; the reverse is not.<\/b> Welding an alloyed base metal (Gr 7, Gr 12) with generic ERTi-2 <b>dilutes the alloy<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Shielding gas<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Argon, 99.995 % minimum; preferably 99.999 % (5.0).<\/b> Helium or Ar-He for deeper penetration. <b>Under no circumstances a mixture containing CO\u2082, O\u2082 or H\u2082.<\/b> Flow: <b>~14\u201319 L\/min<\/b> with a large gas-lens torch (No. 12\u201316 cup); <b>~7\u20139.5 L\/min<\/b> with a standard No. 8 cup to avoid turbulence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Back purge \u00b7 trailing shield<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Back purge is MANDATORY on pipe and tube.<\/b> The bore is fully argon purged and the ends sealed with aluminium tape. <b>A titanium pipe weld whose root ran unshielded is scrap<\/b> \u2014 it is cut out, not repaired. <b>A trailing shield is likewise effectively mandatory<\/b>: weld metal and HAZ must stay under argon <b>until they are too cool to take colour<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Preheat \u00b7 interpass<br \/>stress relief<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is no preheat and none is needed.<\/b> Keep interpass temperature <b>low<\/b>; a numerical code limit <b>could not be independently verified<\/b>, and the working rule on the floor is <b>to wait, after each pass, until the weld has cooled under gas to a level where it will not take colour<\/b>. Stress relief is <b>not forbidden \u2014 it is recommended<\/b>: 538\u2013593 \u00b0C \u00b7 ~30 min \u00b7 air cool<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cleanliness \u00b7 after welding<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>The &#8220;white glove rule&#8221;:<\/b> acetone or MEK first, then a stainless brush or carbide burr <b>dedicated to titanium only<\/b>. <b>No tool that has touched steel touches titanium.<\/b> Handle with clean nitrile gloves and <b>wipe the filler wire with acetone immediately before use<\/b>. <b>After welding:<\/b> any alpha case on the bead is removed <b>by taking material off<\/b>; where shielding was adequate the weld metal builds <b>the same TiO\u2082 film<\/b> as the parent and no different corrosion behaviour is expected<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">WELD COLOUR \u2014 the Only Valid Quick Acceptance Test on the Floor<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bright silver \u00b7 light straw<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ACCEPT.<\/b> Bright silver: shielding was perfect. Light straw\/gold: superficial oxidation, removable with Scotch-Brite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Dark blue\/purple \u00b7 grey\/white<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Dark blue or purple: REJECT<\/b> \u2014 significant oxidation, properties degraded, rejected in aerospace and pressure equipment. <b>Grey or white powdery: SCRAP<\/b> \u2014 that is alpha case, a brittle ceramic-like layer, <b>cut out and rewelded, never cleaned off<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Pre-production tack test<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Every shift, before production starts, run a few tacks on clean scrap titanium. <b>If the tack is bright silver, carry on.<\/b> A rainbow halo, a blue tint or haze means <b>STOP<\/b>: gas leak, moisture in the line or a bad batch of gas. <b>This single habit prevents most titanium welding scrap<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Grade 2 is the easiest unalloyed grade in the titanium family to machine \u2014 but &#8220;easy&#8221; is a relative word here.<\/b> Its higher oxygen makes it <b>break chips more cleanly<\/b> than Grade 1; even so, Grade 2 work hardens the instant it is rubbed, concentrates heat at the cutting edge and destroys a dull tool quickly.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Starting Parameters (CP titanium \u00b7 family guidance)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cutting speed \u00b7 feed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">General starting band <b>~55\u201398 m\/min (180\u2013320 SFM)<\/b> \u00b7 roughing <b>~49\u201367 m\/min<\/b> \u00b7 finishing <b>~61\u201391 m\/min<\/b> <i>(for comparison, Ti-6Al-4V slot roughing runs 120\u2013160 SFM)<\/i>. Feed <b>0.08\u20130.13 mm\/tooth<\/b> (12.7 mm end mill) \u2014 <b>NEVER reduce the feed<\/b>, low feed means rubbing and rubbing means work hardening<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Tooling \u00b7 coolant<br \/><b>never dwell<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Sharp, positive-rake carbide<\/b> coated <b>AlTiN or TiAlN<\/b>; <b>high-pressure through-tool coolant is preferred<\/b>, flood is acceptable, <b>dry cutting is not done<\/b>. <b>Retract the drill fully on every peck<\/b> \u2014 a drill sitting at the bottom of the hole hardens it and breaks the tool on the next pass. <b>Short tools, rigid machine<\/b>: the low modulus means the workpiece flexes too<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">FIRE \u2014 With Titanium This Is a Procedure, Not a Warning<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>DO NOT USE WATER<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The risk is in <b>fine chips, grinding dust and swarf<\/b>; bulk titanium does not ignite. <b>A titanium fire is Class D:<\/b> water and CO\u2082 make it worse \u2014 use <b>dry sand or a Class D extinguisher<\/b>, collect chips in <b>closed metal containers<\/b>, and note that <b>wet titanium dust generates hydrogen<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Pure oxygen<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Titanium burns in pure oxygen.<\/b> Published threshold: a risk of ignition at <b>oxygen concentrations above 35 %<\/b> at elevated temperature and pressure. <b>Do not offer titanium for oxygen service<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Dry chlorine<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In dry chlorine gas titanium corrodes rapidly and can ignite<\/b>; passivation requires <b>~1 % water<\/b> in the gas. <b>In a chlor-alkali plant the dry chlorine line is forbidden territory for titanium<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion \u2014 Why It Is Good, and WHERE IT FAILS<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">COMPARISON<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">A single criterion: the annealed-condition SPECIFICATION LIMITS of ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 (and of ASTM B348, which carries the same values). Chemical ceilings from Table 1, tensile values from Table 2. These are limits, not typical values; producer typicals run higher.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Grade<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">UNS<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">W.-Nr.<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Oxygen max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Iron max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Nitrogen max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile min MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield min MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield max MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation min<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50250<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3.7025<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.18%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.03%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">138<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">310<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">24%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Lowest oxygen, highest ductility. Deep drawing and explosion cladding work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">3.7035<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.25%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.30%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.03%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">345<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">275<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The workhorse of commercially pure titanium. The most common grade for plate, tube and heat exchangers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3.7055<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.30%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.05%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">380<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">18%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The intermediate step. It is not in this card set; it is shown to complete the ladder.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">3.7065<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.40%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.05%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">483<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">655<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The strongest of the commercially pure family. It is absent from most pipe and tube specifications.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Iliski<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">As the OXYGEN CEILING rises from 0.18% to 0.40%, the minimum tensile strength rises from 240 MPa to 550 MPa (+129%) and the minimum elongation falls from 24% to 15%. The iron ceiling also rises from 0.20% to 0.50%. THIS INCREASE HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH HEAT TREATMENT; all four grades use the same heat treatment cycle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Mechanism<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Oxygen and nitrogen enter the octahedral interstitial sites of the hexagonal close-packed alpha lattice and create an asymmetric lattice distortion; the resulting stress field impedes dislocation glide (interstitial solid solution strengthening). Iron stabilises a small amount of beta phase. The MDPI Crystals 2025 review gives a critical oxygen threshold of about 0.46% for pure titanium, above which room-temperature elongation collapses sharply. The 0.40% ceiling of Grade 4 sits just below that threshold.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Warning<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">All four grades are defined in ASTM with the same base elements; the difference is ONLY the oxygen, iron and nitrogen ceilings. If an order is placed simply as &#8216;commercially pure titanium&#8217;, it is undefined which strength class will arrive. The grade number and the UNS number must both be written.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The minimum yield of Grade 1 DEPENDS ON THE SPECIFICATION: the ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 table gives 138 MPa (20 ksi), while AMS 4940 requires 172 MPa (25 ksi). Two different floors apply to the same grade; an order must not be written without stating which specification governs. The carbon (0.08%) and hydrogen (0.015%) ceilings are identical in all four grades; they contribute nothing to the strength ladder. Grade 3 is not in this card set. It is shown only in the comparison table because it is the third step of the ladder.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>All of titanium&#8217;s corrosion resistance rests on one thing: the spontaneously formed <b>TiO\u2082<\/b> passive film.<\/b> That film is extremely stable, tightly adherent and <b>self-healing<\/b> \u2014 but only if <b>oxygen or water<\/b> is present. <b>If the environment feeds the film, titanium is close to untouchable; if it cannot, titanium is an ordinary active metal.<\/b> <b>Grade 1 and Grade 2 behave practically identically in corrosion<\/b>; the grade is chosen for strength and code, not for corrosion.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">WHERE IT IS EXCELLENT<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Seawater<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 2&#8217;s flagship duty and its single largest use worldwide.<\/b> Titanium tubing exposed for 16 years in a surface condenser on polluted seawater showed <b>no corrosion beyond slight discolouration<\/b>. General corrosion resistance is published to <b>260 \u00b0C (500 \u00b0F)<\/b>; another source says <b>315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F)<\/b> <i>[D]<\/i>. <b>There is no practical velocity limit<\/b> \u2014 erosion-corrosion is not the constraint it is with copper alloys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Oxidising environments<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Nitric acid, chromic acid, oxidising chlorides, hypochlorite, wet chlorine.<\/b> These feed the film, and titanium here <b>beats 316L and most nickel alloys<\/b>; a published rate in chlorine environments is of the order of <b>0\u20130.065 mpy<\/b>. It is also <b>fully resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in aqueous chloride solutions<\/b> \u2014 the boiling MgCl\u2082 scenario that is a nightmare in stainless is a non-issue (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">AISI 316L<\/a> cracks, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f55\/\">super duplex<\/a> is limited) \u2014 and alkaline media and most organics are untroubled<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ferric \/ cupric ions<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In titanium these are INHIBITORS, not a threat.<\/b> Fe\u00b3\u207a and Cu\u00b2\u207a <b>passivate<\/b> titanium in reducing acid: in 20 % sulphuric they <b>prevent<\/b> corrosion. <i>This is the exact opposite of the nickel-molybdenum alloys (the Hastelloy B family), where the same ions are the number one cause of failure. Anyone copying datasheets across alloy families gets this line backwards<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Sour service (NACE)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">One source states Grade 2 is <b>approved for sour service under NACE MR-01-75<\/b>. <i>Single-sourced; could not be verified against the current NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156-3 text.<\/i> <b>Before taking on H\u2082S work, read the table in force yourself \u2014 its temperature, chloride and pH limits included<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Acid Limits \u00b7 Unalloyed Titanium (pure acid, uninhibited)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrochloric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Useful resistance <b>to about 7 % at room temperature<\/b>; <b>at boiling, above 2 % the rate is 280 mpy (~7.1 mm\/y)<\/b> \u2014 it effectively dissolves. Ferric ion moves the limit up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Sulphuric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~20 % at 0 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~5 % at room temperature<\/b> \u00b7 <b>high corrosion at boiling with as little as 0.5 %<\/b>. Ferric and cupric ions prevent corrosion in a 20 % solution<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Phosphoric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>~30 % at room temperature<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~10 % at 60 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~2 % at 100 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>Void in phosphoric acid containing halides<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Nitric acid<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Outstanding resistance across the whole concentration range at sub-boiling temperatures<\/b> \u2014 the acid titanium is strongest in, with a published advantage over 304L in concentrated nitric. <b>But see red fuming nitric below<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrofluoric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ATTACKED RAPIDLY AT EVERY CONCENTRATION, EVEN VERY DILUTE. NOT RECOMMENDED.<\/b> Fluoride dissolves the TiO\u2082 film; passivity simply ceases to exist. <b>This is titanium&#8217;s most absolute limit<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">WHERE IT FAILS \u2014 Publish This at Least as Prominently as the Good News<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1 \u00b7 Hydrofluoric acid and fluorides<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>An absolute prohibition.<\/b> Even dilute HF dissolves the film. Fluoride pickling baths, HF-bearing process streams, fluorine chemistry \u2014 <b>titanium is not there<\/b>. <i>Note: titanium pickling baths are themselves HF\/HNO\u2083 mixtures; they work because they are controlled, short and nitric-rich \u2014 that is not a service environment<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>2 \u00b7 Reducing acids<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>HCl and H\u2082SO\u2084 above the limits in the table.<\/b> Deaerated, oxidant-free, hot reducing acid is titanium&#8217;s classic weakness; <b>the answer is palladium-bearing titanium (Grade 7\/16) or the nickel-molybdenum family<\/b> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-b-3\/\">Hastelloy B-3<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>3 \u00b7 Dry chlorine gas<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Rapid attack and a risk of IGNITION.<\/b> Passivation needs <b>~1 % water<\/b> in the gas. <b>Wet chlorine is excellent for titanium; dry chlorine is lethal<\/b> \u2014 the most overlooked material selection error in chlor-alkali plants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>4 \u00b7 Hydrogen embrittlement<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>It happens when three conditions are met SIMULTANEOUSLY:<\/b> <b>(a)<\/b> temperature <b>above 77 \u00b0C (170 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 below that hydrogen pick-up is too slow to matter; <b>(b)<\/b> <b>pH &lt;3 or pH &gt;12<\/b> \u2014 in between the oxide film does not pass hydrogen; <b>(c)<\/b> a mechanism generating hydrogen at the surface: <b>a galvanic couple, impressed-current cathodic protection, corrosion of the titanium itself, or dynamic abrasion<\/b>. In near-neutral brines the threshold quoted is a potential <b>more negative than \u22120.70 V (SCE)<\/b>. <b>Do not accidentally make the titanium a cathode, and do not over-protect it<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>5 \u00b7 Crevice corrosion \u2014 a temperature threshold<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Unalloyed titanium is open to local pitting and crevice corrosion in seawater above ~82 \u00b0C (180 \u00b0F)<\/b> (one source gives <b>80 \u00b0C<\/b>; the same source cites <b>above 75 \u00b0C and above 1,000 ppm<\/b> in hot halide or sulphate solutions as the risk condition). Under gaskets, in tubesheet holes, under deposits \u2014 the classic places; <b>low pH pulls the threshold down further<\/b>. <b>In hot brine the answer is Grade 7 (Pd) or Grade 12<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>6 \u00b7 Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Not used \u2014 risk of a pyrophoric reaction.<\/b> Intergranular attack produces <b>finely divided metallic particles<\/b> that can ignite spontaneously. Published hazardous window: <b>water &lt;1.34 % and NO\u2082 &gt;6 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>7 \u00b7 Pure oxygen, methanol and other prohibitions<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Anhydrous methanol:<\/b> once water falls <b>below 1.5 %<\/b>, unalloyed titanium <b>cracks by stress corrosion<\/b> in methanol. <b>Titanium BURNS in pure oxygen<\/b> \u2014 a risk of ignition at <b>oxygen concentrations above 35 %<\/b> at elevated temperature and pressure has been published; the limit regarded as safe is <b>~371 \u00b0C (700 \u00b0F)<\/b>, and <b>above 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F) oxygen pick-up embrittles it<\/b>. <b>Also:<\/b> molten chloride salt baths, alkaline peroxide solutions and <b>liquid mercury<\/b> are published prohibitions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>8 \u00b7 Galvanic coupling \u2014 the danger runs the other way<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>In seawater titanium is passive (~0.0 V SCE) and is not attacked itself \u2014 but it eats THE OTHER MEMBER of the couple.<\/b> Connect a titanium exchanger to a carbon steel shell, to aluminium bronze or to ordinary stainless and what corrodes is <b>the other metal<\/b>; with a large titanium cathode area the effect is severe. <b>Titanium tubes in a steel tubesheet is a classic field failure<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The Upgrade Path \u2014 What to Answer When Grade 2 Is Not Enough<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 7<\/b> (R52400)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 2 + ~0.15 % palladium (0.12\u20130.25 %).<\/b> Published as moving the seawater crevice threshold to <b>~250 \u00b0C<\/b> (pH &gt;1), and usable to <b>27 % HCl at 25 \u00b0C<\/b>, <b>45 % H\u2082SO\u2084<\/b> and <b>~80 % phosphoric<\/b>. <b>Cost 2\u20133 \u00d7.<\/b> <b>This is the direct corrosion upgrade for Grade 2<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 16 \u00b7 26 \u00b7 11 \u00b7 17<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Grade 16<\/b> (R52402) = Grade 2 + 0.04\u20130.08 % Pd: most of Grade 7&#8217;s benefit, <b>20\u201335 % cheaper<\/b>. <b>Grade 26<\/b> (R52404, 0.08\u20130.14 % Ru) escapes the palladium price and is approved as <b>ASME 26H<\/b>. <b>Grades 11 and 17<\/b> are <b>Grade 1 + palladium<\/b> \u2014 for when formability is also required<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 12<\/b> (R53400)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni<\/b>, no palladium. Crevice resistance to <b>~120 \u00b0C<\/b> in hot chloride brines; <b>strong-acid resistance is below Grade 7&#8217;s<\/b>, cost <b>~1.3\u20131.5 \u00d7<\/b>. <b>Right if the driver is crevice corrosion, wrong if it is acid<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>NOT Grade 5<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Moving to Grade 5 for strength is not a corrosion upgrade \u2014 in most environments it is a DOWNGRADE.<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti-6Al-4V<\/a> trails the CP grades in reducing acids and crevice corrosion and cannot be cold formed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NOT titanium<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">If hot reducing acid is mixed with an oxidant, the answer is the nickel-chromium-molybdenum family: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/\">C-276<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-22\/\">C-22<\/a>. In hot sulphuric the high-nickel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/\">alloy 825<\/a> is considered. <b>If HF is present, no titanium grade works<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The customer wants Grade 2H. We have Grade 2 in stock. Can we certify it as 2H?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Chemically yes; mechanically only if that heat&#8217;s tensile value genuinely meets it.<\/b> Grade 2H has <b>exactly the same chemistry and the same UNS number (R50400)<\/b> as Grade 2; it is not a separate material. The difference is one line: <b>the minimum tensile is guaranteed at 400 MPa (58 ksi) instead of 345 MPa.<\/b> Yield (275 MPa) and elongation (20 %) are unchanged.<br \/><b>The good news:<\/b> in practice most Grade 2 heats already exceed that. The published statistic is clear \u2014 <b>over 99 % of more than 5,200 commercial test reports met the 58 ksi minimum<\/b>, which is exactly why the H grade exists. A typical mill value is of the order of <b>~483 MPa (70 ksi) at 20 \u00b0C<\/b>.<br \/><b>But procedure matters.<\/b> If <b>the actual tensile value on the heat&#8217;s original certificate meets 400 MPa<\/b> and the mill dual-marked it as 2H, there is no problem. If it does not \u2014 or if the certificate only states &#8220;\u2265345 MPa&#8221; without the actual value \u2014 <b>you cannot sell the material as 2H<\/b>; ask the supplier for <b>the actual tensile value<\/b> or for <b>a new certificate dual-marked as 2H<\/b>.<br \/><b>And ask one more question:<\/b> does the customer actually need 2H? Its only benefit is a <b>higher code allowable stress, hence a thinner wall<\/b>. On a thick-walled, large-diameter Div. 2 vessel that is meaningful \u2014 one published example gives <b>~14 % material saving<\/b> over Div. 1. In thin sheet, exchanger tube and general piping the difference disappears, and <b>there the 2H requirement only narrows the supplier pool<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The specification says &#8220;Titanium Grade 2, ASME Section VIII, 400 \u00b0C design temperature&#8221;. Can we supply it?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Not as a pressure-retaining component \u2014 and the reason is a code limit, not a metallurgical one. Do not confuse the two.<\/b><br \/><b>Metallurgically<\/b> Grade 2 is untroubled at 400 \u00b0C: no phase transformation, no embrittlement window, the \u03b2 transus far away (~913 \u00b0C). The material simply <b>gets weaker<\/b> \u2014 published typical data show tensile falling from <b>~483 MPa at 20 \u00b0C to ~228 MPa at 300 \u00b0C<\/b>, while <b>elongation rises to 43 %<\/b>.<br \/><b>The problem is code coverage, and the ceiling is surprisingly low: 315 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F).<\/b> That figure applies to unalloyed titanium <b>for all applications<\/b> \u2014 VIII Div. 1 and Div. 2, III Class 2\/3, Section XII. <b>Above it there is no code allowable stress<\/b>, so you have no number to design with at 400 \u00b0C.<br \/><b>And the most forgotten item is flanges. ASME B16.5 does not cover titanium.<\/b> A titanium flange is made to B16.5 <b>dimensions<\/b> but its rating must be <b>calculated per Annex A<\/b>; &#8220;Class 300 titanium flange&#8221; is not a rating on its own \u2014 and a significant part of the price difference in the quotation comes from that engineering work.<br \/><b>Realistic answers:<\/b> get the design temperature brought down to 315 \u00b0C; if 400 \u00b0C is genuinely required, <b>leave the titanium family<\/b> for a nickel alloy with code coverage above it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/\">alloy 825<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/\">C-276<\/a>); or use the titanium as a <b>non-pressure-retaining lining or cladding on a code-approved backing<\/b> \u2014 on the seawater and chloride side this is a very common and very economical solution. <b>What you must not do is quote &#8220;titanium is good to 500 \u00b0C&#8221; from a catalogue and let it turn into a design temperature.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">We are using Grade 2 tube in a seawater exchanger. What should we watch for?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Grade 2 is the world&#8217;s de facto standard for this duty \u2014 but there are three traps, and all three are about system design, not corrosion data.<\/b><br \/><b>First, galvanic coupling, and it runs the opposite way to most people&#8217;s intuition.<\/b> Titanium is passive in seawater and is not attacked itself; but it <b>accelerates the other member of the couple<\/b>. Connect a titanium tube bundle to a carbon steel tubesheet, to aluminium bronze or to ordinary stainless, and what corrodes is not the titanium but <b>the other metal<\/b> \u2014 and because the titanium cathode area is large, the effect is severe. The fix is to make the whole wetted surface titanium, to use insulation or coating, or to design <b>a deliberate sacrificial anode scheme<\/b>.<br \/><b>Second, cathodic protection and hydrogen.<\/b> If you try to solve the galvanic problem with impressed-current cathodic protection, you make the titanium a cathode and generate hydrogen on its surface. <b>Above 77 \u00b0C and in the pH &lt;3 or &gt;12 region that leads to hydrogen embrittlement<\/b>; in near-neutral brine the threshold quoted is a potential <b>more negative than \u22120.70 V (SCE)<\/b>. <b>Do not over-protect the titanium.<\/b><br \/><b>Third, temperature and crevices.<\/b> Grade 2&#8217;s general corrosion resistance in seawater is outstanding, but <b>crevice corrosion is a real risk above ~82 \u00b0C (180 \u00b0F)<\/b> and low pH pulls the threshold down further. The risky places are under gaskets, in the tube-to-tubesheet roll zone and under deposits. <b>If there is hot brine, the right answer is not Grade 2 but Grade 7 \/ Grade 16 (palladium-bearing) or Grade 12.<\/b><br \/><b>And a bonus \u2014 the most common real cause of failure in the field:<\/b> titanium&#8217;s modulus is <b>105 GPa<\/b>, half that of steel, which means <b>twice the deflection<\/b> and a lower natural frequency at the same geometry. In seawater exchangers <b>flow-induced vibration and support spacing cause more failures than corrosion does<\/b>. <b>Choose the tube wall thickness for vibration, not for corrosion allowance<\/b> \u2014 in titanium the corrosion allowance is effectively zero anyway.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Can we offer Grade 2 for our hydrochloric acid line?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Most probably not \u2014 and this is the most common way titanium gets misapplied.<\/b><br \/>Titanium&#8217;s window in HCl is narrow: useful resistance runs to <b>about 7 % at room temperature<\/b>. <b>At boiling, above 2 % the corrosion rate reaches the order of 280 mpy (~7.1 mm\/y)<\/b> \u2014 the material effectively dissolves. In sulphuric the window is narrower still: <b>~5 % at room temperature, ~20 % at 0 \u00b0C, and high corrosion at boiling with as little as 0.5 %<\/b>.<br \/><b>The reason in one sentence:<\/b> to heal itself the TiO\u2082 film needs <b>oxygen or an oxidant<\/b> in the environment, and a deaerated, hot, reducing acid does not have one.<br \/><b>But there is an important exception, and you have to ask the right question: is there ferric or cupric ion in the stream?<\/b> In titanium, <b>Fe\u00b3\u207a and Cu\u00b2\u207a are not a threat but INHIBITORS<\/b> \u2014 they passivate titanium in reducing acid; published data show ferric or cupric ion <b>preventing<\/b> corrosion in 20 % sulphuric. A real process line with carbon steel upstream often generates those ions already. <i>This is the exact opposite of the Hastelloy B family, where the same ions are the number one cause of failure.<\/i><br \/><b>A practical route:<\/b> ask the customer in writing for concentration, temperature, aeration state and <b>a ferric\/cupric analysis<\/b>. If the acid is dilute, cold and carries an oxidant, Grade 2 can work \u2014 but <b>write those conditions into the order acknowledgement<\/b>. If the acid is hot, concentrated or deaerated, the right answer is <b>Grade 7 or Grade 16 (palladium-bearing titanium)<\/b>, or outside the family altogether <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-b-3\/\">Hastelloy B-3<\/a>. <b>And if there is hydrofluoric acid or fluoride in the stream, no titanium grade works \u2014 that one is not negotiable.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Common datasheet errors \u2014 check these before you order<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. &#8220;Grade 2H is a different alloy&#8221; \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> Its chemistry and UNS number (<b>R50400<\/b>) are identical to Grade 2. The only difference is that <b>the minimum tensile is guaranteed at 400 MPa instead of 345<\/b>; yield and elongation are unchanged.<br \/><b>2. The AMS-T-9046 \/ MIL-T-9046 &#8220;CP&#8221; numbering runs INVERSE.<\/b> <b>CP-3 = Grade 2<\/b>, <b>CP-4 = Grade 1<\/b>, <b>CP-1 = Grade 4<\/b>. Assuming &#8220;CP-1 must be the purest&#8221; is the most common and most expensive misreading.<br \/><b>3. Material-number confusion.<\/b> <b>3.7035 = DIN 17850 Ti 2<\/b> (base metal), <b>3.7034 = WL\/aerospace<\/b>, <b>3.7036 = welding FILLER wire<\/b>. <i>Several mill sheets print the base metal as 3.7034 [D].<\/i><br \/><b>4. The ASTM minimum and the DIN range get mixed.<\/b> ASTM B265 Grade 2 gives only <b>Rm \u2265345 MPa<\/b>; DIN Ti 2 sets both a lower and an UPPER limit at <b>Rm 390\u2013540 MPa<\/b>. <b>A heat conforming to ASTM may fail DIN<\/b> \u2014 from below or from above.<br \/><b>5. The YIELD MAXIMUM gets overlooked.<\/b> ASTM B265 Grade 2 yield is <b>275\u2013450 MPa<\/b>; <b>450 MPa is an upper limit and it is enforced<\/b>. Over-cold-worked, &#8220;stronger&#8221; Grade 2 <b>does not conform<\/b>.<br \/><b>6. ASTM B337 is still quoted as the pipe specification \u2014 it was WITHDRAWN in 1997.<\/b> The correct references are <b>B861 (seamless)<\/b> and <b>B862 (welded)<\/b>.<br \/><b>7. &#8220;ASME B16.5 Class 150 titanium flange&#8221; is taken for a rating \u2014 it is NOT.<\/b> <b>B16.5 does not cover titanium.<\/b> The flange is made to B16.5 <b>dimensions<\/b>; the rating is <b>calculated per Annex A<\/b>.<br \/><b>8. Thermal conductivity gets copied from the wrong family.<\/b> <b>The ~7 W\/m\u00b7K figure is for Ti-6Al-4V<\/b>; the band published for unalloyed titanium is <b>~16\u201322 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> <i>[sources diverge across 16.4 \u00b7 20.8 \u00b7 21.8 \u00b7 22]<\/i>.<br \/><b>9. Ferric and cupric ions are taken for a threat \u2014 in titanium they are INHIBITORS.<\/b> Fe\u00b3\u207a and Cu\u00b2\u207a <b>passivate<\/b> titanium in reducing acid; this is the exact opposite of the Hastelloy B family.<br \/><b>10. &#8220;Titanium does not corrode&#8221; \u2014 WRONG and dangerous.<\/b> <b>It dissolves in HF at every concentration<\/b>, <b>ignites in dry chlorine<\/b>, <b>burns in pure oxygen<\/b>, <b>cracks in anhydrous methanol<\/b>, <b>forms a pyrophoric product in RFNA<\/b>, <b>embrittles with hydrogen above 77 \u00b0C under cathodic charging<\/b> and <b>suffers crevice corrosion in seawater above 82 \u00b0C<\/b>.<br \/><b>11. Hardness scale, carbon ceiling and modulus.<\/b> Grade 2 is <b>~80 HRB (~145 HV)<\/b>; reading &#8220;80&#8221; as HRC produces nonsense. The carbon ceiling is often printed as 0.10 % \u2014 the current ASTM B265 value is <b>0.08 %<\/b>. And the modulus is <b>105 GPa<\/b>, roughly half that of steel \u2014 <b>twice the deflection at the same section<\/b>, which is why <b>flow-induced vibration causes more seawater-exchanger failures than corrosion<\/b>.<br \/><b>12. Hardening by heat treatment gets offered.<\/b> <b>Grade 2 is single-phase \u03b1 titanium; it cannot be hardened.<\/b> For surface hardness the route is anodising, nitriding or coating.<br \/><b>13. Allowable stresses get taken from a distributor sheet.<\/b> ASME Section II Part D values are updated edition to edition. <b>Always take the design value from the code edition in force.<\/b><br \/><b>14. &#8220;Grade 2 is NACE approved&#8221; gets published as a one-liner.<\/b> One source states that Grade 2 is approved for sour service under NACE MR-01-75, but this is <b>single-sourced and could not be verified against the current ISO 15156-3 text<\/b>. <b>Before taking on H\u2082S work, read the table in force yourself, including its temperature, chloride and pH limits.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-4\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 4<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-ti6al4v\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5 ELI<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-1\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 1<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/titanium-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All titanium alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Ti Grade 2\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Titanium Grade 2 (UNS R50400 \/ W.Nr. 3.7035 \/ DIN Ti 2 \/ commonly sold as Ti 99.6) is the workhorse of unalloyed, commercially pure (CP) titanium. 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Ceilings: O 0.25% max \u00b7 Fe 0.30% max \u00b7 N 0.03% max \u00b7 C 0.08% max \u00b7 &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Ti Grade 2&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"TI GRADE 2 \/ UNS R50400 \/ AMS 4902 \/ AMS 4941 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ti Grade 2 (UNS R50400) \u2014 AMS 4902 \/ AMS 4941. Unalloyed titanium, 99.2% Ti, corrosion resistant, light and biocompatible.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,13,9,16,15],"class_list":["post-3609","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>TI GRADE 2 \/ UNS R50400 \/ AMS 4902 \/ AMS 4941 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ti Grade 2 (UNS R50400) \u2014 AMS 4902 \/ AMS 4941. 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