{"id":3597,"date":"2026-09-16T11:04:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:04:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:26:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:26:33","slug":"hastelloy-c-276","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/","title":{"rendered":"Hastelloy C-276"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Hastelloy C-276 \/ (2.4819) \/ UNS N10276 \/ AMS 5530 \/ AMS 5750<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Hastelloy C-276<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS N10276 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4819 \u00b7 NiMo16Cr15W (EN) \u00b7 NiMo16Cr15Fe6W4 (ISO) \u00b7 DIN 17744 \/ 17750-17754 \u00b7 Ni balance (~57%) \u2013 Mo 15.0-17.0% \u2013 Cr 14.5-16.5% \u2013 W 3.0-4.5% \u2013 Fe 4.0-7.0% \u2013 Co 2.5% max \u2013 C 0.010% max \u2013 Si 0.08% max \u2013 Mn 1.0% max \u2013 V 0.35% max \u2013 P 0.04% max \u2013 S 0.03% max. DO NOT CONFUSE THE TWO: Hastelloy C (UNS N10002) IS A SEPARATE ALLOY \u2014 its carbon is higher and it is not a substitute for C-276. What separates C-276 from C is the 0.010% C and 0.08% Si ceiling; the alloy&#8217;s ability to go into service without post-weld heat treatment rests on those two ceilings.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/hastelloy-c-276-hastelloy-c-22-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Hastelloy C-22<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/hastelloy-b-3-hastelloy-c-276-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Hastelloy B-3<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Ni-Cr-Mo based SOLID SOLUTION alloy. NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE; it cannot be hardened by heat treatment, strength is raised only by cold work and is removed again by solution annealing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip \u00b7 bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 seamless pipe \u00b7 welded pipe \u00b7 tube \u00b7 flange \u00b7 fitting \u00b7 forging. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 5530<\/b> \u2014 sheet, strip and plate (SAE title: Alloy Sheet, Strip, and Plate, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, 58Ni &#8211; 15.5Cr &#8211; 16Mo &#8211; 3.8W &#8211; 5.5Fe, Solution Heat Treated). \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 5750<\/b> \u2014 bars, forgings and rings (SAE title: Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Rings, Corrosion and Heat Resistant Nickel Base &#8211; 15.5Cr &#8211; 16Mo &#8211; 3.8W &#8211; 5.5Fe, Solution Heat Treated). NO N10276 MATCH IS STATED FOR EITHER NUMBER IN THE SAE TEXT \u2014 see the note below. \u00b7 ASTM B575 \/ ASME SB-575 \u2014 plate, sheet and strip. \u00b7 ASTM B906 \u2014 strip and thin sheet (general requirements). \u00b7 ASTM B574 \/ ASME SB-574 \u2014 round, square and hexagonal bar. \u00b7 ASTM B472 \u2014 billet and bar stock. \u00b7 ASTM B564 \/ ASME SB-564 \u2014 forgings. \u00b7 ASTM B462 \/ ASME SB-462 \u2014 forged or rolled flanges and pressure fittings. \u00b7 ASTM B366 \/ ASME SB-366 \u2014 welded and seamless fittings (solution anneal requirement: 2050 \u00b0F \/ 1121 \u00b0C minimum). \u00b7 ASTM B622 \/ ASME SB-622 \u2014 seamless pipe and tube. \u00b7 ASTM B619 \/ ASME SB-619 \u2014 welded pipe. \u00b7 ASTM B626 \/ ASME SB-626 \u2014 welded tube. \u00b7 ASTM B829 (general requirements, seamless) \u00b7 ASTM B751 and B775 (general requirements, welded). \u00b7 Welding consumables: AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-4 (wire, UNS N10276 \/ W.Nr. 2.4886) \u00b7 AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-4 (covered electrode, UNS W80276 \/ W.Nr. 2.4887) \u00b7 ASME Section IX F-No. 43. \u00b7 Sour service: NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156. \u00b7 European pressure vessel approval: VdTUV 400 \u00b7 AD 2000. \u00b7 ASME BPVC Section II Part B; design temperature ceiling 538 \u00b0C for Section I, 677 \u00b0C for Section VIII Div. 1 and 427 \u00b0C for Section VIII Div. 2. \u00b7 ISO 6208 (plate, sheet, strip) \u00b7 ISO 9725 (forgings).<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">AMS 5530 AND AMS 5750 ARE HISTORICAL HASTELLOY C SPECIFICATIONS. Both SAE titles give the composition as &#8217;58Ni &#8211; 15.5Cr &#8211; 16Mo &#8211; 3.8W &#8211; 5.5Fe&#8217; and NEITHER TITLE CARRIES A UNS NUMBER; no N10276 match is stated in the SAE text.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Resistance to both reducing and oxidizing chloride-bearing media in one alloy. In numbers: PRE (pitting resistance equivalent) 68 (Alleima). In acidified 6% FeCl3 the critical pitting temperature is above 150 \u00b0C and the critical crevice temperature is 55 \u00b0C (Haynes International).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Filler metal: matching filler AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-4 (wire) and AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-4 (covered electrode). For joints to carbon or low alloy steel, ERNiCrMo-3 \/ ENiCrMo-3 is used. Special Metals gives INCO-WELD 686CPT filler where higher corrosion resistance is required.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">1) STRESS RELIEVING IS PROHIBITED: post-weld stress relieving around 620-650 \u00b0C is not applied. Haynes International&#8217;s wording: &#8216;Post-weld stress relieving in the 1200 \u00b0F (650 \u00b0C) range is not recommended for HASTELLOY C-276 alloy.&#8217; Carpenter Technology states that &#8216;stress relief heat treatments are not effective.&#8217; The reason is that mu\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All nickel alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What Hastelloy C-276 Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">ASME Code Acceptance and MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURES<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b12\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Traps<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nHastelloy C-276 was developed around fifty years ago to withstand various acids and many demanding environments, and its use is becoming increasingly widespread today. Designated UNS N10276 in the UNS system, the material carries the material number 2.4819.<\/p>\n<p>Alloy C-276 was produced and developed to have excellent corrosion resistance in very demanding and aggressive environments. With its high nickel and molybdenum content, the material preserves its durability over long periods in a wide variety of corrosive environments. The roughly 15% molybdenum in the material in particular raises its resistance to pitting corrosion. This nickel alloy contains very little carbon: its carbon content is below 0.01%, and that low carbon content allows the material to be welded more readily. With low carbon, carburisation during welding is minimised, so there is no loss of corrosion resistance or of mechanical properties in the welded areas. Alloy C-276 also contains a significant proportion of tungsten.<\/p>\n<p>Hastelloy C-276, also widely known as Inconel Alloy C-276, is used in many areas where chemical reactions take place. It is a nickel alloy also frequently used in various special filters, in parts in contact with pulp in paper production, in paper manufacture, in the storage of industrial waste, in certain parts in contact with natural gas, in special fan components, in heat exchangers, in special vessels and tanks in which many chemical reactions take place, and in liquid evaporation systems and the pipework of those systems.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition (NiMo16Cr15W) \u00b7 Hastelloy C-276 (2.4819)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ni<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">51-63.5%<br \/> (typically around 57%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cr<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">14.5-16.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4.0-7.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">15-17%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">W Tungsten<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">3.0-4.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Co<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 2.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.01%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mn<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 1.00%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Si<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.08%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.04%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.03%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">V<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.35%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density (specific gravity)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">9220 kg\/m\u00b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Melting Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">1370 \u2013 1420 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Hastelloy C-276<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hastelloy C-276<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">N10276<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">W.Nr (DIN\/EN)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">2.4819<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">EN chemical symbol<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">NiMo16Cr15W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">5530 \u00b7 5750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What Hastelloy C-276 Is \u2014 and the Honest C-276 \/ C-22 \/ C-2000 Positioning<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Hastelloy C-276 (UNS <b>N10276<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>2.4819<\/b> \/ DIN <b>NiMo16Cr15W<\/b> \/ ISO <b>NiMo16Cr15Fe6W4<\/b>) is a wrought, <b>single-phase face-centred-cubic (austenitic) nickel\u2013chromium\u2013molybdenum\u2013tungsten solid-solution alloy<\/b>: nominally <b>~57 Ni \u2013 16 Cr \u2013 16 Mo \u2013 4 W \u2013 5 Fe<\/b>. It is <b>not precipitation-hardenable<\/b>; it can be strengthened only by cold work. Every other Ni-Cr-Mo grade is effectively benchmarked against it \u2014 <b>it is the industry reference alloy<\/b>.<br \/><b>Trade names:<\/b> <b>HASTELLOY\u00ae C-276<\/b> (Haynes International, trademark owner), <b>INCONEL\u00ae alloy C-276<\/b>, <b>VDM\u00ae Alloy C-276 \/ Nicrofer 5716 hMoW<\/b>, generic &#8220;Alloy C-276&#8221;. <b>Composition standard: DIN 17744:2020-12<\/b> (current; replaces 2002-09) \u00b7 ISO\/TR 15608 <b>group 43<\/b>.<br \/><b>WARNING \u2014 the filler metal has its own number:<\/b> base metal <b>2.4819<\/b>, bare welding wire <b>2.4886<\/b> (SG-NiMo16Cr16W), covered electrode <b>2.4887<\/b> (EL-NiMo15Cr15W).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The chemistry is a deliberate compromise. <b>Mo (15.0\u201317.0 %) and W (3.0\u20134.5 %)<\/b> carry resistance to <b>reducing<\/b> acids (HCl, H\u2082SO\u2084) and are the main contributors to pitting and crevice resistance. <b>Cr (14.5\u201316.5 %)<\/b> carries resistance to <b>oxidising<\/b> media \u2014 and at only ~16 % this is <b>the alloy&#8217;s principal weakness<\/b>. <b>Fe 4.0\u20137.0 % is a deliberate specified range<\/b>, not a residual.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The single most important fact: low C and low Si \u2192 usable AS WELDED<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The predecessor, <b>alloy C<\/b> (1930s), carried much higher carbon and silicon. On heating through roughly <b>600\u20131100 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 exactly the cycle a weld heat-affected zone experiences \u2014 it threw <b>brittle, Mo-rich intergranular precipitates<\/b> at grain boundaries, depleting the adjacent matrix of Mo and Cr. The consequence was commercially ruinous: <b>every welded fabrication destined for corrosive service had to be re-solution-annealed after welding<\/b> \u2014 for a large vessel or a field weld, either prohibitively expensive or physically impossible. C-276 (1960s) was made possible by <b>argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD)<\/b>, which allowed carbon and silicon to be driven down to residual levels. <b>This is the alloy&#8217;s entire reason for existing.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Carbon 0.010 % max (100 ppm).<\/b> Carbon forms <b>M\u2086C carbide<\/b> at grain boundaries. The mill&#8217;s metallurgy guide calls M\u2086C &#8220;<b>the most important second phase resulting from residual (unwanted) elements<\/b>&#8221; and states it forms <b>&#8220;even at very low residual carbon levels (0.005 wt.% or less)&#8221;<\/b> \u2014 with kinetics faster than sigma. <b>0.010 % does not eliminate carbide precipitation; it slows it enough that a weld thermal cycle cannot produce a continuous grain-boundary film.<\/b><br \/><b>Silicon 0.08 % max.<\/b> Silicon is a deoxidiser residual that strongly promotes intergranular precipitation. The mill: carbon and silicon &#8220;<b>are undesirable residuals\u2026 they precipitate deleteriously at grain boundaries during hot working and welding if present in excess<\/b>&#8220;.<br \/><b>The operative design statement:<\/b> the alloy is formulated so that &#8220;<b>short-term thermal excursions above 500 \u00b0C (as encountered during welding) do not cause continuous precipitation<\/b>&#8220;. Three independent publishers corroborate: the alloy &#8220;<b>has resisted the formation of grain boundary precipitates in the weld heat-affected zone<\/b>&#8220;, enabling use &#8220;<b>in the as-welded condition in most chemical and petrochemical process equipment<\/b>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>But do not over-read this.<\/b> &#8220;As-welded&#8221; means <b>no mandatory PWHT<\/b>. It does <b>NOT<\/b> mean the alloy is indifferent to time at temperature. Nor does it mean weld metal equals base metal: the mill&#8217;s own all-weld-metal data show weld rates consistently above base metal \u2014 <b>70 % H\u2082SO\u2084 at 66 \u00b0C: weld 0.13 mm\/y vs base metal 0.05 mm\/y<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">C-276 \u00b7 C-22 \u00b7 C-2000 \u2014 where distributor pages mislead most<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">These three are <b>NOT a quality ladder; they are a Cr\/Mo trade-off.<\/b> There is no answer to &#8220;which is best&#8221;; there is an answer to <b>&#8220;is the environment oxidising or reducing&#8221;<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The Cr\/Mo Trade-off<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Nominal composition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>C-276:<\/b> ~16 Cr \/ ~16 Mo \/ ~4 W \u00b7 <b>C-22\u00ae:<\/b> ~22 Cr \/ ~13 Mo \/ ~3 W \u00b7 <b>C-2000\u00ae:<\/b> ~23 Cr \/ ~16 Mo \/ no W \/ <b>~1.6 Cu<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Bias<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>C-276: reducing acids<\/b> \u00b7 <b>C-22: oxidising media and oxidising chlorides<\/b> \u00b7 <b>C-2000: broad spectrum; best in H\u2082SO\u2084 and HF<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Measured differences<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">In acidified ferric chloride, <b>C-276 CCT 55 \u00b0C<\/b> vs <b>C-2000 CCT 80 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>in nitric acid C-2000 is explicitly better<\/b> (the 0.1 and 0.5 mm\/y lines &#8220;have been pushed to higher concentrations and temperatures by the higher chromium content&#8221;) \u00b7 <b>in sulphuric acid C-2000&#8217;s copper gives a clear edge<\/b> (50 % H\u2082SO\u2084 at 150 \u00b0C: 0.02 mm\/y)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Where C-276 genuinely wins<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">More <b>tungsten<\/b> than C-22 and more <b>Mo+W<\/b> than the 23 % Cr alloys: <b>hot reducing acid<\/b> and <b>mixed or contaminated reducing service<\/b>. Plus <b>60+ years of service history, the widest specification coverage, the broadest stock availability and the lowest price of the three<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The argument almost nobody quotes<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The mill states <b>C-22 is &#8220;very prone&#8221; to the Ni\u2082(Cr,Mo) long-range-ordering reaction in the 300\u2013650 \u00b0C range<\/b>, while <b>C-276 is less susceptible<\/b>. <b>For anything held for long periods at 300\u2013500 \u00b0C this is a real argument in favour of C-276.<\/b> <b>Alloy 59<\/b> (23Cr-16Mo) and <b>alloy 686<\/b> (16Mo-3.7W) sit between the two<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Buying rule:<\/b> if the service is reducing or mixed \u2192 <b>C-276<\/b>. If it is oxidising or oxidising-chloride \u2192 moving to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-22\/\">C-22<\/a> \/ 59 \/ 686 is <b>a genuine upgrade, not marketing<\/b>. If it is nitric or strongly oxidising \u2192 <b>none of the C family is the right answer<\/b>. Sister alloys: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-2000\/\">C-2000<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-b-3\/\">B-3<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-625\/\">Inconel 625<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/\">Incoloy 825<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B575 \/ ASME SB-575 \u2014 solution annealed and descaled \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 ISO 6208 \u00b7 VdTUV 400 \u00b7 AD 2000. There is NO AMS number (see the specification note).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Sheet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B575 \/ ASME SB-575 \u00b7 ASTM B906 (general requirements) \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 ISO 6208<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B575 \/ ASME SB-575 \u00b7 ASTM B906 \/ ASME SB-906 \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 ISO 6208<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar, flat bar (including square and hexagon)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B574 \/ ASME SB-574 \u2014 hot-finished and cold-finished; solution anneal 1066-1121 \u00b0C plus water quench \u00b7 ASTM B472 (billet and bar stock) \u00b7 DIN 17752 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forging<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B564 \/ ASME SB-564 \u00b7 for diameters above 89 mm (3.5 in.) Corrosion Materials points to B564 \u00b7 DIN 17754 \u00b7 ISO 9725<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Flange<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B462 \/ ASME SB-462 \u2014 forged or rolled flanges, fittings, valves and parts for high-temperature service \u00b7 dimensions to ASME B16.5 \/ B16.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Fitting<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B366 \/ ASME SB-366 \u2014 welded and seamless; SOLUTION ANNEAL REQUIREMENT: 1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) minimum \u00b7 dimensions to ASME B16.9, B16.11, MSS SP-43, SP-95, SP-97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Seamless pipe and tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B622 \/ ASME SB-622 \u2014 solution annealed and descaled \u00b7 ASTM B829 (general requirements) \u00b7 DIN 17751 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 \u00b7 approved in ASME BPVC Section I and Section VIII Div. 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welded pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B619 \/ ASME SB-619 \u00b7 ASTM B775 (general requirements)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welded tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B626 \/ ASME SB-626 \u00b7 ASTM B751 (general requirements)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding consumable<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-4 \u2014 wire (UNS N10276 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4886) \u00b7 AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-4 \u2014 covered electrode (UNS W80276 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4887) \u00b7 ASME Section IX F-No. 43 \u00b7 ISO 18274 S Ni 6276 \u00b7 DIN 17753<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ALL FORMS \u2014 composition and general<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">UNS N10276 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4819 \u00b7 DIN 17744 (composition) \u00b7 ASME BPVC Section II Part B \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 (sour service) \u00b7 VdTUV 400 \u00b7 AD 2000. <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 5530<\/b> AND <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 5750<\/b> ARE NOT IN THIS LIST \u2014 they are N10002 (Hastelloy C) specifications; see the specification note.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">THERE IS NO AMS ROW IN THIS TABLE, and that is deliberate. The SAE titles of AMS 5530 and AMS 5750 carry no UNS number at all; both titles give the composition as 58Ni &#8211; 15.5Cr &#8211; 16Mo &#8211; 3.8W &#8211; 5.5Fe and NO N10276 MATCH IS STATED in the SAE text. The independent source that does tie these two numbers to a UNS (Tech Steel &#038; Materials) maps both of them to UNS N10002 = HASTELLOY C. Hastelloy C (N10002) and Hastelloy C-276 (N10276) ARE SEPARATE ALLOYS. C-276 exists because the C and Si ceilings were lowered (C 0.010% \u00b7 Si 0.08%); N10002 does not meet those ceilings. Material delivered against AMS 5530 \/ AMS 5750 therefore does not automatically count as C-276. ORDERING PRACTICE: an N10276 order is placed against the ASTM\/ASME number, and the certificate is checked for the wording UNS N10276 and for a C 0.010% max analysis. If a customer asks for AMS 5530 or AMS 5750, which alloy they mean (N10002 or N10276) must be confirmed in writing. ASTM B574 carries a solution anneal requirement of 1066-1121 \u00b0C plus a water quench; ASTM B366 requires 1121 \u00b0C minimum. The other ASTM specifications give no numerical temperature, only the &#8216;solution annealed and descaled&#8217; condition. DIN 17744 covers composition, 17750 sheet-plate-strip, 17751 seamless tube, 17752 bar, 17753 wire and 17754 forgings; this mapping is taken from the VDM Metals, voestalpine and HP Alloys pages.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASTM \/ ASME Product Specifications \u00b7 N10276<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip \u00b7 bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM B575 \/ SB-575<\/b> (general-requirements companion <b>B906<\/b>) \u00b7 <b>ASTM B574 \/ SB-574<\/b> (companion <b>B880<\/b>, single-sourced)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seamless pipe and tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>ASTM B622 \/ SB-622<\/b> \u2014 <b>tube \u226488.9 mm OD<\/b> \u00b7 companion <b>B829<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welded pipe \u00b7 welded tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>B619 \/ SB-619<\/b> (<b>Class I<\/b> welded + solution annealed; <b>Class II<\/b> welded + cold worked + solution annealed; companion <b>B775<\/b>) \u00b7 <b>B626 \/ SB-626<\/b> (companion <b>B751<\/b>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fittings \u00b7 flanges \u00b7 forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>B366 \/ SB-366<\/b> (butt-weld fittings) \u00b7 <b>B462 \/ SB-462<\/b> (flanges, forged fittings, valves and parts) \u00b7 <b>B564 \/ SB-564<\/b> (forgings)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Bolts \u00b7 nuts<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM F468 \/ F468M<\/b> \u00b7 <b>ASTM F467 \/ F467M<\/b> \u2014 <b>no ASME equivalent<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Unverified<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>B472<\/b> (billet\/bar for reforging) and <b>B983<\/b> (cold-worked or age-hardened pipe and tube) \u2014 <b>listed only in the mill brochure<\/b>, not independently verified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NO ASTM\/ASME COVERING SPECIFICATION EXISTS<\/b> \u2014 only DIN 17753<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>ASTM B575<\/b> covers N10276 <b>alongside<\/b> N06022, N06035, N06058, N06059, N06200, N06210, N06455 and N06686; B574 covers N10276, N06022, N06035, N06059, N06455 and N06686. <b>Practical warning: &#8220;certified to ASTM B575&#8221; alone does not tell you which alloy you received<\/b> \u2014 look for the <b>UNS number<\/b> on the certificate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Welding consumables \u2014 the most common catalogue error lives here.<\/b> <b>Bare rod\/wire<\/b> (GTAW, GMAW, SAW, plasma): <b>AWS A5.14 \/ SFA-5.14 \u00b7 ERNiCrMo-4 \u00b7 UNS N10276 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4886<\/b>. <b>Covered electrode<\/b> (SMAW): <b>AWS A5.11 \/ SFA-5.11 \u00b7 ENiCrMo-4 \u00b7 UNS W80276 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4887<\/b>.<br \/><b>Note the UNS asymmetry: the bare wire shares the base-metal UNS (N10276); the covered electrode has its own W-prefixed number (W80276).<\/b> Any catalogue printing &#8220;ENiCrMo-4, UNS N10276&#8221; is <b>wrong<\/b> \u2014 and this is the <b>single most common error<\/b> in distributor catalogues. Over-alloyed options: <b>686CPT<\/b> (ERNiCrMo-14\/ENiCrMo-14 class), <b>FM 59<\/b> (2.4607, ERNiCrMo-13). The welding-metallurgy literature states explicitly that for C-276 joints <b>matching ERNiCrMo-4 is superior to ERNiCrMo-3 (alloy 625 filler)<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The European \/ German route.<\/b> DIN product standards: plate\/sheet <b>17750<\/b> (ISO 6208), pipe\/tube <b>17751<\/b> (ISO 6207), bar <b>17752<\/b> (ISO 9723\/9724\/9725), wire <b>17753<\/b>, forgings <b>17754<\/b>. <b>VdT\u00dcV-Werkstoffblatt 400<\/b>, <b>maximum design temperature 450 \u00b0C (844 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 the VdT\u00dcV 400 strength table terminates at 450 \u00b0C. <b>There is NO dedicated EN product standard:<\/b> no EN equivalent of B575\/B574 was found; European mills certify to <b>DIN 17744 \/ 17750\u201317754 plus VdT\u00dcV 400<\/b>. <b>This absence is inferred, not confirmed<\/b> \u2014 do not write it as an absolute.<br \/><b>ASME Section IX:<\/b> base metal <b>P-No. 43<\/b>, filler <b>F-No. 43<\/b> \u2014 <b>from two secondary sources; verify against QW-422\/QW-432<\/b>. <b>A-Numbers DO NOT APPLY:<\/b> ASME IX A-Numbers (QW-442) classify <b>ferrous<\/b> weld-metal chemistry only; any source quoting &#8220;A-No. N10276&#8221; is <b>in error<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 Status<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Listing<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Listed<\/b> (five independent sources) \u00b7 also listed in NACE <b>MR0103<\/b> (single-sourced) \u00b7 material type <b>&#8220;4e&#8221;<\/b> (two secondary sources; the Annex A table number <b>could not be confirmed<\/b>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Environmental envelope<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>No restrictions to H\u2082S partial pressure below 204 \u00b0C (400 \u00b0F)<\/b>; separately, resistance to <b>6.9 MPa (1000 psi) H\u2082S at 232 \u00b0C<\/b> has been demonstrated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hardness and environmental limits<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>COULD NOT BE VERIFIED AGAINST THE STANDARD \u2014 we publish no figure.<\/b> The correct wording: <b>hardness limits are per the applicable Annex A table of ISO 15156-3; confirm against the current edition.<\/b> Chloride \/ pH \/ elemental-sulphur limits <b>could not be verified<\/b> either \u2014 do not publish them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>A separate, unrelated cap<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>ASTM F468 caps N10276 bolting at 20\u201332 HRC<\/b> \u2014 that is a <b>product-specification<\/b> limit, <b>not the NACE cap<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance and MAXIMUM CODE TEMPERATURES<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">SOLUTION ANNEAL \u2014 this is the only heat treatment<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">SOLUTION ANNEAL \u2014 this is the only heat treatment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The only valid heat treatment for this alloy. It reverses cold work, takes precipitates back into solid solution and restores corrosion resistance. It does NOT raise strength; it lowers it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Sources spread between 1066 \u00b0C and 1177 \u00b0C, ALL NAMED: ASTM B574 specification requirement 1066-1121 \u00b0C (1950-2050 \u00b0F) \u00b7 ASTM B366 specification requirement 1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) minimum \u00b7 Haynes International 1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) \u00b7 High Temp Metals 1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Elgiloy 1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Carpenter Technology 1121-1149 \u00b0C (2050-2100 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Corrosion Materials 1121-1177 \u00b0C (2050-2150 \u00b0F) \u00b7 VDM Metals 1100-1160 \u00b0C (2012-2120 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Special Metals (INCONEL C-276) 1150-1175 \u00b0C (2100-2150 \u00b0F) \u00b7 peer-reviewed book chapter (IntechOpen, welding metallurgy of C-276) 1120 \u00b0C. NO SINGLE FIGURE IS WRITTEN; the band of whichever specification the order was placed against is the one that applies.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Haynes International 10-30 minutes (depending on thickness) \u00b7 Carpenter Technology 1 hour per 25.4 mm (1 inch) of thickness \u00b7 VDM Metals ties it to section: for d < 10 mm, t = d x 3 min\/mm; for d = 10-20 mm, t = 30 min + (d - 10 mm) x 2 min\/mm; for d > 20 mm, t = 50 min + (d &#8211; 20 mm) x 1 min\/mm. No single figure could be confirmed by 4 independent sources, so none is written.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">A WATER QUENCH IS MANDATORY \u2014 this step is a metallurgical requirement, not a preference. Haynes International: water quenching is advised; rapid air cooling is feasible below 10 mm. Special Metals: &#8216;rapidly cooled such as by water quenching&#8217;. VDM Metals: cooling accelerated with water; fast air cooling below about 1.5 mm thickness. Carpenter Technology: water quench. Corrosion Materials: rapid quench in a protective atmosphere or an agitated reducing quench bath. Slow cooling precipitates mu phase and M6C carbide while passing through the 600-1100 \u00b0C band and voids the treatment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">After hot or cold forming; after welding where maximum corrosion resistance is required; to recover a part that has been held at an intermediate temperature and embrittled. This is the delivery condition: ASTM B575 \/ B574 \/ B622 all call for solution annealed and descaled material.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B575 \u00b7 ASTM B574 (1066-1121 \u00b0C plus water quench) \u00b7 ASTM B622 \u00b7 ASTM B619 \u00b7 ASTM B626 \u00b7 ASTM B564 \u00b7 ASTM B462 \u00b7 ASTM B366 (1121 \u00b0C minimum)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">After welding<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">After welding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Where a full solution anneal is wanted for severe corrosion service, 1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) plus a water quench or rapid air cool is applied (Haynes International). STRESS RELIEVING IS NOT AN OPTION.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Post-weld heat treatment is NOT required; the alloy goes into service as-welded. The reason is the 0.010% C and 0.08% Si ceilings: no grain boundary precipitate forms in the HAZ (Special Metals, Sandmeyer, NeoNickel, Carpenter Technology, High Temp Metals).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Range to avoid<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">DETRIMENTAL PRECIPITATION BAND \u2014 this is NOT a hardening cycle, it is the region to avoid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The wide band is 600-1100 \u00b0C (VDM Metals: &#8216;In the temperature range of 600 to 1,100 \u00b0C (1,112 to 2,012 \u00b0F), inter-metallic phases can form during longer exposure times or when cooling is too slow&#8217;; msestudent gives the same band). The narrow band where precipitation is HEAVIEST is 650-900 \u00b0C: Raghavan et al., Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 923-1173 K (650-900 \u00b0C); IntechOpen peer-reviewed book chapter, 650-900 \u00b0C. Point measurement: held longer than 4 hours at 800 \u00b0C, M6C precipitates at the grain boundaries (Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Result<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">A molybdenum-depleted zone forms at the grain boundaries; in DL-EPR testing and in HCl the surfaces show typical intergranular attack (Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance). Ductility falls: brittle fracture is reported after ageing for 120 h at 850 \u00b0C (IntechOpen).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCE 1: stress relieving at 620-650 \u00b0C IS PROHIBITED \u2014 that temperature sits inside the band. Haynes International: &#8216;Post-weld stress relieving in the 1200 \u00b0F (650 \u00b0C) range is not recommended for HASTELLOY C-276 alloy.&#8217; Carpenter Technology: &#8216;Stress relief heat treatments are not effective.&#8217; PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCE 2: the practical ceiling for continuous service is 600 \u00b0C. The ASME BPVC design ceiling is 677 \u00b0C for Section VIII Div. 1, 538 \u00b0C for Section I and 427 \u00b0C for Section VIII Div. 2. PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCE 3: on the way down from the solution anneal this band is crossed FAST; if cooling is slow the treatment is wasted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Phases<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">mu (\u03bc) phase \u2014 molybdenum rich, faulted, the MOST ABUNDANT phase \u00b7 M6C carbide \u2014 rich in Mo and W \u00b7 P phase \u2014 composition close to mu phase, seen infrequently. NOT SIGMA PHASE: no sigma phase is reported for C-276 in any peer-reviewed source or producer document reviewed here. The &#8216;375-875 \u00b0C sigma embrittlement&#8217; wording found on some vendor pages is copied from the stainless steel literature and does not apply to C-276.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. Hastelloy C-276 is a SOLID SOLUTION alloy and is NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE \u2014 there is NO ageing step, so no ageing diagram is drawn. No curve is drawn because no published TTT\/CCT curve was used. The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. No curve is drawn because no published TTT\/CCT curve was used. Hastelloy C-276 is a SOLID SOLUTION alloy. There is NO ageing step (nothing like H900, H1025, H1075 or H1150); an order text showing such a recipe is wrong. Hardness rises only with cold work and is removed again by the solution anneal. SIGMA PHASE IS NOT WRITTEN. The peer-reviewed sources reviewed here (Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A; IntechOpen; Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance) report mu phase, M6C carbide and, infrequently, P phase in C-276; sigma phase is not reported. The &#8216;375-875 \u00b0C sigma embrittlement&#8217; wording on vendor pages is copied from the stainless steel literature. No single solution annealing temperature is written: the specification requirement (ASTM B574: 1066-1121 \u00b0C; ASTM B366: 1121 \u00b0C minimum) and the producer practice band (1100-1177 \u00b0C) are not the same thing and must not be mixed. The band of whichever specification the order was placed against is the one that applies. THE 1040 \u00b0C LOWER BOUND COULD NOT BE CONFIRMED. That figure circulates on some vendor pages as a &#8216;1040-1150 \u00b0C solution treatment&#8217;; it was not found as a solution annealing temperature in any qualifying source. 1040 \u00b0C appears only as a service \/ corrosion-resistance ceiling (msestudent). The card and the diagram carry a 1066 \u00b0C lower bound instead (ASTM B574). The 620-650 \u00b0C stress relieving prohibition rests on 3 qualifying sources (Haynes International, Carpenter Technology, and VDM Metals&#8217; 600-1100 \u00b0C band). Because 4 could not be reached, the statement is written WITH ATTRIBUTION rather than as an anonymous rule. The metallurgy underneath it (the 600-1100 \u00b0C precipitation band) is confirmed by 5 sources.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What follows are CODE LIMITS.<\/b> They are not capability statements and they are <b>emphatically not corrosion-service recommendations.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Ceilings \u00b7 N10276<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Section VIII Div. 1<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>677 \u00b0C (1250 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Section VIII Div. 2<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>SOURCES DISAGREE:<\/b> the mill gives <b>677 \u00b0C<\/b>, another publisher gives <b>427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>A majority cannot be established from two sources<\/b>; <b>verify against the current Section II-D Table 5A\/5B before publishing<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Section I \u00b7 Section XII<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>343 \u00b0C (650 \u00b0F)<\/b> (transport tanks)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ASME B31.3<\/b> (process piping)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>677 \u00b0C (1250 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 and this is the relevant code for chemical plant anyway<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME B31.1<\/b> (power piping)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>UNVERIFIED.<\/b> The mill claims 538 \u00b0C, but N10276 is <b>absent from B31.1-2001 Table A-4<\/b>. Treat the coverage as unverified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>VdT\u00dcV 400<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>450 \u00b0C (844 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 the European ceiling is far lower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>NOW THE MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE ON THIS PAGE.<\/b> The <b>677 \u00b0C<\/b> that ASME VIII Div. 1 permits and the temperature at which the alloy is metallurgically viable <b>are not the same thing<\/b>. The mill&#8217;s own metallurgy guide states that C-276&#8217;s microstructure is <b>metastable only from room temperature to approximately 427 \u00b0C<\/b>, and that &#8220;<b>long-term exposures reveal their equilibrium, multiple phase nature<\/b>&#8220;; an independent comparison likewise cites <b>427 \u00b0C<\/b> as the practical upper operating temperature. <b>Code ceiling 677 \u00b0C; practical corrosion-service ceiling \u2248425 \u00b0C. These are different numbers answering different questions.<\/b> A vessel run continuously at 600 \u00b0C is <b>code-legal and metallurgically doomed.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the section your sales engineers should memorise.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>1. Wire (cold-drawn, spring, mesh).<\/b> <b>No ASTM or ASME product specification exists for N10276 wire.<\/b> Three separate mill and distributor specification lists map wire only to <b>DIN 17753 \/ ISO 9723-9725<\/b>. Specify chemistry <b>by reference to B574\/B575<\/b> and mechanicals <b>by agreement<\/b>. <b>Never write &#8220;ASTM B574 wire&#8221;<\/b> \u2014 no such thing exists.<br \/><b>2. Bolting above 76 mm (3 in.) diameter.<\/b> F468 <b>explicitly<\/b> states that mechanical properties of larger sections &#8220;<b>shall be negotiated<\/b>&#8220;. <b>There is no code-covered, high-strength C-276 bolting above 3 in.<\/b><br \/><b>3. Castings.<\/b> <b>There is no ASTM casting specification with a C-276 composition.<\/b> The cast equivalents (<b>A494 CW-12MW<\/b>, CW-6M) are <b>different alloys<\/b> with different chemistry and properties. <b>A CW-12MW valve body is not &#8220;cast C-276&#8221;.<\/b><br \/><b>4. Cold-worked (non-annealed) sheet and strip tempers.<\/b> B575 covers <b>solution-annealed only<\/b>; cold-rolled tempers are <b>by mill agreement<\/b>.<br \/><b>5. B626, B366, B462 and B564 mechanical minima.<\/b> Assumed identical to B574\/B575 but <b>not independently verified<\/b> \u2014 for a critical calculation, confirm against the standard.<br \/><b>6. Other fasteners.<\/b> Washers, threaded rod and socket products outside the F468 scope \u2014 <b>by agreement<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASTM B575 \/ B574 \/ B622 \/ B619 \/ B626 (identical across these specs)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ni<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Remainder<\/b> (by difference); typically falls out at <b>51\u201363 %<\/b>, nominal mill aim <b>~57 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Mo \u00b7 Cr \u00b7 Fe \u00b7 W<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>15.0\u201317.0 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>14.5\u201316.5 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>4.0\u20137.0 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>3.0\u20134.5 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Co \u00b7 Mn \u00b7 V<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max <b>2.5 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>1.0 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.35 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>C \u00b7 Si<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max <b>0.010 %<\/b> \u00b7 max <b>0.08 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>the alloy&#8217;s reason for existing<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">P \u00b7 S<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max <b>0.04 %<\/b> \u00b7 max <b>0.03 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>see the DIN divergence below<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Why the tungsten is there.<\/b> W is a <b>specified range<\/b>, not a tramp element. It behaves metallurgically like molybdenum (roughly <b>half the potency per weight percent<\/b>) and reinforces resistance to <b>reducing<\/b> acids and to pitting. The mill says it directly: alloy C-4 &#8220;contains 16 wt.% molybdenum and chromium with <b>no tungsten<\/b>&#8220;; C-276 adds 4 % W &#8220;<b>for enhanced reducing acid resistance<\/b>&#8220;. In nickel-alloy PREN formulations <b>W is usually counted at half weight<\/b>.<br \/><b>C \u22640.010 % and Si \u22640.08 % are hard specification limits, not typical values.<\/b> A certificate showing <b>C = 0.015 %<\/b> is <b>NON-CONFORMING to ASTM B575\/B574<\/b>. <b>Check the carbon on every certificate:<\/b> two major publishers print carbon as <b>&#8220;0.02 % max&#8221;<\/b> on their own C-276 data sheets \u2014 and 0.02 % carbon is <b>precisely the condition C-276 was invented to eliminate<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The ASTM\u2013DIN P\/S divergence \u2014 real and commercially decisive<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Phosphorus max:<\/b> <b>ASTM 0.04 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>DIN \/ VdT\u00dcV 400: 0.025 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>VDM\u00ae (mill-internal): 0.02 %<\/b> \u2192 <b>a heat at P = 0.030 % passes ASTM and FAILS DIN 17744 \/ VdT\u00dcV 400.<\/b><br \/><b>Sulphur max:<\/b> <b>ASTM 0.03 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>DIN \/ VdT\u00dcV 400: 0.010 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>VDM\u00ae: 0.01 %<\/b> \u2192 <b>ASTM allows THREE TIMES the DIN sulphur.<\/b> And sulphur is one of the impurity elements the mill <b>names<\/b> as driving weld solidification cracking.<br \/><b>Other narrowings:<\/b> Cr min ASTM 14.5 % \/ VDM\u00ae <b>15.0 %<\/b> \u00b7 V max ASTM 0.35 % \/ VDM\u00ae <b>0.30 %<\/b> \u00b7 Ni ASTM &#8220;remainder&#8221; \/ VDM\u00ae <b>51.0\u201363.0 % as an explicit range<\/b>.<br \/><b>Procurement implication:<\/b> a certificate stamped &#8220;ASTM B575 \/ SB-575&#8221; does <b>NOT<\/b> automatically satisfy a European purchaser buying to <b>DIN 17744 \/ VdT\u00dcV 400<\/b>. For dual-certified material, state <b>P \u22640.020 % and S \u22640.010 %<\/b> <b>explicitly<\/b> on the purchase order \u2014 do not assume it.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 546\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B575 \/ ASME SB-575 \u00b7 plate, sheet, strip<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"565.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"588.2\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"231.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"254.8\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">283<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B574 \/ ASME SB-574 \u00b7 bar (round, square, hexagon)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"565.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"588.2\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"231.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"254.8\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">283<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B622 \/ ASME SB-622 \u00b7 seamless pipe and tube<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"565.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"588.2\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"196\" width=\"231.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"254.8\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">283<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ALL PRODUCT FORMS \u00b7 solution annealed (producer summary)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"242\" width=\"565.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"588.2\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"260\" width=\"231.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"254.8\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">283<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"300\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">VDM Metals \u00b7 European delivery requirement (EN \/ VdTUV 400)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"306\" width=\"573.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"596.4\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">700<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"324\" width=\"229.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"252.3\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">280<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">TYPICAL \u2014 plate, solution annealed (NOT a specification requirement)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"370\" width=\"606.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"629.9\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">741<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"388\" width=\"284.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"307.2\" y=\"400\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">347<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"428\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">TYPICAL \u2014 sheet, solution annealed (NOT a specification requirement)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"434\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"446\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">796<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"452\" width=\"308.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"331.0\" y=\"464\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">376<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"492\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">TYPICAL \u2014 bar, solution annealed (NOT a specification requirement)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"498\" width=\"620.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"643.9\" y=\"510\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">758<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"516\" width=\"297.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"320.3\" y=\"528\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">363<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B575 \/ ASME SB-575 \u00b7 plate, sheet, strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">100 HRB max (informative only, not an acceptance criterion)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">283<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B574 \/ ASME SB-574 \u00b7 bar (round, square, hexagon)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">210 HB max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">283<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B622 \/ ASME SB-622 \u00b7 seamless pipe and tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">283<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ALL PRODUCT FORMS \u00b7 solution annealed (producer summary)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">283<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">VDM Metals \u00b7 European delivery requirement (EN \/ VdTUV 400)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">240 HB max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">280-310<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">700-730<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25-30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">TYPICAL \u2014 plate, solution annealed (NOT a specification requirement)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">89 HRB<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">347<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">741<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">67%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">TYPICAL \u2014 sheet, solution annealed (NOT a specification requirement)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">86 HRB<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">376<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">796<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">60%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">TYPICAL \u2014 bar, solution annealed (NOT a specification requirement)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">88 HRB<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">363<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">758<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">62%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">THE FIRST FOUR ROWS ARE SPECIFICATION MINIMUMS for room temperature. THE FIFTH ROW is the European (VDM Metals \/ VdTUV 400) delivery requirement and IS NOT THE SAME as ASTM. THE LAST THREE ROWS are producer TYPICAL values, not specification requirements; a typical value never goes into a calculation. BECAUSE N10276 IS NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE, the rows are split by SPECIFICATION and PRODUCT FORM, not by ageing condition; there is NO condition column such as H900 or H1075. What stands out on the ASTM side is this: B575 (plate-sheet-strip), B574 (bar) and B622 (seamless pipe and tube) all carry THE SAME minimum set \u2014 690 MPa tensile, 283 MPa yield, 40% elongation. THERE IS NO AMS ROW: AMS 5530 and AMS 5750 are N10002 (Hastelloy C) specifications and give no numerical minimum for N10276.<\/b> In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. A SPECIFICATION MINIMUM AND A TYPICAL VALUE ARE NOT MIXED. The typical plate tensile strength is 741 MPa and the specification minimum is 690 MPa; 690 MPa is what goes into the calculation. The minimums of ASTM B575, B574 and B622 ARE THE SAME (690 \/ 283 \/ 40%). This means the strength calculation does not change when the product form changes; it is a practical convenience of C-276. THE VDM METALS ROW IS A SEPARATE SPECIFICATION FAMILY. The European (EN \/ VdTUV 400) delivery requirement is higher than ASTM (Rm >= 700-730 MPa against ASTM&#8217;s 690 MPa). Collapsing the two families into one table is wrong, which is why it is a separate row. Metalcor also gives Rp0.2 >= 310 N\/mm2 and Rm >= 750 N\/mm2 \u2014 higher still than VDM&#8217;s upper end; see the conflicts list. Numerical minimums for ASTM B619 (welded pipe), B626 (welded tube), B564 (forgings) and B462 (flanges) could not each be confirmed by 4 independent sources and are therefore NOT IN THIS TABLE. Corrosion Materials gives the same set for all forms; when placing an order the value must be confirmed from the specification text. Cold-worked (hard \/ spring temper) values are not in the table: Elgiloy gives 830-1100 MPa annealed and 1380-1655 MPa spring temper for strip, but that is a product range, not a specification minimum, and it could not be confirmed by 4 sources. Because C-276 is not precipitation hardenable the HRC column is empty; in the annealed condition the alloy is measured on the HRB scale (typically 86-89 HRB).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Three concepts are kept rigidly apart here:<\/b> the <b>specification minimum<\/b> (what you can legally rely on), the <b>typical mill value<\/b> (what a real heat usually tests at \u2014 <b>never quote it as a guaranteed minimum on a quotation<\/b>) and <b>mechanical capability<\/b> (what the metal can actually do). <b>Confusing these three is the most common source of datasheet errors.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification MINIMA<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM B575 \u00b7 B574 \u00b7 B622 \u00b7 B619<\/b> (solution annealed)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>UTS \u2265690 MPa (100 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.2 % YS \u2265283 MPa (41 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>elongation \u226540 %<\/b> \u00b7 100 HRB max in B575 and 210 HB max in B574 (informative) \u00b7 <b>B575 has no thickness differentiation<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>B626 \u00b7 B366 \u00b7 B462 \u00b7 B564<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Assumed identical but <b>not independently verified<\/b> \u2014 for a critical calculation, confirm against the standard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>F468<\/b> bolts\/studs \u00bc\u2033\u20131\u00bd\u2033 (cold worked)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>UTS \u2265758 MPa (110 ksi)<\/b>, 110\u2013140 ksi full-size \u00b7 <b>YS \u2265310 MPa (45 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>elongation \u226525 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>20\u201332 HRC<\/b> \u00b7 <b>&gt;76 mm: &#8220;shall be negotiated&#8221;<\/b> \u00b7 <b>F467<\/b> nuts: the single retrieved figure set (110 ksi proof, 20 HRC) <b>is internally inconsistent \u2014 do not publish it without the standard<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>VdT\u00dcV 400<\/b> (room temperature)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Sheet \u22645 mm: <b>Rp0.2 \u2265310 \u00b7 Rm \u2265730 MPa \u00b7 A \u226530 %<\/b> \u00b7 sheet\/plate 5\u201325 mm: <b>\u2265280 \u00b7 \u2265700 MPa \u00b7 \u226525 %<\/b> \u00b7 strip 0.1\u20133 mm and bar \u2264100 mm: <b>310\/730\/30 %<\/b> and <b>280\/730\/30 %<\/b> (single-sourced) \u00b7 all at max <b>240 HB<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Rm conflict on thin sheet<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">One mill gives <b>Rm \u2265730 MPa<\/b>, another a <b>banded 750\u20131000 MPa<\/b>. <b>Print both; do not average.<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>VdT\u00dcV 400 \u00b7 elevated-temperature Rp0.2 (MPa)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Sheet \u22645 mm \/ forging-bar and sheet 5\u201320 mm: <b>20 \u00b0C: 310 \/ 280<\/b> \u00b7 <b>100 \u00b0C: 280 \/ 255<\/b> \u00b7 <b>200 \u00b0C: 240 \/ 225<\/b> \u00b7 <b>300 \u00b0C: 220 \/ 200<\/b> \u00b7 <b>400 \u00b0C: 195 \/ 170<\/b> \u00b7 <b>450 \u00b0C: 150<\/b> (single-sourced)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Explain the ASTM\u2013EN gap to your customer.<\/b> ASTM demands only <b>283 MPa \/ 690 MPa \/ 40 %<\/b>; VdT\u00dcV demands <b>310 MPa \/ 730 MPa<\/b> but only <b>30 %<\/b> elongation on thin sheet. <b>Neither set dominates the other:<\/b> material can <b>pass ASTM and fail VdT\u00dcV on yield<\/b>, or <b>pass VdT\u00dcV and fail ASTM on elongation<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">TYPICAL MILL VALUES \u2014 for design feel only, never as a guarantee<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Sheet \u00b7 plate \u00b7 bar \u00b7 tubing (annealed, RT)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>796 \/ 376 MPa \u00b7 60 % \u00b7 86 HRB<\/b> \u00b7 <b>741 \/ 347 MPa \u00b7 67 % \u00b7 89 HRB<\/b> \u00b7 <b>758 \/ 363 MPa \u00b7 62 % \u00b7 88 HRB<\/b> \u00b7 <b>727 \/ 313 MPa \u00b7 70 % \u00b7 92 HRB<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">With temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Sheet 2 mm: RT <b>792 \/ 356 MPa \u00b7 61 %<\/b>, 204 \u00b0C <b>694 \/ 290 \u00b7 59 %<\/b>, 427 \u00b0C <b>650 \/ 225 \u00b7 67 %<\/b> \u00b7 plate 25 mm: RT <b>785 \/ 365 MPa \u00b7 59 %<\/b>, 538 \u00b0C <b>601 \/ 226 \u00b7 59 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hardness \u00b7 grain size<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>88 HRBW<\/b> sheet\/plate, <b>86 HRBW<\/b> bar \u00b7 typical ASTM grain size sheet <b>3.5\u20136<\/b>, plate and bar <b>1\u20135<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Impact toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Charpy V-notch, annealed plate: <b>479 J at RT<\/b> and <b>519 J at \u2212196 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 a German mill, ISO-V longitudinal RT: <b>120 J\/cm\u00b2<\/b>. <b>Different test geometries and units \u2014 not directly comparable, do not convert.<\/b> The message is identical: <b>exceptionally tough, and it STAYS tough cryogenically<\/b> (479 \u2192 519 J, a rise, not a fall)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>All-weld-metal (RT)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">GTAW <b>510 \/ 786 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 SMAW <b>490 \/ 765 MPa<\/b>. <b>The weld metal yields far higher than the annealed base metal<\/b> \u2014 normal for an as-cast Ni-Cr-Mo deposit, but it means <b>strain concentrates in the base metal<\/b> in a joint<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Cold work and OCTG<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Capability (not a spec): <b>at 50 % reduction \u22481450 MPa UTS \/ 1345 MPa YS<\/b> \u00b7 <b>API 5CRA \/ ISO 13680<\/b> cold-worked grades: <b>110<\/b> (\u2265110\/\u2265115 ksi, 11 %; typical 125\/138) \u00b7 <b>125<\/b> (\u2265125\/\u2265130 ksi, 10 %; typical 140\/150) \u00b7 <b>140<\/b> (\u2265140\/\u2265145 ksi, 9 %; typical 154\/162). <b>Elongation drops from 40 % to 9\u201311 %; sour-service compliance depends on delivery condition and hardness<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties \u00b7 C-276<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Density \u00b7 melting range<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>8.89 g\/cm\u00b3 (0.321 lb\/in\u00b3)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>1323\u20131371 \u00b0C<\/b> \/ <b>1325\u20131370 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 effectively identical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Young&#8217;s modulus (RT)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>CONFLICT: 205 GPa<\/b> (three publishers \u2014 <b>majority, use this<\/b>) vs <b>208 GPa<\/b> (one mill) \u00b7 with temperature 208 (20 \u00b0C) \u2192 188 (400) \u2192 175 (600) \u2192 <b>143 GPa<\/b> (1000 \u00b0C) \u00b7 dynamic modulus at 538 \u00b0C <b>178 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 shear modulus <b>79 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 Poisson <b>0.31<\/b> \/ <b>0.307<\/b> \u00b7 specific heat <b>427 J\/kg\u00b7K<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Thermal conductivity (RT)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>CONFLICT \u2014 four publishers, four numbers: 10.5 \u00b7 10.2 \u00b7 9.8 \u00b7 9.2 W\/m\u00b7K. There is no majority; publish the range 9.2\u201310.5 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> \u00b7 with temperature 10.2 (20 \u00b0C) \u2192 16.7 (400) \u2192 <b>27.2 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> (1000 \u00b0C); <b>18.3 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> at 538 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Mean CTE 20\u2013100 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>CONFLICT: 11.2 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K<\/b> (two publishers \u2014 <b>majority<\/b>) vs <b>12.1\u201312.4 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K<\/b> (one mill; the difference may be a <b>reference-temperature convention<\/b>, unresolved) \u00b7 24\u2013593 \u00b0C: <b>13.8 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K<\/b> \u00b7 at 1000 \u00b0C <b>15.6 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Electrical resistivity (RT)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>CONFLICT: 1.23 \u00b7 1.25 \u00b7 1.30 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7m \u2014 publish the range 1.23\u20131.30<\/b> \u00b7 with temperature 125 (20 \u00b0C) \u2192 129.5 (400) \u2192 126 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm (900 \u00b0C): <b>nearly flat<\/b>, a useful property for heating elements and instrumentation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Magnetic behaviour<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Essentially non-magnetic \/ paramagnetic at room temperature.<\/b> Relative permeability <b>1.0002 at 200 oersted<\/b>; one mill states <b>\u22641.001<\/b> as a maximum. No Curie point above room temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Direct design consequences. 1)<\/b> Thermal conductivity is <b>roughly one-third that of carbon steel<\/b>; size heat-exchanger surface area accordingly \u2014 <b>do not carry over a carbon-steel or copper-alloy thermal design<\/b>. <b>2)<\/b> CTE <b>\u224811\u201312 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K<\/b> sits between ferritic steel (~12) and austenitic stainless (~16\u201317); <b>dissimilar-metal joints<\/b> to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">316L<\/a>\/304 <b>will see differential expansion<\/b>. <b>3)<\/b> Resistivity is <b>~7\u00d7 that of carbon steel<\/b> and <b>almost independent of temperature<\/b> to 1000 \u00b0C. <b>4)<\/b> It is non-magnetic \u2014 <b>MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION CANNOT BE USED<\/b>; dye penetrant, radiography or ultrasonics only.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This section is the metallurgical core of the page.<\/b> All of C-276&#8217;s corrosion resistance depends on <b>the alloying elements staying in solid solution<\/b>. Every Mo and W atom that precipitates at a grain boundary does not merely create a brittle phase \u2014 it <b>depletes the adjacent matrix of the very elements that provide the corrosion resistance<\/b>. That is the sole purpose of the solution anneal and the rapid quench.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Solution Anneal and Quench<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Temperature \u2014 the published spread is wide<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The originating mill <b>1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u00b7 one mill <b>1150\u20131175 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 a German mill <b>1100\u20131160 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 another <b>1080\u20131135 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 a specialty producer <b>1121\u20131149 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 a distributor <b>1121\u20131177 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>How to publish it<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>No majority exists.<\/b> The consensus band is <b>\u22481100\u20131160 \u00b0C (2010\u20132120 \u00b0F)<\/b> and the most frequently cited point value is <b>1121 \u00b0C<\/b>. Correct wording: <b>&#8220;approximately 1100\u20131160 \u00b0C; confirm with the supplying mill&#8221;<\/b>. <b>Do not invent a single number.<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hold time<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The most useful published formula: <b>d &lt;10 mm: t = d \u00d7 3 min\/mm<\/b> \u00b7 <b>10\u201320 mm: 30 min + (d\u221210) \u00d7 2 min\/mm<\/b> \u00b7 <b>\u226520 mm: 50 min + (d\u221220) \u00d7 1 min\/mm<\/b>. The originating mill says <b>10\u201330 min<\/b> depending on thickness; another says <b>1 hour per inch<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>THE RAPID QUENCH \u2014 non-negotiable<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The mill: &#8220;<b>water quenching is advised<\/b>&#8221; (rapid air cooling is feasible with structures thinner than 10 mm) \u00b7 another mill: &#8220;<b>rapidly cooled such as by water quenching<\/b>&#8221; \u00b7 <b>the most precise published criterion:<\/b> air cooling is acceptable <b>only below 1.5 mm and only if 1000 \u2192 600 \u00b0C is traversed within 2 minutes<\/b> \u00b7 one producer recommends adding <b>2 % ethyl or propyl alcohol<\/b> to the quench water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>WHY<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The alloy must pass through the precipitation window <b>fast enough that carbides and intermetallics cannot nucleate<\/b> on grain boundaries. <b>A slow-cooled C-276 part is metallurgically A DIFFERENT MATERIAL<\/b> \u2014 it has the corrosion resistance of <b>alloy C<\/b>, not of C-276<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Detrimental Precipitation Windows \u2014 the band to avoid is \u2248600\u20131100 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>M\u2086C carbide<\/b> (Mo-rich)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>650\u20131038 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 &#8220;<b>the most important second phase resulting from residual (unwanted) elements<\/b>&#8221; \u00b7 <b>forms even at C \u22640.005 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>kinetics FASTER than sigma \u2014 this is the controlling reaction<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Sigma (\u03c3) \u00b7 Mu (\u03bc) \u00b7 P phase<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u03c3: <b>760\u20131093 \u00b0C<\/b>, slower than M\u2086C \u00b7 \u03bc (TCP, Mo-rich): reported at <b>~850 \u00b0C<\/b> with <b>measurable impact-energy loss after 120 h<\/b>; <b>Mo and W partition into \u03bc, depleting the matrix of the very elements that provide corrosion resistance<\/b> \u00b7 P phase (TCP): reported in the <b>650\u2013900 \u00b0C<\/b> ageing range, and together with \u03bc <b>implicated in weld hot cracking<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>M\u2082C carbide<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Long ageing at <b>~537 \u00b0C<\/b> produces &#8220;<b>a continuous layer at the grain boundary<\/b>&#8221; of M\u2082C + \u03bc \u2014 <b>BELOW the classic sensitisation window<\/b>; directly relevant to long-term service above ~500 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>A published TTT or CCT diagram<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NONE LOCATED.<\/b> The windows above come from narrative text and are largely single-sourced \u2014 <b>do not publish a diagram<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What happens on slow cooling \u2014 four steps. 1)<\/b> <b>M\u2086C nucleates on grain boundaries<\/b> \u2014 it is fast, and it happens <b>even at 50 ppm carbon<\/b>. <b>2)<\/b> <b>Mo and W partition into the precipitates<\/b>, leaving a <b>depleted zone<\/b> in the adjacent matrix. <b>3)<\/b> That depleted zone is the failure path: <b>intergranular corrosion and intergranular SCC<\/b> \u2014 one mill states plainly that grain-boundary carbide precipitation &#8220;<b>reduces intergranular corrosion resistance<\/b>&#8220;. <b>4)<\/b> With longer exposure <b>\u03bc and P phases EMBRITTLE<\/b> the material. <b>This is exactly why the 677 \u00b0C code ceiling must not be read as a service recommendation.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Hot working.<\/b> The mill: start <b>1232 \u00b0C<\/b>, finish <b>954 \u00b0C<\/b>; &#8220;<b>moderate reductions and frequent re-heating provide the best results<\/b>&#8220;. Another mill: <b>870\u20131230 \u00b0C<\/b> with <b>all heavy forming above 1090 \u00b0C<\/b>; others <b>950\u20131200<\/b> and <b>950\u20131230 \u00b0C<\/b>; a specialty producer heats uniformly to <b>1204 \u00b0C<\/b> for forging. <b>Consensus: hot work between ~950 and ~1230 \u00b0C, finish above ~950 \u00b0C, then re-solution-anneal and quench.<\/b><br \/><b>Cold working.<\/b> Start from the solution-annealed condition. The alloy <b>work-hardens faster than austenitic stainless steel<\/b> and is <b>stiffer<\/b>; more press force and more power are required than for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">316L<\/a> of the same section \u2014 <b>size press tonnage accordingly<\/b>, a routine cause of under-specified brake presses.<br \/><b>Re-anneal threshold \u2014 two figures, two purposes.<\/b> <b>The mill: re-anneal after \u22657 % outer-fibre elongation<\/b> &#8220;<b>for optimum stress corrosion cracking resistance<\/b>&#8220;. <b>Three European sources: after &gt;15 % cold deformation.<\/b> <b>They are not contradictory: 7 % is the conservative SCC-driven trigger, 15 % the ductility-recovery trigger. For sour or chloride-SCC service, use 7 %.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Suitable processes:<\/b> GTAW\/TIG (including pulsed current, which <b>measurably reduces Mo microsegregation<\/b> at subgrain boundaries compared with conventional GTAW), GMAW\/MIG (pulsed spray <b>strongly preferred<\/b>), SMAW, plasma arc, laser, electron beam, resistance welding.<br \/><b>FORBIDDEN:<\/b> <b>oxy-acetylene welding<\/b> \u2014 carburisation risk, <b>it destroys the low-carbon design<\/b>; <b>air carbon-arc gouging or cutting<\/b> \u2014 carbon pick-up from the electrode. For cutting use <b>plasma, waterjet or laser<\/b>.<br \/><b>Filler metal:<\/b> GTAW\/GMAW\/plasma\/SAW <b>ERNiCrMo-4<\/b> (A5.14, UNS N10276); SMAW <b>ENiCrMo-4<\/b> (A5.11, UNS W80276). <b>Matching filler is superior to ERNiCrMo-3 (alloy 625 filler).<\/b> Where extra corrosion margin in the as-cast deposit is wanted: <b>686CPT<\/b> or <b>FM 59 \/ ERNiCrMo-13<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Thermal Control and Parameters<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Preheat<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE REQUIRED.<\/b> &#8220;<b>Ambient or room temperature is generally considered a sufficient preheat temperature.<\/b>&#8221; Warming above freezing is only to <b>prevent condensation<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Maximum interpass temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>CONFLICT: 93 \u00b0C (200 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 the originating mill, <b>stated in two separate documents<\/b> \u2014 vs <b>120 \u00b0C<\/b> from a German mill. <b>The majority and the originating mill give 93 \u00b0C; use it unless the customer specifies otherwise.<\/b> Water quenching between passes and forced air cooling are both explicitly acceptable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Heat-input ceilings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The only published numeric set: <b>TIG \u22648 \u00b7 TIG hot-wire \u22646 \u00b7 GMAW \u226411 \u00b7 plasma \u226410 \u00b7 SMAW \u22647 kJ\/cm<\/b>. The originating mill says qualitatively &#8220;<b>low to moderate<\/b>&#8220;. Travel speed: GTAW manual <b>100\u2013150 mm\/min<\/b>, GMAW <b>150\u2013250 mm\/min<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Bead technique<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Stringer beads with slight torch manipulation; wide weave beads are NOT recommended.<\/b> Beads should be <b>slightly CONVEX<\/b> \u2014 <b>never concave or flat<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Typical parameters<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>SMAW:<\/b> 2.4\u20134.8 mm \u00b7 55\u2013180 A \u00b7 22\u201326 V \u00b7 DCEP \u00b7 <b>GTAW:<\/b> tungsten and filler 1.6\u20133.2 mm \u00b7 15\u2013200 A \u00b7 9\u201313 V \u00b7 DCEN \u00b7 100 % Ar ~12 L\/min \u00b7 <b>GMAW:<\/b> wire 0.9\u20131.1 mm \u00b7 50\u2013250 A \u00b7 18\u201332 V \u00b7 DCEP \u00b7 ~16 L\/min<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Backing gas<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>100 % argon back-purge, ALWAYS<\/b>, on the root pass for both GTAW and GMAW, at <b>2\u20135 L\/min<\/b>. Shielding gas <b>I1 or R1 with max 3 % H\u2082<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Stress relief at 620\u2013650 \u00b0C is FORBIDDEN<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">C-276 is <b>solid-solution strengthened<\/b>, not precipitation-hardened. The mill: &#8220;<b>Under the vast majority of service environments, corrosion-resistant alloys\u2026 are used in the as-welded condition, and post-weld heat-treatment of these alloys is generally not required.<\/b>&#8221; <b>But the real point is this: conventional stress relief is actively harmful.<\/b> The mill&#8217;s C-276 welding data page: &#8220;<b>Post-weld stress relieving in the 1200 \u00b0F (650 \u00b0C) range is NOT recommended.<\/b>&#8221; Its welding brochure gives the reason: intermediate-temperature stress relief at <b>540\u2013815 \u00b0C<\/b> causes &#8220;<b>precipitation of secondary phases in the microstructure which can have a detrimental effect on material properties, such as corrosion resistance<\/b>&#8220;. Another producer: &#8220;<b>Stress relief heat treatments are not effective<\/b>&#8221; \u2014 use a full anneal instead. <b>The controlling reaction is M\u2086C carbide, which forms between 650 and 1038 \u00b0C and does so even at 0.005 % carbon<\/b>; molybdenum partitions into it, leaving a <b>depleted, corrosion-prone boundary<\/b>. <b>A 620 \u00b0C soak is not a short excursion; it sits inside the precipitation window.<\/b> <b>The only acceptable PWHT is a full solution anneal at ~1100\u20131160 \u00b0C with a rapid quench.<\/b> If a code or customer specification calls for &#8220;PWHT at 620 \u00b0C&#8221; by reflex from carbon-steel practice, <b>that requirement must be challenged IN WRITING<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">What actually goes wrong<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. Hot (solidification) cracking.<\/b> Three conditions must coincide: liquid grain-boundary films, tensile stress on the solidifying weld, and impurity elements \u2014 <b>specifically sulphur and phosphorus<\/b>. The C-276-specific mechanism: <b>microsegregation during fusion-zone solidification concentrates Mo and W and precipitates TCP P and \u03bc phases<\/b>. <b>Controls:<\/b> low heat input; <b>convex, not concave, bead profile<\/b> (&#8220;<b>large concave weld beads that place the weld surface in tension tend to promote solidification cracking<\/b>&#8220;); <b>avoid fast travel that produces a teardrop-shaped weld pool<\/b>; <b>grind out all starts and stops<\/b> (both Ni- and Co-base alloys have a <b>marked tendency to crater-crack<\/b>); and <b>buy to the DIN\/VDM S \u22640.010 % rather than the ASTM S \u22640.03 %<\/b>.<br \/><b>2. The unmixed zone.<\/b> In any nickel-alloy weld there is a thin layer of base metal that <b>melted but did not mix with filler<\/b>; it re-solidifies <b>as-cast and segregated<\/b> and is a <b>preferential corrosion path<\/b>. In corrosion service, <b>avoid autogenous (no-filler) welds<\/b>. <b>No quantitative data for C-276 was found \u2014 do not publish a number.<\/b><br \/><b>3. Dilution from carbon steel.<\/b> Where C-276 is welded to, or overlaid on, carbon or low-alloy steel, <b>iron dilution reduces the effective Ni, Cr and Mo of the deposit<\/b>. This is why overlay practice is <b>a minimum of two layers<\/b>, and why <b>deposit chemistry at the surface \u2014 not just thickness \u2014 must be verified<\/b>. The mill is relaxed about <b>surface<\/b> iron contamination \u2014 <b>but that statement is about incidental contamination, not about structural dilution from a steel substrate. Do not conflate the two.<\/b> <b>No published dilution limits were found \u2014 specify deposit chemistry, not a dilution percentage.<\/b><br \/><b>4. Grinding and cleaning discipline \u2014 the most common field failure.<\/b> Before welding, remove &#8220;<b>all greases, cutting oils, crayon marks, machining solutions, corrosion products, paints, scale, dye penetrant solutions and other foreign matter<\/b>&#8220;; the physical reason: &#8220;<b>since the melting temperatures of surface oxides are usually much higher than the base metal, they are more likely to stay solid during welding and become trapped in the weld pool<\/b>&#8220;. <b>Condition a 25 mm (1 in.) wide band on both face and root to bright metal with an 80 or 120 grit flapper wheel.<\/b> <b>INTERPASS CLEANING IS MANDATORY<\/b> (stainless wire brush, preferably <b>while the weld is still warm<\/b>); <b>use dedicated stainless or nickel-alloy brushes and grinding media only<\/b>.<br \/><b>5. Joint geometry.<\/b> Nickel alloys have a <b>sluggish weld pool<\/b> and <b>significantly shallower penetration<\/b> than carbon or stainless steel: a <b>larger included angle, wider root gap and reduced root face<\/b> are required. <b>Carrying a stainless-steel weld prep straight over to C-276 produces lack of fusion at the root.<\/b><br \/><b>6. Copper is not a concern here.<\/b> Ni and Cu are fully mutually soluble, so nickel-base alloys are <b>not susceptible to liquid-metal embrittlement<\/b> (that is a cobalt-base concern).<br \/><b>7. NDE constraint.<\/b> The alloy is non-magnetic \u2014 <b>magnetic particle inspection is not applicable<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>A caveat that must be stated:<\/b> the figures below are what the mill publishes for the <b>corrosion-resistant HASTELLOY alloy family<\/b>, <b>not for C-276 specifically<\/b>, and they are <b>conservative HSS and uncoated-carbide<\/b> values. <b>Publish them as &#8220;family starting parameters&#8221;.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Starting Parameters \u00b7 Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Family<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Turning \u2014 roughing \/ finishing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Carbide <b>C-2\/C-3<\/b> \u00b7 <b>27 m\/min (90 sfm)<\/b>, feed <b>0.25 mm\/rev<\/b>, depth &lt;3.8 mm \u00b7 finishing <b>29\u201334 m\/min<\/b>, <b>0.13\u20130.18 mm\/rev<\/b>, depth 1.0 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Milling \u00b7 drilling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Face milling HSS <b>M-40 series or T-15<\/b> \u00b7 <b>6\u20137.6 m\/min<\/b>, <b>0.05\u20130.10 mm\/tooth<\/b> \u00b7 drilling HSS <b>M-33\/M-40\/T-15<\/b> \u00b7 <b>3\u20134.6 m\/min<\/b>, 0.002 in\/rev (\u00bc\u2033 dia.) \u2192 0.003 in\/rev (\u00bd\u2033 dia.), <b>coolant-fed drills recommended<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Tapping \u00b7 coolant<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">HSS <b>M-1\/M-7\/M-10<\/b> \u00b7 <b>2.1 m\/min (7 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 &#8220;<b>best possible tapping compound; sulpho-chlorinated oil-base preferred<\/b>&#8221; \u00b7 the mill recommends <b>high-pressure and through-the-tool coolant wherever possible<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The governing rules. 1)<\/b> Machine in the solution-annealed condition. <b>2)<\/b> Rigid setup, sharp tools, positive rake. <b>3) Heavy, constant feed and continuous tool engagement<\/b> \u2014 the alloy work-hardens rapidly, and <b>dwelling or rubbing creates a hardened layer that destroys the next pass and the tool. This, not the base hardness, is the dominant machining difficulty.<\/b> <b>4)<\/b> Modern PVD-coated carbide and ceramic inserts achieve substantially higher speeds, but <b>no authoritative mill figures were located \u2014 do not publish modern speeds without a tooling-vendor citation<\/b>. <b>5) Descaling after hot work:<\/b> molten-salt bath \u2192 water quench \u2192 hydrochloric acid immersion \u2192 nitric-hydrofluoric acid, with thorough rinsing between steps. <b>Sulpho-chlorinated tapping compound must be completely removed before any heat treatment or welding<\/b> \u2014 residual sulphur causes hot cracking.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion \u2014 Where It Is Outstanding and WHERE IT FAILS<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>In one sentence:<\/b> C-276 is a <b>reducing<\/b>-acid alloy. Its 16 % chromium makes it good against chloride and moderate oxidising power, but it is <b>insufficient in strongly oxidising media<\/b>, and <b>at high potential the molybdenum dissolves transpassively<\/b> \u2014 the very element that makes the alloy good betrays it in its worst condition.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">A) Where it is outstanding<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Reducing Acids \u00b7 mm\/y<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>HCl<\/b> (reagent grade)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1 %<\/b> \u2014 93 \u00b0C: <b>0.33<\/b> \u00b7 <b>5 %<\/b> \u2014 52 \u00b0C: <b>0.02<\/b>, 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.31<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>0.75<\/b> \u00b7 <b>10 %<\/b> \u2014 38 \u00b0C: <b>0.17<\/b>, 52 \u00b0C: <b>0.32<\/b>, 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.46<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>1.18<\/b> \u00b7 <b>20 %<\/b> \u2014 38 \u00b0C: <b>0.14<\/b>, 52 \u00b0C: <b>0.29<\/b>, 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.55<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>1.10<\/b><br \/><b>Usable envelope:<\/b> excellent resistance to all concentrations at room temperature; <b>below 0.5 mm\/y in all concentrations only up to about 50 \u00b0C (120 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 <b>two independent publishers give the same envelope<\/b>. The mill: &#8220;<b>at HCl concentrations above about 5 %, C-276 provides a quantum improvement over the stainless steels<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>HCl contaminant sensitivity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">&#8220;<b>Oxygen dissolved in HCl solution may drastically accelerate the corrosion attack SINCE IT IS NOT A STRONG ENOUGH OXIDIZER TO PASSIVATE Alloy C-276.<\/b>&#8221; Nitrogen purging conversely reduces rates; the magnitude in a related system: <b>70 % HF under N\u2082 blanket 0.008 mm\/y vs 0.94 mm\/y under O\u2082 \u2014 a factor of ~120<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>H\u2082SO\u2084<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>10 %<\/b> \u2014 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.03<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>0.14<\/b>, 107 \u00b0C: <b>0.18<\/b> \u00b7 <b>30 %<\/b> \u2014 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.06<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>0.42<\/b>, 107 \u00b0C: <b>0.83<\/b> \u00b7 <b>50 %<\/b> \u2014 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.02<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>0.26<\/b>, 93 \u00b0C: <b>0.62<\/b> \u00b7 <b>96 %<\/b> \u2014 79 \u00b0C: <b>0.04<\/b>, 93 \u00b0C: <b>0.18<\/b><br \/>The mill notes the temperature capability &#8220;<b>does not vary much over the whole concentration range<\/b>&#8220;. <b>Weld-metal penalty: 70 % H\u2082SO\u2084 at 66 \u00b0C \u2014 weld 0.13, base metal 0.05 mm\/y<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>H\u2083PO\u2084 \u00b7 HBr \u00b7 HF \u00b7 organic acids<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>50 % H\u2083PO\u2084 at 79 \u00b0C: 0.01<\/b> \u00b7 <b>80 % at 93 \u00b0C: 0.02<\/b> \u00b7 below boiling at &lt;65 wt %: <b>&lt;0.13 mm\/y<\/b> \u00b7 <b>5 % HBr at 79 \u00b0C: 0.01<\/b>, <b>10 %: 0.51<\/b>, <b>25 % at 52 \u00b0C: 0.2<\/b> (<b>more resistant to HBr than to HCl<\/b>) \u00b7 <b>HF gas, 500\u2013600 \u00b0C, 36 h: 0.01 mm\/y<\/b> with only an iridescent tarnish film \u2014 <b>it outperformed every other Ni and Cu-Ni alloy tested<\/b> \u00b7 <b>acetic acid 99 wt %, BOILING: \u22640.01 mm\/y<\/b> \u2014 <b>the single most impressive published number for this alloy<\/b> and the basis of its use in acetic anhydride, acid chloride and halogenated-organic service \u00b7 <b>formic acid 88 wt %, boiling: 0.04 mm\/y<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Chlorine chemistry.<\/b> C-276 &#8220;<b>was developed initially for use with wet chlorine<\/b>&#8220;; wet chlorine &#8220;<b>requires Alloy C-276 or titanium<\/b>&#8220;, and the alloy is the <b>standard valve-stem material<\/b> in carbon-steel dry-chlorine lines because the stem sees humid air. It is <b>highly resistant to concentrated solutions of oxidising salts including iron and copper chloride<\/b>. <b>Hypochlorite:<\/b> qualitatively excellent, <b>BUT NO QUANTITATIVE RATE DATA WAS LOCATED at any stated concentration and temperature \u2014 DO NOT PUBLISH A NUMBER.<\/b> <b>For chlorine dioxide see the failure section below: the field data are worse than the marketing claim.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Pitting, Crevice and Chloride SCC<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>CPT \/ CCT \u2014 a very wide spread<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The mill<\/b> (acidified 6 % FeCl\u2083, ASTM G48, 72 h): <b>CPT &gt;150 \u00b0C \/ CCT 55 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>a German mill<\/b> (&#8220;green death&#8221;, 24 h): <b>115\u2013120 \/ 105 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>a stainless producer<\/b> (6 % FeCl\u2083): <b>&gt;80 \/ 60 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>a distributor<\/b>: <b>60\u201365 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>How to publish it<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>These cannot be reconciled and MUST NOT BE AVERAGED.<\/b> The controlling variables are the medium, whether the vessel is pressurised (6 % FeCl\u2083 boils near 102 \u00b0C, so a CPT &gt;150 \u00b0C implies a <b>sealed\/autoclave test<\/b>), the crevice former and the exposure time. <b>Always print MEDIUM + METHOD + DURATION alongside any CPT\/CCT number.<\/b> The only defensible summary: <b>C-276 does not pit in standard ferric-chloride testing at any temperature reachable in an open vessel; its crevice threshold in the same medium is 55\u201360 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Comparison<\/b> (acidified 6 % FeCl\u2083, G48, 72 h)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>C-276: &gt;150 \/ 55 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>625: 100 \/ 40 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>254 SMO: 60 \/ 30 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>316L: 15 \/ 0 \u00b0C<\/b><br \/><b>&#8220;Green Death&#8221;:<\/b> &#8220;<b>the lowest temperature at which pitting has been observed in C-276 is the BOILING POINT<\/b>&#8221; \u00b7 <b>&#8220;Yellow Death&#8221;:<\/b> &#8220;<b>has not exhibited pitting even at the maximum test temperature (150 \u00b0C)<\/b>&#8220;, <b>CCT 60 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Chloride SCC<\/b> (G36, boiling 45 % MgCl\u2082, U-bends)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>C-276: NO CRACKING in 1008 h<\/b> \u00b7 625: none in 1008 h \u00b7 <b>254 SMO: cracked at 24 h<\/b> \u00b7 <b>316L: cracked at 2 h<\/b>. <b>This is the strongest single argument for C-276 over any stainless in chloride service<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Seawater and FGD field data<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Seawater crevice test, 180 days at 29 \u00b1 3 \u00b0C: <b>quiescent 1\u20132 sites attacked, max. depth 0.10\u20130.13 mm<\/b>; <b>flowing 0 sites<\/b> \u00b7 FGD scrubber slurry, 6 months, 52 \u00b0C, pH 5.5, 5000 ppm Cl\u207b: quencher outlet <b>nil<\/b>, absorber outlet duct <b>nil<\/b>, absorber bypass duct <b>&lt;0.05 mm<\/b> \u2014 <b>it outperformed 316L, 317LM, alloy 825 and alloy 625 at all three locations<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>PREN \u2014 do not publish a single number.<\/b> One publisher prints <b>45.2<\/b>, another <b>65\u201375<\/b>. The common nickel-alloy formula <b>PREN_W = Cr + 3.3 \u00d7 (Mo + 0.5 \u00d7 W)<\/b> applied to nominal C-276 (16 Cr, 16 Mo, 4 W) gives <b>\u224875<\/b>; <b>45.2 is not reproducible from any standard formula and looks like a transposition of 75.2<\/b>. The correct practice: state the formula and the composition used, give <b>\u224868\u201376<\/b> depending on whether tungsten is counted, and warn explicitly that <b>PREN is a RANKING INDEX developed for stainless steels and is NOT a validated predictor for Ni-Cr-Mo alloys<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">B) Where it fails or is over-specified \u2014 read this before quoting<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the commercially valuable section.<\/b> In Turkish and European projects <b>C-276 is over-specified far more often than it is under-specified<\/b> \u2014 and in the few places it is not, it genuinely fails.<\/p>\n<p><b>1. Hot concentrated hydrochloric acid \u2014 the hard limit.<\/b> From the mill&#8217;s own data: <b>at 79 \u00b0C both 10 % and 20 % HCl attack at \u22481.1\u20131.2 mm\/y<\/b> \u2014 <b>roughly 11\u201312 mm of wall over ten years<\/b>, unacceptable for almost any pressure vessel. <b>20 % HCl at 100 \u00b0C: 154 mpy = 3.9 mm\/y<\/b>; <b>1 % HCl at boiling: 0.34 mm\/y<\/b>. <b>The defensible limit: good resistance (&lt;0.5 mm\/y) in all concentrations ONLY up to about 50 \u00b0C<\/b>; above roughly <b>65\u201380 \u00b0C in concentrated HCl you are outside the envelope<\/b>. The right answer there is <b>a higher-molybdenum nickel alloy<\/b> (the mill points to its 22 % Mo grade as having &#8220;<b>much broader &#8216;very safe&#8217; and &#8216;moderately safe&#8217; regimes<\/b>&#8220;), <b>tantalum<\/b>, or <b>a non-metallic lining<\/b>.<br \/><b>2. Nitric acid and strong oxidisers \u2014 a genuine EXCLUSION.<\/b> The mill&#8217;s own rates (mm\/y): <b>10 % HNO\u2083<\/b> \u2014 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.03<\/b>, 93 \u00b0C: <b>0.26<\/b>; <b>30 %<\/b> \u2014 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.14<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>0.17<\/b>; <b>60 %<\/b> \u2014 66 \u00b0C: <b>0.42<\/b>, 79 \u00b0C: <b>0.82<\/b>. <b>60 % HNO\u2083 at only 79 \u00b0C already gives 0.82 mm\/y<\/b> \u2014 an order of magnitude above the 0.1 mm\/y &#8220;safe&#8221; line, and this is <b>dilute-to-medium nitric at a modest temperature<\/b>. Two publishers state the alloy &#8220;<b>lacks sufficient chromium content to operate successfully in the most strongly oxidizing environments like hot, concentrated nitric acid<\/b>&#8220;; the mill rates nitric resistance at 16 % Cr as only <b>&#8220;moderate&#8221;<\/b> and says <b>C-2000 with 23 % Cr is better<\/b>. <b>Do not specify C-276 for nitric acid, nitric\/HF pickling or mixed-acid oxidising service.<\/b> The correct alloys are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-316l\/\">304L\/316L class<\/a>, alloy 20, or a <b>23 % Cr nickel alloy<\/b> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-2000\/\">C-2000<\/a>, 59).<br \/><b>3. Transpassive attack \u2014 chlorine dioxide bleach plants.<\/b> <b>This is the best-documented real failure mode<\/b> and it directly contradicts the common &#8220;resists chlorine dioxide solutions&#8221; claim. Potentiostatic testing at +900 mV_SCE, 70 \u00b0C, 600 ppm Cl\u207b: <b>pH 6.5 \u2014 unwelded 0.47, GTAW-welded 0.47 mm\/y<\/b>; <b>pH 2 \u2014 0.39 and 0.38 mm\/y<\/b>. <b>Welding made no difference.<\/b> At pH 6.5 N10276 was attacked by <b>uniform (transpassive) corrosion<\/b>, while the super-austenitic <b>S32654 in the same test corroded at 0.004 mm\/y \u2014 more than 100\u00d7 lower<\/b>. The alloy goes transpassive at <b>600\u2013700 mV_SCE, independent of pH between 2 and 6.5<\/b>. Field coupons in neutral D-stage gave up to <b>0.1 mm\/y<\/b>, and the report notes it &#8220;<b>performed well in straight chlorine bleach but showed high corrosion rates when chlorine dioxide substitution increased<\/b>&#8220;. <b>The mechanism to state: MOLYBDENUM, the element that makes C-276 good in reducing acid, is DISSOLVED TRANSPASSIVELY at high potential.<\/b> Raising the redox potential \u2014 ClO\u2082, high free chlorine, strong oxidising biocides \u2014 moves the alloy <b>from its best regime to one of its worst<\/b>.<br \/><b>4. It is NOT immune to crevice corrosion.<\/b> <b>CCT 55 \u00b0C in acidified 6 % FeCl\u2083<\/b>, independently corroborated at <b>60 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2192 <b>CCT \u224855\u201360 \u00b0C<\/b>. More striking still: <b>in quiescent seawater at only 29 \u00b0C, 1\u20132 crevice sites initiated to 0.10\u20130.13 mm depth over 180 days<\/b> \u2014 <b>the alloy&#8217;s OWN manufacturer documents crevice initiation at ambient seawater temperature<\/b>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-2000\/\">C-2000<\/a> reaches <b>CCT 80 \u00b0C<\/b> in the same test. <b>Never write &#8220;immune to crevice corrosion.&#8221;<\/b> Write instead: &#8220;outstanding but not unlimited crevice resistance; crevice threshold in ferric chloride \u224855\u201360 \u00b0C; <b>design out crevices regardless of alloy<\/b> \u2014 gaskets, tube-to-tubesheet joints, lap joints, deposits&#8221;.<br \/><b>5. Over-specification patterns to challenge.<\/b> <b>C-276 for chloride SCC only:<\/b> if the only driver is chloride SCC and the medium is mildly corrosive, a <b>duplex<\/b> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f53\/\">F53<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f55\/\">F55<\/a>) or a 6 % Mo <b>super-austenitic<\/b> may be a fraction of the cost; <b>C-276 earns its premium when reducing acid and chloride occur TOGETHER<\/b>. <b>C-276 for high-temperature structural service:<\/b> ASME allows 677 \u00b0C but the metallurgy limits practical corrosion service to roughly <b>427 \u00b0C<\/b>; the right families are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-625\/\">625<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-x\/\">Hastelloy X<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-800h\/\">800H<\/a> and 230. <b>C-276 in ambient seawater with crevices:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/ti-grade-2\/\">Titanium Gr 2<\/a> is &#8220;<b>very resistant to crevice attack in sea water at normal temperatures<\/b>&#8221; and is often cheaper \u2014 <b>choose C-276 when reducing acid, HCl or chlorine chemistry is present; choose titanium when the duty is essentially oxidising seawater or hypochlorite<\/b>. <b>C-276 where C-22\/59\/686 is technically required:<\/b> oxidising or oxidising-chloride duties \u2014 specifying C-276 &#8220;because it is the best alloy&#8221; is <b>wrong here<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Our carbon-steel vessel is corroding in a 15 % HCl process at 85 \u00b0C. Is C-276 the upgrade?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Almost certainly not, and this is the most expensive mistake buyers make with this alloy.<\/b> C-276&#8217;s reputation in hydrochloric acid is real but it is a <b>low-temperature reputation<\/b>: two independent publishers give the same envelope \u2014 <b>good resistance, below 0.5 mm\/y, in all concentrations but only up to about 50 \u00b0C (120 \u00b0F)<\/b>. The mill&#8217;s own reagent-grade data show that <b>at 79 \u00b0C both 10 % and 20 % HCl attack C-276 at roughly 1.1\u20131.2 mm\/y<\/b> \u2014 call it <b>11 mm of wall loss<\/b> over a ten-year design life, before you add any corrosion allowance. <b>At 100 \u00b0C in 20 % HCl the published figure is 154 mpy = 3.9 mm\/y.<\/b> <b>At 85 \u00b0C you are sitting between those two data points, on a curve that is climbing steeply.<\/b> Worse, the number is <b>fragile<\/b>: dissolved oxygen &#8220;<b>may drastically accelerate the corrosion attack since it is not a strong enough oxidizer to passivate Alloy C-276<\/b>&#8220;. Any aeration, any ferric or cupric carry-over from upstream steel, any oxidising biocide, and the real rate diverges from the reagent-grade chart.<br \/><b>Ask three questions before quoting.<\/b> <b>What is the actual maximum temperature, including upset and steam-out?<\/b> <b>Is the stream aerated or does it carry oxidising contaminants?<\/b> <b>What corrosion allowance and design life does the client want?<\/b> If the answer is a sustained 85 \u00b0C, C-276 is outside its envelope. The honest recommendations are <b>a higher-molybdenum nickel alloy<\/b>, <b>tantalum for the hot spots<\/b>, or a <b>PTFE\/graphite-lined vessel<\/b>. Selling C-276 into this duty produces a failure in eighteen months and loses the account; selling the correct alloy \u2014 or honestly declining \u2014 keeps it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Our fabricator wants to stress-relieve the C-276 weldments at 620 \u00b0C like they do for our carbon-steel vessels. Is that acceptable?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>No. Refuse it in writing.<\/b> This is a genuine, recurring field failure caused by carbon-steel habits carried into nickel-alloy work. C-276 is <b>solid-solution strengthened<\/b>, not precipitation-hardened, and its whole design premise is that it can be used <b>as welded<\/b>. Its extremely low carbon (0.010 % max) and silicon (0.08 % max) exist so that <b>the brief weld thermal cycle does not produce continuous grain-boundary precipitation<\/b> \u2014 the mill states the alloy is formulated so that &#8220;<b>short-term thermal excursions above 500 \u00b0C (as encountered during welding) do not cause continuous precipitation<\/b>&#8220;.<br \/><b>A 620 \u00b0C soak is not a short excursion. It sits inside the precipitation window.<\/b> The mill&#8217;s C-276 welding data page is explicit: &#8220;<b>Post-weld stress relieving in the 1200 \u00b0F (650 \u00b0C) range is not recommended.<\/b>&#8221; Its welding brochure explains why: intermediate-temperature stress relief at <b>540\u2013815 \u00b0C<\/b> causes &#8220;<b>precipitation of secondary phases in the microstructure which can have a detrimental effect on material properties, such as corrosion resistance<\/b>&#8220;. Another producer puts it bluntly: &#8220;<b>Stress relief heat treatments are not effective<\/b>&#8221; \u2014 a full anneal should be used instead. <b>The controlling reaction is M\u2086C carbide, which forms between 650 and 1038 \u00b0C and does so even at 0.005 % carbon<\/b>; molybdenum partitions into it, leaving a <b>depleted, corrosion-prone boundary<\/b>.<br \/><b>The only acceptable post-weld heat treatment is a full solution anneal at roughly 1100\u20131160 \u00b0C followed by a rapid water quench<\/b> \u2014 and for most vessels that is impractical, <b>which is precisely why the alloy was designed to need no PWHT at all<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The mill certificate says ASTM B575 and all elements are in range. Is the material fit for our European sour-service project?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Conformance to ASTM B575 alone does not answer that question, and THREE separate gaps can bite you.<\/b><br \/><b>First, the ASTM\/EN chemistry divergence.<\/b> ASTM B575 permits <b>P \u22640.04 % and S \u22640.03 %<\/b>. The German route under VdT\u00dcV 400 permits only <b>P \u22640.025 %, S \u22640.010 %<\/b>, and one mill&#8217;s own material is tighter still at <b>0.02 % \/ 0.01 %<\/b>. <b>A heat at S = 0.025 % is perfectly ASTM-conforming and three times the DIN sulphur ceiling<\/b> \u2014 and sulphur and phosphorus are the impurity elements the mill <b>names<\/b> as driving weld solidification cracking. If the project is CE-marked under PED using VdT\u00dcV 400, <b>ASTM-only material may not be acceptable at all<\/b>.<br \/><b>Second, mechanical minima are not equivalent.<\/b> ASTM demands <b>283 MPa \/ 690 MPa \/ 40 %<\/b>; VdT\u00dcV 400 for sheet \u22645 mm demands <b>310 MPa \/ 730 MPa but only 30 %<\/b>. <b>Neither set dominates the other.<\/b><br \/><b>Third, NACE status is not automatic.<\/b> C-276 is <b>listed in NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156<\/b> as a <b>type 4e<\/b> alloy, but compliance depends on <b>delivery condition and hardness<\/b>, and the certificate must state them. <b>We could not verify the applicable hardness cap or the chloride\/pH\/elemental-sulphur limits against the standard itself and therefore publish no figures<\/b> \u2014 confirm against the current edition of ISO 15156-3 Annex A. Note also that <b>the ASTM F468 20\u201332 HRC band is a PRODUCT-SPECIFICATION limit, not the NACE cap<\/b>.<br \/><b>Purchase-order language that closes all three gaps:<\/b> &#8220;<b>ASTM B575\/SB-575 AND DIN 17744 \/ VdT\u00dcV-Werkstoffblatt 400; P \u22640.020 %, S \u22640.010 %; solution annealed and water quenched; NACE MR0175\/ISO 15156-3 compliant with condition and hardness stated on the certificate; ASTM G28 Method A result reported.<\/b>&#8220;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The certificate shows an ASTM G28 result of 6.10 mm\/y. Should we reject the material?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>No \u2014 and the panic itself is a routine occurrence.<\/b> ASTM G28 is <b>not<\/b> a service corrosion rate; it is a <b>deliberately brutal, comparative screening test<\/b> whose only purpose is to prove <b>the material has not been sensitised<\/b> \u2014 that there is no M\u2086C or intermetallic at the grain boundaries. It bears no relation to plant life. Look at the magnitudes: published G28 Method A rates are <b>6.10 mm\/y<\/b> (one producer&#8217;s material) and <b>4.05 mm\/y<\/b> (another&#8217;s), while quoted acceptance limits are <b>480 mpy (12.2 mm\/y) for G28A<\/b> and <b>300 mpy for G28B<\/b>. <b>So 6.10 mm\/y is half the acceptance limit.<\/b> The correct use of the result is <b>pass\/fail against the specified acceptance limit<\/b>.<br \/><b>But the figure does say something genuinely important:<\/b> rates vary <b>measurably between producers of identically-specified material<\/b> (6.10 vs 4.05) \u2014 which is itself a reason to require the test <b>on every heat<\/b>. <b>HASTELLOY\u00ae is a trademark<\/b>; generic C-276 (same UNS N10276, same ASTM) is fully legitimate, but <b>ask for the certified corrosion test data from the actual supplying mill, not a generic datasheet<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b12\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Traps \u2014 Check These Before You Order<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Every item below was observed in a real published source.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>1. Carbon limit quoted as 0.02 % instead of 0.010 %.<\/b> Observed on one producer&#8217;s own datasheet and on a major distributor page. <b>ASTM B575, B574, B619 and B622 all specify C \u22640.010 % max.<\/b> <b>Correction: 0.010 % max; reject certificates above it. 0.02 % C is precisely the condition C-276 was invented to eliminate.<\/b><br \/><b>2. Weld filler W.Nr. given as 2.4819.<\/b> <b>2.4819 is the BASE METAL<\/b>; the bare wire is <b>2.4886<\/b> and the covered electrode <b>2.4887<\/b>. <b>Ordering by that number can bring you base-metal bar instead of drawn wire.<\/b><br \/><b>3. Confusing the ERNiCrMo-4 and ENiCrMo-4 UNS numbers.<\/b> <b>ERNiCrMo-4 (bare wire, A5.14) = N10276<\/b>; <b>ENiCrMo-4 (covered electrode, A5.11) = W80276<\/b>. Sites printing &#8220;ENiCrMo-4, UNS N10276&#8221; are <b>wrong<\/b>.<br \/><b>4. Mixing the AWS &#8220;E&#8221; and &#8220;ER&#8221; prefixes with the wrong spec number.<\/b> Observed on a mill datasheet: &#8220;AWS A5.14 <b>E<\/b>NiCrMo-13&#8243;. <b>A5.14 covers bare rod and wire (ER\u2026); A5.11 covers covered electrodes (E\u2026).<\/b><br \/><b>5. Quoting ASTM specification minima as &#8220;typical properties&#8221;.<\/b> One distributor spec sheet prints <b>100 ksi \/ 41 ksi \/ 40 % \/ 100 HRB<\/b> under the heading <b>&#8220;Typical&#8221;<\/b>; <b>those are the ASTM B575 MINIMA<\/b>. Real annealed C-276 typically tests at <b>741\u2013796 MPa UTS and 347\u2013376 MPa yield<\/b> \u2014 roughly <b>25\u201330 % above the minimum<\/b>. <b>Always label which you are quoting<\/b>; otherwise a buyer told the &#8220;typical&#8221; is 100 ksi UTS may <b>reject perfectly good material testing at 102 ksi as &#8220;barely passing&#8221;<\/b>.<br \/><b>6. Reading the ASME Section VIII maximum temperature as a service recommendation.<\/b> <b>VIII Div. 1 permits 677 \u00b0C; the mill&#8217;s own metallurgy guide states the microstructure is metastable only to about 427 \u00b0C<\/b>, and M\u2086C forms from 650 \u00b0C upward. <b>A vessel operated continuously at 600 \u00b0C is code-legal and metallurgically doomed. Code ceiling 677 \u00b0C; practical corrosion-service ceiling \u2248425 \u00b0C.<\/b><br \/><b>7. Averaging or cherry-picking CPT and CCT.<\/b> Published CPT spans <b>60 \u00b0C to &gt;150 \u00b0C<\/b> and CCT <b>55 to 105 \u00b0C<\/b>, depending entirely on test medium and method. <b>A page printing a bare &#8220;CPT 150 \u00b0C&#8221; without naming the medium is not wrong so much as meaningless<\/b> \u2014 and it will be quoted back at you after a crevice failure at 65 \u00b0C. <b>Always print medium + method + duration.<\/b><br \/><b>8. &#8220;Immune to crevice corrosion.&#8221;<\/b> Contradicted by the manufacturer&#8217;s own data: <b>CCT 55 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>1\u20132 crevice sites initiating to 0.10\u20130.13 mm in quiescent seawater at just 29 \u00b0C over 180 days<\/b>. <b>C-2000 reaches CCT 80 \u00b0C. Correction: outstanding, not immune.<\/b><br \/><b>9. PREN = 45.2.<\/b> Not reproducible from any standard formula; <b>Cr + 3.3(Mo + 0.5 W) gives \u224875<\/b> and another publisher quotes 65\u201375 \u2014 the figure <b>looks like a transposition of 75.2<\/b>. More fundamentally, <b>PREN is a ranking index for stainless steels and is not a validated predictor for Ni-Cr-Mo alloys. Publish the formula, the range and the caveat \u2014 never a bare number.<\/b><br \/><b>10. Claiming excellent nitric acid resistance.<\/b> <b>The mill&#8217;s own data give 60 % HNO\u2083 at 79 \u00b0C = 0.82 mm\/y<\/b>, and two publishers state the alloy &#8220;<b>lacks sufficient chromium content to operate successfully in the most strongly oxidizing environments<\/b>&#8220;. <b>Correction: C-276 is a reducing-acid alloy. For nitric, use a high-Cr grade.<\/b><br \/><b>11. Claiming clean chlorine-dioxide resistance.<\/b> Potentiostatic data show N10276 corroding at <b>0.39\u20130.47 mm\/y at +900 mV_SCE, 70 \u00b0C, 600 ppm Cl\u207b by uniform transpassive attack<\/b> \u2014 while <b>S32654 in the same test gave 0.004 mm\/y<\/b>; <b>welding made no difference<\/b>. <b>Correction: good in straight chlorine bleach; it degrades as chlorine dioxide substitution rises, because Mo dissolves transpassively at high potential.<\/b><br \/><b>12. Treating C-22 as &#8220;better C-276&#8221; (or vice versa).<\/b> <b>They are a Cr\/Mo trade-off, not a ladder: C-276 is better in reducing environments, C-22 in oxidising ones.<\/b> Additionally, <b>the mill states C-22 is &#8220;very prone&#8221; to Ni\u2082(Cr,Mo) ordering in the 300\u2013650 \u00b0C range while C-276 is less susceptible<\/b>.<br \/><b>13. Unit errors in the melting range.<\/b> One distributor prints &#8220;<b>2415\u20132500 \u00b0C<\/b>&#8220;; <b>those are \u00b0F<\/b>. The correct value is <b>1323\u20131371 \u00b0C<\/b>.<br \/><b>14. Cold-work re-anneal threshold quoted as a single number.<\/b> <b>The mill: 7 %<\/b> (for SCC resistance); <b>three European sources: 15 %<\/b> (for ductility). <b>For sour or chloride-SCC service, use the 7 % trigger<\/b>; quoting only 15 % will cost somebody <b>a cracked bend<\/b>.<br \/><b>15. Interpass temperature quoted as 120 \u00b0C.<\/b> One mill gives 120 \u00b0C; <b>the originating mill gives 93 \u00b0C (200 \u00b0F) in two separate documents<\/b>. <b>Default to 93 \u00b0C.<\/b><br \/><b>16. Assuming &#8220;solution annealed&#8221; on a certificate means correctly quenched.<\/b> The most precise published criterion: <b>air cooling is acceptable only below 1.5 mm and only if 1000 \u2192 600 \u00b0C is traversed within 2 minutes<\/b>. <b>A slow-cooled part carries grain-boundary M\u2086C and has the intergranular corrosion behaviour of alloy C. The certificate should state the quench medium, not just &#8220;annealed&#8221;.<\/b><br \/><b>17. Assuming wire is covered by an ASTM specification.<\/b> <b>There is no ASTM or ASME product specification for N10276 wire<\/b>; only <b>DIN 17753 \/ ISO 9723-9725<\/b> apply and <b>wire mechanicals are by agreement<\/b>. <b>Never write &#8220;ASTM B574 wire&#8221;.<\/b><br \/><b>18. Attributing the alloy&#8217;s invention to the wrong company.<\/b> One educational source states C-276 was &#8220;<b>developed by German company BASF using the novel AOD process<\/b>&#8220;. <b>C-276 is a Haynes International (formerly Haynes Stellite \/ Cabot) alloy and HASTELLOY is a Haynes trademark.<\/b> <b>Do not repeat the attribution.<\/b><br \/><b>19. Sizing presses and heat exchangers from stainless-steel data.<\/b> C-276 &#8220;<b>is stiffer than most austenitic stainless steels<\/b>&#8221; and &#8220;<b>work hardens more readily<\/b>&#8220;; its thermal conductivity is <b>9.2\u201310.5 W\/m\u00b7K, roughly a third of carbon steel<\/b>. <b>Carrying over a 316L press tonnage or a carbon-steel exchanger area is a recurring design error.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-2000\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Hastelloy C-2000<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-x\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Hastelloy X<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Monel 400<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Monel K-500<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All nickel alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Hastelloy C-276\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276 \/ W.Nr. 2.4819 \/ DIN NiMo16Cr15W \/ ISO NiMo16Cr15Fe6W4) is a wrought, single-phase face-centred-cubic (austenitic) nickel\u2013chromium\u2013molybdenum\u2013tungsten solid-solution alloy: nominally ~57 Ni \u2013 16 Cr \u2013 16 Mo \u2013 4 W \u2013 5 Fe.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Hastelloy C-276\",\"description\":\"Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276 \/ W.Nr. 2.4819 \/ DIN NiMo16Cr15W \/ ISO NiMo16Cr15Fe6W4) is a wrought, single-phase face-centred-cubic (austenitic) nickel\u2013chromium\u2013molybdenum\u2013tungsten solid-solution alloy: nominally ~57 Ni \u2013 16 Cr \u2013 16 Mo \u2013 4 W \u2013 5 Fe.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS N10276\",\"W.Nr. 2.4819\",\"NiMo16Cr15W\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"N10276\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"2.4819\"}],\"additionalProperty\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"name\":\"DIN \/ EN designation\",\"value\":\"NiMo16Cr15W\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hastelloy C-276 \/ (2.4819) \/ UNS N10276 \/ AMS 5530 \/ AMS 5750 DEFENCE METAL Hastelloy C-276 UNS N10276 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4819 \u00b7 NiMo16Cr15W (EN) \u00b7 NiMo16Cr15Fe6W4 (ISO) \u00b7 DIN 17744 \/ 17750-17754 \u00b7 Ni balance (~57%) \u2013 Mo 15.0-17.0% \u2013 Cr 14.5-16.5% \u2013 W 3.0-4.5% \u2013 Fe 4.0-7.0% \u2013 Co 2.5% max \u2013 C &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Hastelloy C-276&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"HASTELLOY C-276 \/ (2.4819) \/ UNS N10276 \/ AMS 5530 \/ AMS 5750 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276, 2.4819) \u2014 AMS 5530 \/ AMS 5750. High nickel-molybdenum alloy with very low carbon and outstanding pitting resistance.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,13,15],"class_list":["post-3597","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>HASTELLOY C-276 \/ (2.4819) \/ UNS N10276 \/ AMS 5530 \/ AMS 5750 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276, 2.4819) \u2014 AMS 5530 \/ AMS 5750. 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