{"id":3607,"date":"2026-09-16T11:06:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-4\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:27:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:27:36","slug":"ti-grade-4","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti Grade 4"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Ti Grade 4 \/ UNS R50700 \/ AMS 4901 \/ AMS 4921<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Ti Grade 4<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS R50700 \u00b7 W.Nr. 3.7065 \u00b7 DIN 17850 Ti 4 \u00b7 ASTM Grade 4 \u00b7 COMMERCIALLY PURE (unalloyed) titanium, alpha phase. Ceilings: O 0.40% max \u00b7 Fe 0.50% max \u00b7 N 0.05% max \u00b7 C 0.08% max \u00b7 H 0.015% max \u00b7 each other element 0.10% max \u00b7 other elements total 0.40% max \u00b7 balance Ti. It is the STRONGEST grade of the commercially pure family; all of that strength comes from raising the oxygen, iron and nitrogen ceilings. IT DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN AND IT DOES NOT QUENCH HARDEN: it is single-phase alpha.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/ti-grade-4-ti-grade-5-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">It is bought where the corrosion behaviour of unalloyed titanium must be kept but Grade 2 cannot carry the load: dental implants and bone screws, surgical plates, airframe fasteners and clamps, cryogenic vessels, high-strength chemical process parts and pickling baskets.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip \u00b7 forgings \u00b7 wire. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">AMS (verified): 4901 &#8211; sheet, strip and plate; commercially pure, annealed, 70.0 ksi (485 MPa) yield strength \u00b7 4921 &#8211; bars, wire, forgings, flash welded rings and forging\/ring stock up to 101.60 mm nominal diameter; commercially pure, 70 ksi (483 MPa) yield. ASTM: B265 \/ SB-265 (strip, sheet, plate) \u00b7 B348 \/ SB-348 (bars and billets) \u00b7 B381 Grade F-4 (forgings) \u00b7 B863 (wire) \u00b7 F67 Grade 4 (unalloyed titanium for surgical implants). EN \/ DIN: DIN 17850 Ti 4 (composition, W.Nr. 3.7065) \u00b7 DIN 17860 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 DIN 17862 (bar) \u00b7 DIN 17864 (forgings). MIL: MIL-T-9046H Type 1 Composition B and MIL-T-9046J CP-1 (sheet, strip, plate) \u00b7 MIL-T-9047G \/ AMS-T-9047A CP-70 (bar). Welding: AWS A5.16 \/ SFA-5.16 ERTi-4.<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">THE MIL-T-9046 \/ AMS-T-9046 CP NUMBERS RUN OPPOSITE TO THE ASTM GRADE NUMBERS: CP-1 = Grade 4 \u00b7 CP-2 = Grade 3 \u00b7 CP-3 = Grade 2 \u00b7 CP-4 = Grade 1. If an old drawing says &#8216;CP-1&#8217;, that is Grade 4, not Grade 1.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Strength gained while staying unalloyed. The minimum tensile strength is 550 MPa and the minimum yield strength is 483 MPa &#8211; 59% and 76% above Grade 2 respectively &#8211; and it is obtained without adding any alloying element such as aluminium or vanadium.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Filler metal: matching commercially pure rod to AWS A5.16 \/ ASME SFA-5.16 &#8211; ERTi-1 for Grade 1, ERTi-2 for Grade 2, ERTi-4 for Grade 4. Preheat is NOT required and post-weld heat treatment is not mandatory (Corrosion Materials).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">IT DOES NOT HARDEN BY HEAT TREATMENT. There is no quenching, no solution treatment and no ageing; when a drawing calls for a hardness value, this grade is the wrong choice. FORBIDDEN BAND &#8211; ABOVE 590-620 \u00b0C IN AIR: annealing or hot forming in air above this temperature produces oxide scale and a diffused-in oxygen layer (alpha case);<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/titanium-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All titanium alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What Titanium Grade 4 Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">ASME Code Acceptance and Maximum Code Temperatures<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b12\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Purchasing Traps<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nTi Grade 4 \u2014 commercially pure titanium, high oxygen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Properties:<\/strong> The commercially pure titanium grades have an excellent strength-to-density ratio and good corrosion resistance. These properties make commercially pure titanium suitable for the manufacture of components in weight-saving structures carrying low mass forces, and also for components requiring high corrosion resistance. In addition, because of the low thermal expansion of titanium, thermal stresses in titanium structures are lower than in other metallic materials. Together with this property, titanium components are increasingly becoming the material of choice in a widening range of sectors. The materials are also widely used in the medical sector because of their exceptional biocompatibility.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Application areas:<\/strong> chemical industry, aerospace industry, medical applications.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machinability:<\/strong> Because Ti Grade 4 offers more mechanical strength and hardness than Ti Grade 2, it can be more difficult to machine. It can nevertheless be machined with suitable process conditions and techniques.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machining:<\/strong> It can be processed by operations such as milling, turning and drilling. Because of the hardness and high melting point of titanium, machining at low speed is recommended. Cutting tools should generally be a hard alloy or carbide, and cutting fluids should be used to prevent the titanium from overheating.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Welding:<\/strong> It can be welded by the TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) and MIG (Metal Inert Gas) methods. Using shielding gases such as argon during welding prevents oxidation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cold forming:<\/strong> It is suitable for cold forming operations and can be shaped by processes such as plasma cutting and bending.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hot forming:<\/strong> It is also suitable for hot forming, but oxidation of the titanium must be prevented at high temperatures and carefully monitored.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">N %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fe %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">O %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">H %<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2264 0.015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties at 20 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hardness HB 30<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2264 HB 200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">0.2% Yield Strength Rp N\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2265 485<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile Strength Rm N\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2265 550<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2265 15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Modulus of Elasticity kN\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties at 20 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density gr\/cm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Specific Heat Capacity J\/kg K<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">540<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal ConductivityW\/m K<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Electrical Resistivity \u03a9 mm\u00b2\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Ti Grade 4<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti Grade 4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">R50700<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4901 \u00b7 4921<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What Titanium Grade 4 Is \u2014 and Why &#8220;Commercially Pure&#8221; Is a Misleading Phrase<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Titanium Grade 4 (UNS <b>R50700<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>3.7065<\/b> \/ DIN designation <b>Ti 4<\/b>, often sold as <b>Ti99.5<\/b>) is <b>the strongest of the four unalloyed (commercially pure, CP) titanium grades<\/b>. And there is only one thing you need to understand about it: <b>Grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the same metal.<\/b> None of them contains an alloying addition \u2014 no chromium, no nickel, no aluminium, no vanadium. The <b>only difference between them is the deliberately different ceiling placed on the interstitial elements: oxygen, iron, nitrogen and carbon.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Put differently, the alloying element in Grade 4 is oxygen.<\/b> Oxygen occupies interstitial sites in the HCP (\u03b1) titanium lattice, locks slip planes and raises strength \u2014 at the cost of ductility, fracture toughness and cold formability. The oxygen ceiling in Grade 1 is <b>0.18 %<\/b>; in Grade 4 it is <b>0.40 %<\/b>. That single change lifts the minimum tensile strength from <b>240 MPa to 550 MPa<\/b>, roughly <b>2.3\u00d7<\/b>. The identity of the metal does not change and its corrosion behaviour is effectively unchanged; only the mechanical behaviour moves.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The commercial consequence in one sentence:<\/b> Grade 4 is CP titanium that delivers about <b>1.75\u00d7 the strength of Grade 2<\/b> while giving up nothing in corrosion resistance \u2014 and it pays for that in <b>ductility, formability, supply chain and available product forms<\/b>. That last item is the most valuable information on this page and almost no distributor sheet prints it: <b>Grade 4 has no pipe specification, no tube specification and no casting specification.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The CP Titanium Ladder \u2014 Interstitial Content Is the Only Variable<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 1<\/b><br \/>(R50250 \/ 3.7025)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">O \u2264<b>0.18 %<\/b> \u00b7 Fe \u22640.20 % \u00b7 N \u22640.03 %. Rm \u2265<b>240 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>170\u2013310 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>24 %<\/b>. <b>The most ductile, the softest.<\/b> Deep drawing, rupture discs, anode structures. Never used where strength matters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 2<\/b><br \/>(R50400 \/ 3.7035)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">O \u2264<b>0.25 %<\/b> \u00b7 Fe \u22640.30 % \u00b7 N \u22640.03 %. Rm \u2265<b>345 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>275\u2013450 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>20 %<\/b>. <b>The overwhelming majority of the world&#8217;s CP titanium is this grade.<\/b> Heat-exchanger tube, vessel cladding, pipe, seawater hardware<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 3<\/b><br \/>(R50550 \/ 3.7055)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">O \u2264<b>0.35 %<\/b> \u00b7 Fe \u22640.30 % \u00b7 N \u2264<b>0.05 %<\/b>. Rm \u2265<b>450 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>380\u2013550 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>18 %<\/b>. <b>The intermediate grade<\/b>, chosen where Grade 2 is not strong enough and Grade 4 will not form. <b>Far easier to source than Grade 4<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grade 4<\/b><br \/>(R50700 \/ 3.7065)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">O \u2264<b>0.40 %<\/b> \u00b7 Fe \u2264<b>0.50 %<\/b> \u00b7 N \u22640.05 %. Rm \u2265<b>550 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 <b>483\u2013655 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265<b>15 %<\/b>. <b>The top of the CP family.<\/b> The iron ceiling also rises here, from 0.30 to 0.50 % \u2014 so Grade 4 is not merely &#8220;more oxygen&#8221;, it is also <b>more iron<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Grade 5 \/ Grade 23<\/b><br \/>(R56400 \/ R56407)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No longer CP.<\/b> Ti-6Al-4V is an <b>\u03b1+\u03b2 alloy<\/b>: Rm \u2265895 MPa (Gr 5) or \u2265828 MPa (Gr 23 ELI). Comparing it with Grade 4 only makes sense on the strength axis; the corrosion, welding and heat treatment behaviours are <b>entirely different<\/b>. See the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti Grade 5 ELI \/ Grade 23<\/a> page<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Rp0.2 also has an UPPER limit \u2014 and almost nobody prints it<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">ASTM B265 and B348 define the yield strength of Grade 4 as a <b>BAND of 483\u2013655 MPa<\/b>. The lower bound is what you expect; <b>the upper bound is the line most datasheets quietly drop<\/b>. The reason follows directly from the logic above: what pushes yield up is oxygen, and <b>a very high yield means unacceptably low toughness and formability<\/b>. <b>A heat measuring Rp0.2 = 690 MPa is not &#8220;better&#8221; \u2014 it is out of specification and must be rejected.<\/b> On the buying side this is one of the rare cases where the instinct &#8220;higher numbers are good&#8221; works against you.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The same logic applies to cold work.<\/b> Grade 4 can be cold drawn above <b>950 MPa<\/b>, but that <b>is not the annealed specification condition<\/b> and cannot be compared with ASTM B265 \/ B348 minimums. Cold-worked Grade 4 wire or bar is bought <b>to a company specification<\/b> \u2014 see the &#8220;forms with no standard&#8221; section below.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4901<\/b> (commercially pure, annealed, 70.0 ksi \/ 485 MPa yield) \u00b7 ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 Grade 4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 billet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4921<\/b> (bars, wire, forgings, rings; up to 101.60 mm nominal diameter; 70 ksi \/ 483 MPa yield) \u00b7 ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 Grade 4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forgings \u00b7 flash welded rings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4921<\/b> (forgings, rings and forging\/ring stock) \u00b7 ASTM B381 Grade F-4 \u00b7 DIN 17864<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4921<\/b> (wire) \u00b7 ASTM B863 Grade 4 (UNS R50700)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube and pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">GRADE 4 IS OUT OF SCOPE. ASTM B338 covers 28 grades, ASTM B861 covers 34 grades and ASTM B862 covers 33 grades; Grade 4 is in none of them. If pipe or heat exchanger tube is required, the order must move to Grade 2 or Grade 3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Castings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No casting grade corresponding to Grade 4 could be verified in ASTM B367.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Surgical implants<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM F67 Grade 4 (UNS R50700, unalloyed titanium)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding filler metal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">AWS A5.16 \/ ASME SFA-5.16 ERTi-4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Military \u00b7 legacy aerospace drawings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">MIL-T-9046H Type 1 Composition B \u00b7 MIL-T-9046J CP-1 (sheet, strip, plate) \u00b7 MIL-T-9047G and AMS-T-9047A CP-70 (bar). CP-1 and CP-70 both mean Grade 4.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">European \u00b7 inspection document<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">DIN 17850 Ti 4 (W.Nr. 3.7065, composition) \u00b7 DIN 17860 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 DIN 17862 (bar). EN 10204 is NOT a material specification; it defines the 3.1 \/ 3.2 document type.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">AMS numbers are written first, ASTM afterwards. AMS 4900 (55 ksi yield) belongs to GRADE 3 and is written on none of these cards. AMS 4902 belongs to Grade 2, AMS 4901 and AMS 4921 to Grade 4, and AMS 4940 to Grade 1. The numbers are separated by yield strength, not by grade name. EN 10204 is not a material specification but a type of inspection document (2.2 \/ 3.1 \/ 3.2).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The Grade 4 standards map is an abridged version of the Grade 2 map \u2014 and the missing entries directly affect purchasing.<\/b> The table below follows current ASTM scope texts; rows where the grade is <b>absent<\/b> from a specification are marked explicitly.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 Ti Grade 4 (R50700 \/ 3.7065)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Strip \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B265<\/b> Gr 4 \/ ASME <b>SB-265<\/b> \u00b7 <b>AMS 4901<\/b> (unalloyed titanium sheet\/strip\/plate, annealed, defined by <b>70.0 ksi \/ 485 MPa yield<\/b>) \u00b7 MIL-T-9046 <b>CP-1<\/b> \u00b7 BS <b>3TA6<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Bar \u00b7 rod \u00b7 billet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B348<\/b> Gr 4 \/ ASME <b>SB-348<\/b> \u00b7 <b>AMS 4921<\/b> (bar, wire, forgings, rings \u2014 annealed) \u00b7 AMS-T-9047 \/ MIL-T-9047 <b>CP-70<\/b> \u00b7 BS <b>3TA7<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B381<\/b> grade <b>F-4<\/b> \u00b7 BS <b>2TA8<\/b> (forging stock)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B863<\/b> Gr 4 \u2014 the scope text <b>names Grade 4 explicitly<\/b>. This, and not AWS A5.16, is the correct reference for structural wire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Seamless pipe<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> The ASTM <b>B861<\/b> scope enumerates 34 grades and <b>Grade 4 is not among them<\/b> (Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11\u201329 and 33\u201338 are; <b>4 is not<\/b>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Welded pipe<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> The ASTM <b>B862<\/b> scope enumerates 33 grades and <b>Grade 4 is again absent<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Heat-exchanger tube<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> ASTM <b>B338<\/b> (condenser and heat-exchanger tube) currently covers <b>28 grades<\/b> and <b>Grade 4 is not one of them<\/b>. <b>[Conflict]<\/b> Some older secondary listings print &#8220;ASTM B338 Gr 4&#8221;; <b>the current scope text does not support it<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Welding fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B363<\/b> (seamless and welded unalloyed and alloy titanium welding fittings, WPT classes). <b>Coverage of Grade 4 could not be independently verified<\/b> \u2014 confirm against the current edition before ordering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Flanges<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is no separate titanium flange specification.<\/b> Titanium flanges are made from <b>B381 F-4 forgings<\/b> or <b>B265 plate<\/b>; dimensions and pressure class follow <b>ASME B16.5<\/b>. Titanium has no equivalent of the <b>B462<\/b> used for nickel alloys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Bolts \u00b7 nuts \u00b7 studs<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>F468<\/b> (bolts, studs) and <b>F467<\/b> (nuts) \u2014 nonferrous fasteners. Mill and distributor listings print <b>F467\/F468 Grade 4<\/b>; <b>the grade list could not be independently verified against the current ASTM scope text<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> The ASTM <b>B367<\/b> grade list contains <b>no grade C-4<\/b> (C-2, C-3, C-5, C-7, C-8, C-9, C-12, C-16, C-17, C-38). <b>[Conflict]<\/b> Some older cross-reference tables print &#8220;B367 Gr 4&#8221;; the current scope does not support it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Bare welding wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AWS A5.16 ERTi-4<\/b> \u2014 the matching filler for Grade 4 base metal. DIN filler-metal number <b>3.7066<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Covered electrode<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE, and there never will be.<\/b> Titanium <b>is not welded by SMAW<\/b>: slag and flux cannot protect the pool from oxygen and nitrogen. A supplier offering covered electrodes for titanium <b>does not understand the metallurgy<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Surgical implant<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>F67<\/b> (unalloyed titanium for surgical implants \u2014 R50250, R50400, R50550, <b>R50700<\/b>) \u00b7 <b>ISO 5832-2<\/b> \u00b7 ASTM <b>F1341<\/b> (unalloyed titanium wire for implants)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASME Section IX<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Titanium base metals fall in <b>P-No. 51\u201353<\/b> and titanium filler metals in <b>F-No. 51\u201356<\/b>. The unalloyed grades group under <b>P-No. 51<\/b>; <b>the grade-level assignment must be confirmed against the current edition of QW\/QB-422<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Europe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">W.Nr. <b>3.7065<\/b> \u00b7 DIN designation <b>Ti 4<\/b> \u00b7 DIN <b>17850<\/b> (semi-finished), <b>17860\u201317864<\/b> (sheet, bar, tube, wire), <b>17866<\/b>, <b>1737<\/b> \u00b7 aerospace material number <b>3.7064<\/b> \u00b7 filler wire <b>3.7066<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>A subtlety worth knowing about AMS 4901:<\/b> AMS does not name the grade the way ASTM does. It names it by <b>guaranteed yield strength<\/b> \u2014 the formal title of AMS 4901 is <b>&#8220;Titanium Sheet, Strip and Plate, Commercially Pure, Annealed, 70.0 ksi (485 MPa) Yield Strength&#8221;<\/b>. The same logic gives <b>AMS-T-9047 CP-70<\/b> on the bar side. <b>So the words &#8220;Grade 4&#8221; may never appear on an AMS certificate<\/b>, and the buyer wrongly concludes the material is something else. It is the same metal under a different naming system.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance and Maximum Code Temperatures<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">1 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Reduces residual stress left by cold forming, straightening, machining and welding. It does not change the grain structure and does not lower strength.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">480-595 \u00b0C common band. ATI 538-593 \u00b0C \u00b7 HonTitan 538-593 \u00b0C \u00b7 NASA\/DMIC 482-593 \u00b0C (900-1100 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Corrosion Materials 482-593 \u00b0C (900-1100 \u00b0F). DIVERGING SOURCES: the RTI\/RMI Titanium Alloy Guide gives an upper limit of 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F) and Zapp gives a lower limit of 450 \u00b0C. NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30 minutes to 2 hours. ATI 30 minutes \u00b7 HonTitan 30 minutes to 2 hours \u00b7 RTI 30-60 minutes \u00b7 Zapp about 30 minutes \u00b7 NASA\/DMIC 15 minutes to 4 hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool. Corrosion Materials states forced air or slow cooling; Zapp states inert gas or air.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hardness and strength are practically unchanged. Stress relief is NOT a hardening step.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">2 \u00b7 ANNEALING (MILL ANNEAL \u00b7 RECRYSTALLIZATION)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2 \u00b7 ANNEALING (MILL ANNEAL \u00b7 RECRYSTALLIZATION)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Returns a cold-worked structure to a fully recrystallized equiaxed alpha structure. Restores formability and corrosion resistance. The temperature stays BELOW the beta transus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">650-760 \u00b0C common band. Corrosion Materials 649-760 \u00b0C (1200-1400 \u00b0F) \u00b7 HonTitan 649-760 \u00b0C for Grades 2-4 and 538-704 \u00b0C for Grade 1 \u00b7 Zapp about 700 \u00b0C \u00b7 ATI 538-704 \u00b0C. DIVERGING SOURCE: NASA\/DMIC gives 704-871 \u00b0C (1300-1600 \u00b0F); the top of that band approaches the beta transus. NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">6 minutes to 2 hours. Corrosion Materials 6 minutes to 2 hours \u00b7 ATI 0.5-2 hours \u00b7 HonTitan 0.5-2 hours \u00b7 Zapp 3 minutes per mm of section thickness, minimum 15 minutes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool. NASA\/DMIC states air or furnace cooling. Cooling rate does not set the strength; there is NO hardening by quenching.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Annealed condition. Specification minimums are written for this condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">3 \u00b7 VACUUM or PROTECTIVE-ATMOSPHERE ANNEALING<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3 \u00b7 VACUUM or PROTECTIVE-ATMOSPHERE ANNEALING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Not a separate strength step; it is step 2 carried out where a clean surface is required. It prevents alpha case formation and hydrogen pickup and lowers existing hydrogen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Same as the annealing band, about 540-760 \u00b0C. NASA\/DMIC gives 538-760 \u00b0C (1000-1400 \u00b0F) for hydrogen removal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NASA\/DMIC gives 2-4 hours at 0.5 micron vacuum. These figures come from a single source and are not written here as a binding time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cooling under vacuum or argon.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hardness is unchanged. NASA\/DMIC reports that this cycle lowers 550 ppm hydrogen to 25-35 ppm; vacuum annealing is the only practical way to remove hydrogen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is NOT to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve was used, so no curve is drawn. THIS MATERIAL IS COMMERCIALLY PURE (alpha phase) TITANIUM: IT DOES NOT HARDEN BY HEAT TREATMENT. There is NO quench hardening, no solution treatment and no ageing step (nothing like H900 or H1025). Strength is set directly by the OXYGEN, IRON and NITROGEN content and by the amount of cold work. The three steps below were each verified separately. Commercially pure titanium is a single-phase alpha material. Total Materia, NASA\/DMIC, RTI and HonTitan each state the same thing: in alpha and near-alpha alloys HIGH STRENGTH CANNOT BE DEVELOPED BY HEAT TREATMENT; only stress relief and annealing are used. Annealing is carried out BELOW the beta transus. HonTitan gives the beta transus as about 888 \u00b0C for Grade 1, 913 \u00b0C for Grade 2, 921 \u00b0C for Grade 3 and 949 \u00b0C for Grade 4; Carpenter gives 899-927 \u00b0C (1650-1700 \u00b0F) for Grade 2. A single per-grade figure could not be confirmed in four independent sources, so it is not written as binding. Hot forming is carried out at 480-540 \u00b0C (900-1000 \u00b0F) for severe operations according to Carpenter; Corrosion Materials gives 204-316 \u00b0C (400-600 \u00b0F). The two sources diverge and no average has been taken. Annealing or hot forming IN AIR above about 590-620 \u00b0C produces a visible oxide scale and a diffused-in oxygen layer (alpha case) (RTI\/RMI). On fatigue- or fracture-critical parts this layer must be removed COMPLETELY, either mechanically (grinding, grit blasting) or chemically (molten alkaline descale followed by 5:1 to 10:1 HNO3-HF pickling). Cooling rate does not set the strength of this material. When a specification calls for a hardness value, these grades are not the right choice.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Two separate questions must not be conflated here.<\/b> First: &#8220;has ASME adopted the material specification?&#8221; Second: &#8220;has ASME published a design stress for this grade?&#8221; <b>The answer to the first is yes, to the second unverified \u2014 and in code work it is the second that decides.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Code Status \u00b7 Ti Grade 4<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Material specification adoption<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASME <b>SB-265<\/b> and <b>SB-348<\/b> are the Section II Part B counterparts of ASTM B265 and B348, and <b>Grade 4 is in their grade lists<\/b>. So far, no problem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Design stress (II-D) listing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Could not be verified \u2014 and probably does not exist.<\/b> The Titanium Association&#8217;s 2020 code presentation states that <b>&#8220;currently 17 different titanium alloy grades are approved for Section VIII, Division 1 pressure vessel construction&#8221;<\/b> and its stress charts show <b>Grades 1, 2, 2H, 12 and 28<\/b>. <b>Grade 4 is never mentioned.<\/b> For code work, <b>Grade 4 should not be offered as a pressure-boundary material without confirming the current ASME II Part D Table 1B<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Published temperature range<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The Section VIII Div. 1 allowable stress curves in that same presentation are plotted to <b>600 \u00b0F (315 \u00b0C)<\/b>. <b>That is the order of the code ceiling for titanium<\/b> \u2014 a surprise for buyers used to the 800\u20131000 \u00b0F of nickel alloys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Approved &#8220;H&#8221; grades<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The four <b>H<\/b> grades accepted into Section VIII Div. 1 are <b>2H, 7H, 16H and 26H<\/b>. <b>There is no &#8220;4H&#8221;.<\/b> H grades have identical chemistry but a <b>higher guaranteed minimum tensile strength<\/b> and exist <b>primarily for pressure vessel use<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Practical conclusion<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">If you need a code titanium vessel, piping system or heat exchanger, the answer is almost always <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\">Ti Grade 2<\/a> (or Gr 12 \/ Gr 7 \/ Gr 28). <b>Grade 4 is an engineering material, not a code material<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Non-code use:<\/b> outside the pressure codes Grade 4 is used widely and without difficulty. <b>The limitation is administrative, not metallurgical<\/b> \u2014 present it as a listing gap, not a material defect.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the section your sales engineers should memorise.<\/b> Grade 4 enquiries most often stall here, and an honest answer is worth far more than a lost order.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Gaps for R50700<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Pipe \u2014 seamless and welded<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No ASTM pipe specification exists.<\/b> Grade 4 is absent from the scope lists of B861 (seamless) and B862 (welded). A request for &#8220;ASTM B861 Grade 4 pipe&#8221; <b>cannot be met<\/b>. The honest answer has three branches: <b>(1)<\/b> move to Gr 2 or Gr 3 pipe (code work requires this anyway); <b>(2)<\/b> have <b>bored\/machined pipe<\/b> made from B348 Gr 4 bar \u2014 chemistry conforms to B348, dimensions and mechanicals are <b>by agreement<\/b>; <b>(3)<\/b> if strength is genuinely critical, move to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti Grade 5 ELI<\/a> or Gr 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V) pipe \u2014 <b>Gr 9 exists precisely for this gap<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Heat-exchanger tube<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Grade 4 is not in the B338 scope.<\/b> And here honesty helps: <b>this is not a loss.<\/b> What decides a heat-exchanger tube is corrosion resistance and expandability, not strength. Grade 2 and Grade 4 have <b>identical corrosion resistance<\/b>; Grade 2 expands far better and costs far less. <b>A customer asking for Grade 4 tube is usually asking the wrong question<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>B367 has no C-4 grade.<\/b> The titanium casting world runs effectively on <b>C-2 (unalloyed) and C-5 (Ti-6Al-4V)<\/b>. There is <b>no such standardised product<\/b> as a &#8220;Grade 4 cast valve body&#8221;. Options: take a <b>C-2 casting<\/b> and accept lower mechanicals; take a <b>C-5 casting<\/b> and accept that it is no longer CP titanium; or <b>machine from B348 Gr 4 bar<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Cold-drawn \/ spring wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Partly covered \u2014 know the distinction.<\/b> <b>ASTM B863 Grade 4 is a real structural wire specification.<\/b> But B863 covers <b>annealed and defined drawn conditions<\/b>; <b>heavily cold-worked spring temper in the &gt;950 MPa region is a company-specification matter<\/b>. And <b>AWS A5.16 ERTi-4 is a welding consumable specification and is not a substitute for structural wire<\/b> \u2014 confusing the two is common<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Covered electrode<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Does not exist and will not<\/b> \u2014 titanium is not welded by SMAW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Flange specification<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is no titanium-specific flange material specification.<\/b> The role B462 plays for nickel alloys is taken by <b>B381 forgings<\/b> and <b>B265 plate<\/b>. The order line should read: &#8220;<b>ASME B16.5 Class ___ WN RF flange, material ASTM B381 Gr F-4<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>These gaps all come from one commercial fact:<\/b> Grade 4 belongs to the <b>strength<\/b> market, not the corrosion market \u2014 and there Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-3Al-2.5V already offer better answers. <b>The real market for Grade 4 is sheet, bar, wire, forgings and implants.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>ASTM B265 \/ B348 \/ B381 \/ B863, Grade 4 (R50700), weight %:<\/b> <b>N \u22640.05<\/b> \u00b7 <b>C \u22640.08<\/b> \u00b7 <b>H \u22640.015<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Fe \u22640.50<\/b> \u00b7 <b>O \u22640.40<\/b> \u00b7 residuals <b>0.1 each<\/b>, <b>0.4 total<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Ti balance<\/b>. There are <b>no<\/b> alloying additions.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">What Each Interstitial Actually Does<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxygen (\u22640.40 %)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The principal strengthener.<\/b> It enters interstitial sites in the \u03b1 lattice and locks slip systems. It raises strength, <b>lowers ductility and fracture toughness<\/b>, worsens ductile-to-brittle behaviour and <b>raises the \u03b2 transus<\/b>. The entire Grade 1 \u2192 Grade 4 story is this one element<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Iron (\u22640.50 %)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The second strengthener and the <b>only \u03b2 stabiliser<\/b> present, allowing a little \u03b2 phase at grain boundaries. The ceiling is 0.30 % in Grades 2 and 3 but <b>rises to 0.50 % in Grade 4<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Nitrogen (\u22640.05 %)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Roughly twice as potent an embrittler as oxygen per unit weight<\/b> \u2014 hence a ceiling one eighth of oxygen&#8217;s. Nitrogen is picked up <b>from air<\/b> during welding and heat treatment, which is largely why the shielding regime exists<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Carbon (\u22640.08 %)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Limited solubility; above it <b>TiC<\/b> forms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrogen (\u22640.015 %)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>This is the only genuinely dangerous one<\/b>, and its ceiling is a <b>safety limit<\/b> rather than a product property. 0.015 % = <b>150 ppm<\/b>, which sits right on the hydrogen solubility limit of unalloyed titanium (<b>~100\u2013150 ppm<\/b>). Above it, brittle <b>titanium hydride<\/b> precipitates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Divergences Between Specifications \u2014 What Actually Matters on a Certificate<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Residual total<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>[Conflict]<\/b> The ASTM table generally gives <b>0.1 each \/ 0.4 total<\/b>; one mill datasheet distinguishes <b>0.40 for AMS 4921 and 0.30 for ASTM B348<\/b>. <b>Both are published.<\/b> The order must state <b>which specification governs<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ASTM vs AMS<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The chemistry is effectively identical; the difference is in <b>naming and acceptance testing<\/b>. The AMS route (<b>4901<\/b> sheet, <b>4921<\/b> bar) brings aerospace traceability, tighter sampling and a yield <b>guarantee<\/b>. <b>Material certified to ASTM is not automatically AMS compliant.<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM F67 (implant)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">For Grade 4 the <b>chemical limits are identical to B265\/B348<\/b>. What F67 adds is not chemistry but <b>microstructure, grain size, surface and traceability requirements<\/b>. <b>Saying &#8220;F67 = purer titanium&#8221; is wrong<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ISO 5832-2<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The ISO counterpart of the unalloyed titanium implant standard, paired with ASTM F67. <b>ISO 5832-3 is Ti-6Al-4V and has nothing to do with Grade 4<\/b> \u2014 the two are frequently confused<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrogen by form<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The hydrogen ceiling <b>can vary by product form<\/b>. <b>Read this line from the table in the specification actually ordered<\/b>, not from a generic &#8220;0.015&#8221; habit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 254\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 &#8211; annealed strip, sheet and plate<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"572.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"595.6\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">483<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 &#8211; annealed bars and billets<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">550<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"572.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"595.6\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">483<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">AMS 4901 &#8211; annealed sheet, strip and plate<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"572.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"595.6\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">483<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">AMS 4921 &#8211; annealed bars, wire, forgings and rings (up to 101.60 mm)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"224\" width=\"572.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"595.6\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">483<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 &#8211; annealed strip, sheet and plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">483-655<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B348 \/ ASME SB-348 &#8211; annealed bars and billets<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">483<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4901 &#8211; annealed sheet, strip and plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">483-485<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4921 &#8211; annealed bars, wire, forgings and rings (up to 101.60 mm)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">483<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. All rows are for the ANNEALED condition. Commercially pure titanium has no other heat treatment condition; there is no condition code such as H900 or QT650. THE HARDNESS COLUMN IS DELIBERATELY EMPTY. Commercially pure titanium is not ordered by hardness and ASTM B265 \/ B348 give no hardness minimum or maximum. RTI gives about 70 \/ 82 \/ 90 \/ 100 HRB (Grades 1-4) and ATI gives about 80 HRB for Grade 2 and about 100 HRB for Grade 4; four independent sources could not be found, so no value is written in the table. THE YIELD STRENGTH ALSO HAS A MAXIMUM in the specification. ASTM B265 gives both a minimum and a maximum for yield; material that arrives too hard is rejected as well. For a buyer running forming tools that ceiling matters as much as the floor. ASTM B265 bend radius requirement: for Grade 1, 1.5T below 1.78 mm thickness and 2T between 1.78 and 4.75 mm \u00b7 for Grade 2, 2T and 2.5T \u00b7 for Grade 4, 2.5T and 3T. Reduction of area (RA) is not written in the table: the sources give 25%, 30% and 35% for Grade 4 and contradict each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Minimums \u2014 ASTM B265 \/ B348, Annealed<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Tensile strength (Rm)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u2265550 MPa (80 ksi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Yield strength (Rp0.2)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>483\u2013655 MPa (70\u201395 ksi)<\/b> \u2014 <b>this is a BAND, not a floor<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Elongation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u226515 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Reduction of area<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u226530 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bend radius<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Grade 4 requires <b>the largest bend radius<\/b> of the CP grades; the number depends on thickness \u2014 <b>read the bend table<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Typical Mill Values \u2014 NOT GUARANTEED<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield (typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>480\u2013635 MPa<\/b> (70\u201392 ksi)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Tensile (typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>655\u2013690 MPa<\/b> (95\u2013100 ksi) \u2014 <b>clearly above the minimum<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Elongation (typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>20\u201325 %<\/b> (min 15 %)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Reduction of area (typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>38\u201351 %<\/b> (min 30 %)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Cold worked<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>&gt;950 MPa<\/b> \u2014 <b>this is NOT the annealed specification condition<\/b>; do not compare it with ASTM minimums<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~100 HRB<\/b> \u00b7 a European mill sheet gives <b>HB30 \u2264200<\/b>. <b>Do not confuse HRB with HRC:<\/b> 100 HRB is roughly 20 HRC, and a reader who takes &#8220;100&#8221; for HRC reaches an absurd conclusion. <b>Always print the scale<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Fatigue<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">CP titanium is one of the few materials that shows <b>a true endurance limit<\/b> in high-cycle fatigue. <b>A numerical endurance limit for Grade 4 could not be independently verified<\/b>; ask the mill for a curve<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Elevated-Temperature Behaviour<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>General trend<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">CP titanium loses strength <b>rapidly<\/b> with temperature. Expect to be below <b>half<\/b> the room-temperature values around 300 \u00b0C, and <b>creep<\/b> starts far lower. <b>Grade 4 is not a high-temperature material<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Numerical data<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>[Unverified]<\/b> One European mill page publishes values for 315 \u00b0C and 425 \u00b0C, but <b>which CP grade those rows belong to could not be independently verified<\/b>. <b>Do not use those numbers in design<\/b> \u2014 for hot service ask the mill for curves by grade and form<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxidation \/ alpha case<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Heating in air above roughly <b>600 \u00b0C<\/b> produces a hard, brittle oxygen-enriched surface layer \u2014 <b>alpha case<\/b>. It severely reduces fatigue life and <b>must be removed by pickling or machining<\/b>. Vacuum or inert-atmosphere heat treatment is preferred<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Cryogenic<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Unalloyed titanium gains strength at low temperature but <b>loses toughness, and that loss tracks interstitial content directly<\/b>. <b>Grade 4 is the worst cryogenic performer of the CP family.<\/b> For cryogenic work the right choice is Grade 1 \/ Grade 2 or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti-6Al-4V ELI<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties \u00b7 Ti Grade 4 (room temperature)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Density<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>4.51 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> (0.163 lb\/in\u00b3) \u2014 <b>about 57 % of steel<\/b>, roughly 1.7\u00d7 aluminium. This single number is why most applications buy titanium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Melting point<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~1660\u20131670 \u00b0C<\/b> (two independent sources; no single exact value)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Modulus of elasticity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>~103\u2013106 GPa<\/b> (15.0 \u00d7 10\u00b3 ksi). <b>About half that of steel<\/b> \u2014 <b>twice the deflection<\/b> for the same section. It governs design (buckling, stiffness) and machining (the part springs away)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Thermal conductivity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>[Conflict]<\/b> Published values scatter between <b>17.2<\/b>, <b>18<\/b> and <b>22 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b>. <b>The order of magnitude is reliable: about one third of steel, roughly one twentieth of copper.<\/b> For an exact value use the mill certificate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Specific heat<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>~526\u2013540 J\/kg\u00b7K<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Thermal expansion<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~9.4 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/K<\/b> (0\u2013200 \u00b0C). <b>Markedly lower than stainless steel<\/b> (316L ~16 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076) \u2014 <b>a genuine advantage<\/b> against carbon steel in clad construction and tubesheets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Electrical resistivity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>~0.55 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7m<\/b> (55 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm) \u2014 <b>high, and it must be accounted for in anode structures<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Magnetic response<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Non-magnetic<\/b> (paramagnetic). This underpins MR compatibility and non-magnetic hardware requirements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u03b2 transus<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>~935\u2013963 \u00b0C<\/b> (1715\u20131765 \u00b0F); one source gives <b>949 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>\u03b1 transus ~891\u2013918 \u00b0C<\/b>. This band sets the hot-working and heat treatment ceiling \u2014 <b>entering the \u03b2 field means grain coarsening and loss of ductility<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Critical note<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>The \u03b2 transus rises with oxygen.<\/b> The same physics is why the low-oxygen ELI grades have a <b>lower<\/b> \u03b2 transus than Grade 5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Start with the most important negative fact: Grade 4 cannot be hardened by heat treatment.<\/b> Unalloyed titanium has no precipitation hardening, takes no benefit from martensitic transformation, and <b>there is no solution-treat-and-age (STA) route<\/b>. Strength comes from only two places: <b>interstitial content<\/b> (grade selection) and <b>cold work<\/b>. If a datasheet prints &#8220;solution treated and aged&#8221; for Grade 4, <b>that sheet has put Ti-6Al-4V data in the wrong place<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment Regimes \u00b7 Ti Grade 4<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Annealing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>[Conflict, both published]<\/b> One US producer gives <b>595\u2013760 \u00b0C, 2 hours, air cool<\/b>; two European sources give <b>600\u2013700 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>&#8220;~700 \u00b0C, 3 minutes per mm, minimum 15 minutes soak&#8221;<\/b>. <b>The ranges overlap; the European side is narrower and lower.<\/b> Follow the specification ordered<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress relief<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>[Conflict]<\/b> <b>540\u2013595 \u00b0C, 15\u201330 minutes, air cool<\/b> (US producer) or <b>450\u2013600 \u00b0C, ~30 minutes<\/b> (European mills). <b>Recommended<\/b> after welding and heavy machining; stress relief of titanium <b>is not forbidden<\/b>, unlike some nickel-molybdenum alloys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Atmosphere<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The decisive item.<\/b> Any heat treatment in air produces <b>alpha case<\/b>. <b>Inert gas or vacuum is mandatory<\/b>; if done in air the <b>case must be removed<\/b> (pickling or machining allowance). This is the most commonly skipped step<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hydrogen removal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hydrogen picked up during pickling or faulty welding is removed by <b>vacuum annealing<\/b>. Solubility <b>~100\u2013150 ppm<\/b>; above that, brittle hydride precipitates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u03b2 annealing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Not used.<\/b> Above the \u03b2 transus (~935\u2013963 \u00b0C) you get grain coarsening and loss of ductility with nothing to gain. <b>Hot forming is also kept below the transus<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Recrystallisation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Annealing <b>gives back<\/b> the strength of cold-worked Grade 4. So an order for &#8220;&gt;950 MPa cold-worked Grade 4&#8221; implies the part <b>will not be annealed afterwards<\/b> \u2014 assess it together with the welding plan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The good news on thermal stability:<\/b> Grade 4 has <b>no damaging phase window<\/b>. There is no sigma phase, no ordering embrittlement, no 475 \u00b0C embrittlement, no carbide sensitisation. <b>The thermal risk in titanium is not phase transformation but contamination<\/b> \u2014 pickup of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. That is why everything discussed in titanium heat treatment is furnace atmosphere and cleanliness.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What governs titanium welding is not technique but environment.<\/b> Molten and hot titanium absorbs oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen from air <b>without saturating<\/b>, and every interstitial picked up embrittles the weld irreversibly. <b>Grade 4 is the most sensitive grade of the family<\/b> in this respect, because its chemistry already sits at the top of the interstitial ceiling: every extra ppm of oxygen eats into <b>an already narrow ductility margin<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding Parameters and Rules \u00b7 Ti Grade 4<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Process<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>GTAW (TIG) dominates<\/b> and is the standard choice for unalloyed titanium. GMAW for heavy sections; plasma, electron beam, laser, resistance and diffusion welding are all applied successfully. <b>SMAW and oxy-acetylene are NOT used<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Filler metal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AWS A5.16 ERTi-4<\/b> (matching) \u00b7 DIN <b>3.7066<\/b>. <b>A common and often preferred alternative<\/b> is the one-step-softer <b>ERTi-2<\/b> \u2014 the weld becomes more ductile than the base metal and <b>cracking risk drops<\/b> where strength is not critical. <b>When joining dissimilar grades, the filler follows the lower-strength side<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Shielding gas<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Pure argon<\/b> (or argon-helium). Purity: <b>99.999 % (5.0) ideal<\/b>, <b>99.995 % the practical floor<\/b>. <b>Never a mixture containing CO\u2082 or oxygen.<\/b> Use a gas lens and a large ceramic cup (<b>#12\u2013#16<\/b>); a small cup creates turbulence and draws in air<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Triple shielding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>(1)<\/b> torch shield \u00b7 <b>(2)<\/b> <b>trailing shield<\/b> \u2014 the bead must stay protected while it cools \u00b7 <b>(3)<\/b> <b>back purge<\/b> \u2014 <b>mandatory<\/b> on pipe and tube. A titanium weld with an unprotected root is not acceptable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Colour acceptance<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In titanium, bead colour is a quality measure, not cosmetics.<\/b> <b>Bright silver<\/b> = perfect shielding. <b>Light straw \/ gold<\/b> = acceptable, slight surface oxide. <b>Blue \/ purple<\/b> = <b>risky, rejected by most specifications<\/b>. <b>Grey \/ white powdery<\/b> = <b>scrap<\/b> \u2014 brittle alpha case has formed; this is removal, not repair<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Cleanliness<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Ninety percent of the weld is preparation.<\/b> Degrease with acetone or MEK, then use brushes and wheels <b>dedicated to titanium only<\/b>. <b>Iron contamination causes galvanic attack and crack initiation.<\/b> Lint-free gloves; <b>fingerprints cause porosity<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Preheat \u00b7 interpass<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No preheat is required or recommended.<\/b> Keep interpass temperature low \u2014 hot metal absorbs more gas. <b>Keep heat input low; avoid wide weaving<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>After welding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Stress relief is recommended<\/b> (450\u2013600 \u00b0C band), in a protective atmosphere or vacuum. <b>No post-weld operation is forbidden<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Tungsten and arc<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>DCEN<\/b> \u00b7 <b>high-frequency arc start is mandatory<\/b> \u2014 scratch starting contaminates with tungsten. <b>Extend post-flow<\/b>; the bead must stay under argon until it falls below roughly 400 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Post-weld strength:<\/b> a Grade 4 weld approaches base-metal strength, but <b>grain growth and reduced HAZ ductility are normal<\/b>. An ERTi-2 weld is deliberately <b>softer than the base metal<\/b> \u2014 a considered choice, not a defect.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Titanium is not difficult because it is hard; it is difficult because it does not carry heat away and because it is chemically active.<\/b> Thermal conductivity is about a third of steel \u2014 nearly all the heat generated in the cutting zone stays <b>at the tool tip instead of in the chip<\/b>. Hot titanium also reacts with carbide and wears the tool <b>chemically<\/b>. On top of that comes the low modulus: <b>the workpiece springs away from the tool<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>CP titanium machines more easily than Ti-6Al-4V but presents a different problem: it is gummy.<\/b> Grade 4 is <b>the best machining CP grade<\/b> because its higher strength gives cleaner chip breaking \u2014 Grades 1 and 2 are stickier.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Starting Parameters \u00b7 CP Titanium (including Grade 4)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Cutting speed \u2014 carbide<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>60\u2013120 m\/min<\/b> for CP titanium (this falls to <b>45\u2013100 m\/min<\/b> for Ti-6Al-4V). One producer gives <b>12\u201340 m\/min (40\u2013130 fpm)<\/b> for HSS tooling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Feed<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>0.08\u20130.15 mm per tooth.<\/b> <b>Rule: never feed lightly.<\/b> A thin chip keeps the heat in the cut; a thick chip carries it out. The classic mill prescription is <b>&#8220;low speed, heavy feed&#8221;<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Tooling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Fine-grain carbide (0.5\u20130.8 \u00b5m), 6\u20138 % cobalt.<\/b> <b>AlTiN PVD coating or uncoated<\/b> preferred; <b>CVD coatings are not recommended<\/b>. <b>Sharp, positive-rake<\/b> geometry is essential \u2014 uncoated carbide with a polished rake face often outperforms coated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Coolant<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Copious coolant is mandatory.<\/b> Through-tool delivery at <b>70 bar and above<\/b> is preferred; <b>external coolant never reaches the cutting zone<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Fluid choice<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Use non-chlorinated fluid.<\/b> Chlorinated residue plus later heating means <b>stress corrosion cracking risk<\/b>; where unavoidable it <b>must be removed completely before heat treatment or welding<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Rigidity \u00b7 dwell<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">With half the modulus of steel, <b>workpiece and fixture rigidity are critical<\/b>; thin walls deflect and chatter. And <b>a stationary tool burnishes the surface<\/b> \u2014 keep feeding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>FIRE WARNING<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Fine titanium chips and dust are flammable, and once burning, water does not extinguish them \u2014 it makes them worse.<\/b> Do not let chips accumulate, collect dry grinding dust, and keep a <b>Class D (metal fire) extinguisher<\/b> on hand. <b>This is the number one safety item in a titanium shop<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion \u2014 Where It Excels, and WHERE IT FAILS<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">COMPARISON<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">A single criterion: the annealed-condition SPECIFICATION LIMITS of ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 (and of ASTM B348, which carries the same values). Chemical ceilings from Table 1, tensile values from Table 2. These are limits, not typical values; producer typicals run higher.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Grade<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">UNS<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">W.-Nr.<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Oxygen max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Iron max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Nitrogen max<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile min MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield min MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield max MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation min<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50250<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3.7025<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.18%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.03%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">138<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">310<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">24%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Lowest oxygen, highest ductility. Deep drawing and explosion cladding work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">3.7035<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.25%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.30%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.03%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">345<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">275<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The workhorse of commercially pure titanium. The most common grade for plate, tube and heat exchangers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3.7055<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.30%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.05%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">380<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">18%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The intermediate step. It is not in this card set; it is shown to complete the ladder.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Ti Grade 4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">UNS R50700<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">3.7065<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.40%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.05%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">483<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">655<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The strongest of the commercially pure family. It is absent from most pipe and tube specifications.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Iliski<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">As the OXYGEN CEILING rises from 0.18% to 0.40%, the minimum tensile strength rises from 240 MPa to 550 MPa (+129%) and the minimum elongation falls from 24% to 15%. The iron ceiling also rises from 0.20% to 0.50%. THIS INCREASE HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH HEAT TREATMENT; all four grades use the same heat treatment cycle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Mechanism<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Oxygen and nitrogen enter the octahedral interstitial sites of the hexagonal close-packed alpha lattice and create an asymmetric lattice distortion; the resulting stress field impedes dislocation glide (interstitial solid solution strengthening). Iron stabilises a small amount of beta phase. The MDPI Crystals 2025 review gives a critical oxygen threshold of about 0.46% for pure titanium, above which room-temperature elongation collapses sharply. The 0.40% ceiling of Grade 4 sits just below that threshold.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Warning<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">All four grades are defined in ASTM with the same base elements; the difference is ONLY the oxygen, iron and nitrogen ceilings. If an order is placed simply as &#8216;commercially pure titanium&#8217;, it is undefined which strength class will arrive. The grade number and the UNS number must both be written.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The minimum yield of Grade 1 DEPENDS ON THE SPECIFICATION: the ASTM B265 \/ ASME SB-265 table gives 138 MPa (20 ksi), while AMS 4940 requires 172 MPa (25 ksi). Two different floors apply to the same grade; an order must not be written without stating which specification governs. The carbon (0.08%) and hydrogen (0.015%) ceilings are identical in all four grades; they contribute nothing to the strength ladder. Grade 3 is not in this card set. It is shown only in the comparison table because it is the third step of the ladder.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>First, the single most important sentence: the corrosion resistance of Grade 4 is effectively identical to Grades 1, 2 and 3.<\/b> Interstitial content changes mechanical behaviour; <b>it does not change the passive film<\/b>. So everything below applies to all CP titanium grades. <b>The claim &#8220;Grade 4 is stronger so it corrodes less&#8221; is false and must not be made in a sales conversation.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Titanium&#8217;s resistance comes from a spontaneously formed <b>TiO\u2082 passive film<\/b> that repairs itself within seconds in the presence of <b>ppm levels of oxygen or moisture<\/b>. Every strength and every weakness of titanium reduces to one question: <b>does the environment let that film re-form?<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Where it excels<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Seawater:<\/b> <b>negligible corrosion to 260 \u00b0C (500 \u00b0F).<\/b> No pitting, no attack even under biofouling. A condenser tube exposed for <b>16 years<\/b> to polluted seawater was slightly discoloured with no evidence of corrosion.<br \/><b>Erosion-corrosion:<\/b> outstanding \u2014 it withstands flow velocities of <b>30 m\/s<\/b>, decisive in the pump and condenser duties that eliminate copper alloys and stainless steels.<br \/><b>Oxidising environments:<\/b> nitric acid, oxidising chlorides, chlorinated water, hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, chlorate, perchlorate \u2014 <b>full resistance<\/b>. <b>Fatigue:<\/b> titanium suffers <b>no significant loss of fatigue strength in seawater<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">WHERE IT FAILS \u2014 this section is mandatory<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Environments Where Titanium Fails (with numerical limits)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrofluoric acid and free fluoride<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION.<\/b> Titanium <b>corrodes rapidly even at very dilute concentrations<\/b>. <b>It is not used in any fluoride-bearing solution at pH &lt; 7.<\/b> Fluorine gas is likewise not recommended. <b>Exception:<\/b> fully complexed fluorides pose no risk. <b>This is titanium&#8217;s number one disqualifier<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Reducing acids \u2014 HCl<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Unalloyed titanium withstands roughly <b>7 % HCl<\/b> at room temperature; that resistance <b>falls considerably<\/b> near boiling. For comparison: Gr 12 ~9 %, <b>Gr 7 (Ti-0.2Pd) ~27 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>which is exactly what the palladium is for<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Reducing acids \u2014 H\u2082SO\u2084<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Unalloyed titanium: <b>~20 % at 0 \u00b0C<\/b>, <b>~5 % at room temperature<\/b>. <b>In boiling sulphuric acid, high corrosion rates are seen even around 0.5 % concentration.<\/b> Gr 7 reaches ~45 % at room temperature and ~7 % boiling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Phosphoric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Unalloyed: up to <b>30 %<\/b> at room temperature, <b>~10 % at 60 \u00b0C<\/b>, <b>~2 % at 100 \u00b0C<\/b>. Gr 7: ~80 % \/ ~15 % \/ ~6 %. <b>Here temperature matters more than concentration<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>DRY CHLORINE<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Dry chlorine attacks titanium rapidly and can cause IGNITION if the moisture content is very low.<\/b> Numerical threshold: about <b>1 % water<\/b> is generally sufficient for passivation under static conditions at room temperature; <b>approximately 1.5 % moisture is required at 199 \u00b0C (390 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>In wet chlorine titanium is excellent<\/b> \u2014 the difference between two states of the same gas is the most dangerous misconception about titanium. The same rule applies to <b>bromine and iodine<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Red fuming nitric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION.<\/b> <b>A pyrophoric reaction product forms and has caused serious accidents.<\/b> Published threshold: the pyrophoric reaction develops when <b>water content is below 1.34 % AND NO\u2082 content is above 6 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Anhydrous methanol<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Unalloyed titanium suffers stress corrosion cracking in methanol whose water content is below 1.5 %.<\/b> This is <b>the single most important exception<\/b> to the generalisation that titanium is immune to SCC in aqueous service. Anhydrous halogenated organics and <b>nitrogen tetroxide<\/b> carry similar risk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Crevice corrosion<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">In neutral saturated chloride brine, unalloyed titanium shows crevice attack <b>at about 93 \u00b0C (200 \u00b0F) and above<\/b>; it is <b>unlikely below 70 \u00b0C (158 \u00b0F)<\/b>. The practical seawater threshold is <b>~82 \u00b0C (180 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>The threshold falls as acidity rises.<\/b> Gr 12 and Gr 7 have shown no crevice attack in neutral saturated brine to <b>316 \u00b0C (600 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 <b>that is the grade decision for hot gasketed flanges and tubesheets<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrogen embrittlement<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Three conditions must occur <b>together<\/b>: <b>(1)<\/b> temperature <b>above 77 \u00b0C (170 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 below that, pickup is so slow it has no practical significance in the absence of severe tensile stress; <b>(2)<\/b> <b>pH &lt; 3 or pH &gt; 12<\/b>, or a surface damaged by abrasion; <b>(3)<\/b> impressed potential <b>more negative than \u22120.70 V<\/b>. <b>Solubility limit ~100\u2013150 ppm<\/b>; absorption of several hundred ppm means embrittlement and cracking under stress. <b>Even in hydrogen gas, 2 % moisture at 800 psi and 157 \u00b0C prevented absorption<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Galvanic couples<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Titanium sits at the noble end of the seawater galvanic series and is the CATHODE in nearly every couple.<\/b> It is not harmed itself; it <b>ACCELERATES corrosion of coupled aluminium, zinc, magnesium, carbon steel and some stainless steels<\/b>. And because it is cathodic, <b>it charges itself with hydrogen<\/b>. Rule: single-metal construction; if impossible, insulate, cathodically protect, or use <b>small titanium area with large less-noble area<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Pure oxygen \u00b7 fire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Titanium can ignite and burn in high-pressure oxygen.<\/b> Published threshold: <b>ignition cannot be induced even at very high pressure when the oxygen content of the environment is below 35 %<\/b>. However, <b>once started, the reaction propagates at far lower oxygen levels than were needed to start it<\/b>. High-oxygen service requires <b>a separate engineering assessment<\/b> for titanium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hot salt SCC (&gt;250 \u00b0C)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">In the <b>250\u2013500 \u00b0C band, with halide salt deposit and stress present together<\/b>, stress corrosion cracking can be produced in the laboratory in titanium alloys. The experiments concentrate on <b>\u03b1+\u03b2 and near-\u03b1 alloys<\/b> (such as Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V); <b>the mechanism is not reported as a significant issue for unalloyed titanium<\/b>. Even so: <b>a salty fingerprint plus a 300 \u00b0C furnace is an avoidable risk<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Anhydrous \/ strongly reducing conditions<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The passive film either never forms or cannot repair; corrosion is then rapid.<\/b> This is precisely where the belief that titanium is &#8220;immune to corrosion&#8221; breaks down: <b>titanium needs water<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The honest summary your page should carry:<\/b> titanium is the material of <b>oxidising and chloride-bearing<\/b> environments, and there it is unmatched. <b>It is not the material of reducing acids, fluoride or anhydrous environments.<\/b> Those two sentences prevent the great majority of titanium sales errors.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">We use Grade 2. Does moving to Grade 4 make sense?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>There is one honest criterion: is the part governed by thickness or by corrosion?<\/b><br \/>If <b>strength<\/b> sets the wall thickness, Grade 4 delivers a real gain: yield rises from <b>275 MPa to 483 MPa<\/b>, i.e. <b>75 % higher<\/b>. You can reduce section, cut weight and sometimes drop a size step. For load-bearing implants, diving and defence hardware, fasteners and structural brackets the switch makes sense.<br \/>If <b>corrosion allowance, expandability or forming<\/b> sets the thickness, <b>the switch is pointless and harmful<\/b>. The corrosion resistance of the two grades is <b>identical<\/b> \u2014 Grade 4 does not last longer in any environment. The prices you pay are real: elongation drops from <b>20 % to 15 %<\/b>, bend radii grow, deep drawing gets harder, and the margin for error in welding narrows.<br \/><b>And the argument is usually settled by supply:<\/b> Grade 2 is in stock worldwide in every form; <b>Grade 4 is a niche material with long lead times, a higher price per kilogram, and no pipe, tube or casting forms at all<\/b>. Choose Grade 4 when strength is genuinely required and the form is sheet, bar, wire or forging. If you are on the fence, do not skip <b>Grade 3<\/b>: it is often the compromise you actually want and it is easier to find.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">I need Grade 4 pipe or heat-exchanger tube. Which specification do I order to?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Short answer: there isn&#8217;t one. And saying so is far better than taking an order you cannot fill.<\/b><br \/>None of the ASTM specifications for seamless pipe (<b>B861<\/b>), welded pipe (<b>B862<\/b>) or heat-exchanger tube (<b>B338<\/b>) <b>lists Grade 4 in its grade table<\/b>. B861 enumerates thirty-four grades, B862 thirty-three, B338 twenty-eight \u2014 <b>Grade 4 is in none of the three<\/b>. Some older cross-reference tables print &#8220;B338 Gr 4&#8221;; <b>the current scope texts do not support it<\/b>.<br \/><b>There are four real options.<\/b> <b>(1)<\/b> If the duty is corrosion-driven \u2014 which for a heat exchanger it almost always is \u2014 <b>move to Grade 2 tube<\/b>; the corrosion resistance is identical, expandability is far better, and price and delivery are not comparable. <b>(2)<\/b> If pressure is genuinely high, look at <b>Grade 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V)<\/b>: that alloy exists precisely for the &#8220;high-strength titanium pipe&#8221; requirement and <b>is within the B861\/B862 scope<\/b>. <b>(3)<\/b> For small quantities, have <b>bored\/machined pipe<\/b> made from <b>B348 Gr 4 bar<\/b> \u2014 chemistry conforms to B348, tolerances and mechanicals are <b>by agreement<\/b>, and the certificate cannot say &#8220;B861&#8221;. <b>(4)<\/b> If strength is the requirement and corrosion is secondary, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti Grade 5 ELI<\/a> pipe is within the B861\/B862 scope.<br \/><b>Never write &#8220;ASTM B861 Gr 4&#8221; in a written quotation.<\/b> No such line exists and it will be rejected at third-party inspection.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Is Grade 4 good enough for an implant, or should I buy Ti-6Al-4V ELI?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Both are implant materials and the choice depends on what you are making \u2014 there is no &#8220;better&#8221; one.<\/b><br \/><b>What speaks for Grade 4 is that it is unalloyed.<\/b> It contains <b>no aluminium and no vanadium<\/b>. The long-running debate about vanadium release is the main line of criticism aimed at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\">Ti-6Al-4V ELI<\/a>; Grade 4 sits entirely outside it. The specification route is clean too: <b>ASTM F67<\/b> and <b>ISO 5832-2<\/b>. Dental implant roots, bone screws and plates are Grade 4&#8217;s largest market \u2014 and <b>in dental implants Grade 4 is effectively the standard<\/b>.<br \/><b>What speaks for Ti-6Al-4V ELI is mechanical.<\/b> Yield <b>759 MPa<\/b> (483 MPa for Grade 4), tensile <b>828 MPa<\/b> (550 MPa), and \u2014 the real point \u2014 <b>markedly better fracture toughness and fatigue behaviour<\/b>. For load-bearing implants that will see millions of cycles over years \u2014 hip stems, spinal instrumentation, intramedullary nails \u2014 the choice is usually ELI, via <b>ASTM F136<\/b> and <b>ISO 5832-3<\/b>.<br \/><b>The practical dividing line:<\/b> if the section can be generous and metallurgical simplicity is wanted, <b>Grade 4<\/b>; if section is constrained and cyclic load is high, <b>Grade 23 (ELI)<\/b>. <b>Do not position Grade 4 as &#8220;the cheap implant titanium&#8221;<\/b> \u2014 it is a different engineering choice, not a lower one.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Is Grade 4 really harder to weld than Grade 2?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The process is the same; the margin for error is narrower.<\/b><br \/>Both grades are welded with the same equipment, the same gas and the same process (GTAW). Neither needs preheat or a special interpass regime. The difference is <b>chemical margin<\/b>: the oxygen ceiling of Grade 2 is 0.25 %, that of Grade 4 is 0.40 %. Grade 4 therefore <b>starts at the top of its interstitial budget<\/b>; every additional oxygen and nitrogen atom picked up from air during welding <b>can push ductility below acceptable levels in Grade 4 even at a level Grade 2 would tolerate<\/b>. Elongation is already working against a 15 % minimum.<br \/><b>In practice this means three things.<\/b> First, <b>trailing shield and back purge are not negotiable<\/b>; a set-up that &#8220;gets by&#8221; on Grade 2 will not do on Grade 4. Second, <b>the colour acceptance criterion must be applied more strictly<\/b> \u2014 a blue bead on Grade 4 is a clear reject. Third, <b>filler selection must be deliberate<\/b>: matching <b>ERTi-4<\/b> preserves strength but also moves the weld toward the brittle side, while one-step-softer <b>ERTi-2<\/b> makes the weld more ductile than the base metal and reduces cracking risk. <b>Where strength is not critical, ERTi-2 is often the better engineering decision<\/b> \u2014 but it means the joint will be weaker than the parent metal, and <b>that must be agreed at order stage<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b12\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Purchasing Traps<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. &#8220;ASTM B338 Grade 4 heat-exchanger tube&#8221; \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> The current B338 scope enumerates 28 grades and <b>Grade 4 is not among them<\/b>. Some older secondary listings say otherwise; the scope text governs.<br \/><b>2. &#8220;ASTM B861 \/ B862 Grade 4 pipe&#8221; \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> <b>Grade 4 is absent<\/b> from the grade list of both specifications. Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, <b>5<\/b>, 7, 9, 11\u201329 and 33\u201338 are there; <b>4 is skipped<\/b>. This is a deliberate scope decision, not a typographical omission.<br \/><b>3. &#8220;ASTM B367 Grade C-4 casting&#8221; \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> The B367 grade list is <b>C-2, C-3, C-5, C-7, C-8, C-9, C-12, C-16, C-17, C-38<\/b>. <b>There is no C-4.<\/b><br \/><b>4. &#8220;Grade 4 is hardened by heat treatment \/ solution treated and aged&#8221; \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> <b>There is no STA route in unalloyed titanium.<\/b> Strength comes from interstitial content and cold work. Such a line is a sign that Ti-6Al-4V data has migrated onto the wrong page.<br \/><b>5. Dropping the upper bound of the yield band.<\/b> ASTM Grade 4 yield is the band <b>483\u2013655 MPa<\/b>. Most sheets print only &#8220;\u2265483 MPa&#8221;. <b>A heat exceeding 655 MPa is out of specification<\/b> \u2014 it is not &#8220;stronger, therefore better&#8221;.<br \/><b>6. Hardness scale confusion.<\/b> Grade 4 is typically <b>~100 HRB<\/b>, roughly 20 HRC. A reader who takes &#8220;100&#8221; for HRC <b>imagines a material that does not exist<\/b>. <b>Always print the scale.<\/b><br \/><b>7. Confusing \u03b2 transus with \u03b1 transus.<\/b> For Grade 4 the <b>\u03b2 transus is ~935\u2013963 \u00b0C<\/b> and the <b>\u03b1 transus ~891\u2013918 \u00b0C<\/b>; one source gives a single value of <b>949 \u00b0C<\/b>. These depend on <b>the grade&#8217;s oxygen content<\/b> and are not the same as Grade 2&#8217;s \u2014 <b>there is no single &#8220;titanium \u03b2 transus&#8221;<\/b>.<br \/><b>8. Thermal conductivity conflict.<\/b> Published values scatter across <b>17.2 \/ 18 \/ 22 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b>, depending on measurement temperature and which CP grade the source meant. <b>Do not publish a single exact figure; give the order of magnitude.<\/b><br \/><b>9. &#8220;Titanium is immune to corrosion&#8221; \u2014 DANGEROUSLY WRONG.<\/b> Titanium <b>fails in hydrofluoric acid, in free fluoride, in dry chlorine, in red fuming nitric acid and in anhydrous methanol<\/b>, and it has concentration and temperature thresholds in reducing acids (~7 % HCl, ~5 % H\u2082SO\u2084 at room temperature). <b>Never put that sentence in a quotation.<\/b><br \/><b>10. Treating wet and dry chlorine as the same.<\/b> Titanium is excellent in wet chlorine; <b>dry chlorine attacks it and can ignite it<\/b>. Thresholds: ~<b>1 % water<\/b> at room temperature, <b>~1.5 % at 199 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>The difference between two states of the same gas is critical.<\/b><br \/><b>11. Using AMS and ASTM interchangeably.<\/b> <b>AMS 4901<\/b> and <b>AMS 4921<\/b> identify the grade <b>by 70 ksi yield, not by the words &#8220;Grade 4&#8221;<\/b>, and their acceptance testing, sampling and traceability requirements differ from ASTM. <b>A plate certified to ASTM B265 is not automatically compliant with AMS 4901.<\/b><br \/><b>12. &#8220;Grade 4 is ASME approved&#8221; \u2014 incomplete and misleading.<\/b> <b>SB-265 and SB-348 do include Grade 4 as a material specification<\/b>; but code design requires <b>a published allowable stress in ASME II Part D<\/b>, and <b>such a listing for Grade 4 could not be verified in this research<\/b>. The Titanium Association&#8217;s code presentation speaks of 17 approved titanium grades for VIII-1 and its charts show <b>Gr 1, 2, 2H, 12, 28<\/b>; <b>Grade 4 is never mentioned<\/b>. For code work, <b>do not offer Grade 4 without confirmation from the current II-D edition<\/b>.<br \/><b>13. Taking &#8220;Ti99.5&#8221; for a purity guarantee.<\/b> It is a <b>naming convention from the DIN tradition<\/b> (the Ti 1 \/ Ti 2 \/ Ti 3 \/ Ti 4 sequence), not an analysis result. What the specification guarantees is <b>interstitial ceilings, not a percentage purity<\/b>.<br \/><b>14. Believing &#8220;F67 = purer Grade 4&#8221;.<\/b> <b>The Grade 4 chemical limits in ASTM F67 are identical to B265\/B348.<\/b> What F67 adds is microstructure, grain size, surface and traceability requirements. It tightens <b>inspection<\/b>, not chemistry.<br \/><b>15. Confusing ISO 5832-2 with ISO 5832-3.<\/b> <b>5832-2 is unalloyed titanium (the ISO counterpart for Grade 4); 5832-3 is Ti-6Al-4V.<\/b> If you see &#8220;ISO 5832-3&#8221; on a Grade 4 datasheet, <b>that sheet has merged data from two different materials<\/b>.<br \/><b>16. An offer of titanium covered electrodes.<\/b> <b>Titanium is not welded by SMAW<\/b> and no such AWS classification exists. A supplier offering them is selling either another material or a fiction.<br \/><b>17. Ignoring the chip fire risk.<\/b> <b>Fine titanium chips and grinding dust are flammable and are not extinguished by water.<\/b> It is the item almost never printed on a datasheet and the one with the most concrete consequence on the shop floor.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-ti6al4v\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-5-eli\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 5 ELI<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-1\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 1<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Ti Grade 2<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/titanium-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All titanium alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Ti Grade 4\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-4\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Titanium Grade 4 (UNS R50700 \/ W.Nr. 3.7065 \/ DIN designation Ti 4, often sold as Ti99.5) is the strongest of the four unalloyed (commercially pure, CP) titanium grades. And there is only one thing you need to understand about it: Grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the same metal.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Ti Grade 4\",\"description\":\"Titanium Grade 4 (UNS R50700 \/ W.Nr. 3.7065 \/ DIN designation Ti 4, often sold as Ti99.5) is the strongest of the four unalloyed (commercially pure, CP) titanium grades. And there is only one thing you need to understand about it: Grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the same metal.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS R50700\",\"W.Nr. 3.7065\",\"Ti\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"R50700\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"3.7065\"}],\"additionalProperty\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"name\":\"DIN \/ EN designation\",\"value\":\"Ti\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ti Grade 4 \/ UNS R50700 \/ AMS 4901 \/ AMS 4921 DEFENCE METAL Ti Grade 4 UNS R50700 \u00b7 W.Nr. 3.7065 \u00b7 DIN 17850 Ti 4 \u00b7 ASTM Grade 4 \u00b7 COMMERCIALLY PURE (unalloyed) titanium, alpha phase. Ceilings: O 0.40% max \u00b7 Fe 0.50% max \u00b7 N 0.05% max \u00b7 C 0.08% max \u00b7 &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-4\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Ti Grade 4&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"TI GRADE 4 \/ UNS R50700 \/ AMS 4901 \/ AMS 4921 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ti Grade 4 (UNS R50700) \u2014 AMS 4901 \/ AMS 4921. 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