{"id":3589,"date":"2026-09-16T11:03:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:03:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:26:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:26:06","slug":"incoloy-825","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/","title":{"rendered":"Incoloy 825"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Incoloy 825 \/ (2.4858) \/ UNS N08825<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Incoloy 825<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS N08825 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4858 \u00b7 NiCr21Mo (DIN 17744) \u00b7 BS 3076 NA16 \u00b7 38-46% Ni \u2013 19.5-23.5% Cr \u2013 22% min Fe \u2013 2.5-3.5% Mo \u2013 1.5-3.0% Cu \u2013 0.6-1.2% Ti \u2013 C 0.05% max. A titanium-STABILIZED nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy. Note: VDM Metals limits carbon to 0.025% max in its own production; the ASTM ceiling is 0.05%.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/incoloy-800h-incoloy-825-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Incoloy 800H<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/incoloy-825-incoloy-925-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Incoloy 925<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">A Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu SOLID-SOLUTION alloy. It DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN; it cannot be hardened by heat treatment, and strength is raised only by cold work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube and pipe \u00b7 Forging. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">THERE IS NO AMS. No published SAE\/AMS specification for N08825 could be found; the VDM Metals data sheet leaves the AMS row empty, and the Special Metals, ATI, NeoNickel, Superior Tube and Fine Tubes data sheets list only ASTM\/ASME (and NACE). \u00b7 ASTM B425 \/ ASME SB-425 \u2014 rod and bar. \u00b7 ASTM B424 \/ ASME SB-424 \u2014 plate, sheet and strip. \u00b7 ASTM B564 \/ ASME SB-564 \u2014 forgings. \u00b7 ASTM B423 \/ ASME SB-423 \u2014 seamless pipe and tube. \u00b7 ASTM B163 \/ ASME SB-163 \u2014 seamless condenser and heat-exchanger tube. \u00b7 ASTM B704 \u2014 welded tube \u00b7 ASTM B705 \u2014 welded pipe. \u00b7 ASTM B366 \/ ASME SB-366 \u2014 welded fittings. \u00b7 DIN 17744 (material name NiCr21Mo) \u00b7 DIN 17750 (plate\/sheet) \u00b7 DIN 17752 (bar) \u00b7 BS 3076 NA16 \u00b7 VdTUV 432 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 and NACE MR0103 \/ ISO 17945.<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">This alloy has no aerospace counterpart: none of the producer data sheets reviewed (Special Metals, VDM Metals, ATI, NeoNickel, Alleima, Superior Tube, Fine Tubes, Metalcor, Langley Alloys) gives an AMS number for N08825.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Titanium stabilization (0.6-1.2% Ti) working together with about 40% nickel. Titanium ties up the carbon as Ti(C,N) inside the grains, so Cr23C6 does not precipitate at the grain boundaries and no chromium-depleted zone forms;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Filler metal: the matching filler is AWS A5.14 ERNiFeCr-1 (Filler Metal 65, UNS N08065) for GTAW and GMAW. Special Metals recommends INCONEL Filler Metal 625 (AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-3, UNS N06625) for gas-shielded welding and INCONEL Electrode 112 (AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-3) for SMAW;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">1) TEMPERATURE CEILING \u2014 above 540 \u00b0C, phase formation (microstructural change) markedly lowers ductility and impact strength; the alloy is NOT USED where creep-rupture properties are a design factor. Under ASME Section VIII Div. 1 the ceiling is 538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F); VdTUV approval ends at 450 \u00b0C;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All nickel alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding, Machining and Forming<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion Behaviour<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nIncoloy 825 (2.4858) is one of the three most widely used nickel alloys. Similar in composition to 904L (1.4539) stainless steel, this material has far higher corrosion resistance than any stainless steel.<\/p>\n<p>Alloy 825 is also designated UNS N08825 in the UNS system. Resembling stainless steel in composition, the material is formed essentially from nickel and chromium. In Incoloy 825 iron is added to the nickel and chromium, and various further elements such as molybdenum, copper and titanium are added to that trio in order to strengthen the material against corrosion and to raise its resistance.<\/p>\n<p>With outstanding corrosion resistance, this material was designed and produced for use in extremely harsh and hostile environments. Carrying a very high content of quality alloying elements, it is expensive, and both the service environment and the necessity of the material should be assessed carefully before it is specified. Usable from time to time even in sulphuric and phosphoric acid environments, the material is highly resistant to corrosion thanks to the additional elements it contains such as copper and molybdenum. It has better corrosion resistance than stainless steels, and thanks to the combination of all these elements Alloy 825 withstands even nitric acid, nitrates and chloride environments.<\/p>\n<p>Its applications and service environments are very wide and numerous. Incoloy 825 (Alloy 825) is frequently chosen and used in environments where chemical reactions take place, in environments where chemical processes are carried out, in filters, in pollution control systems, in oil and gas systems, in acid production plants, in nuclear power plant components, and in the collection and containment of radioactive waste.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition (NiCr21Mo) \u00b7 Incoloy 825 (2.4858)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ni<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">38.0-46.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cr<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">19.5-23.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">min 22.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">2.50-3.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">1.50-3.00%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.05%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Mn<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 1.00%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Si<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.03%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Al<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.60-1.20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density (specific gravity)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">8140 kg\/m\u00b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Melting Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">1370\u20131400\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Specific Heat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">440 J\/kg\u2022\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Curie Point<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">-196 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Incoloy 825<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Incoloy 825<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">N08825<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">W.Nr (DIN\/EN)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">2.4858<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">EN chemical symbol<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">NiCr21Mo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">B425 <span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">(bar)<\/span> \u00b7 B564 <span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">(forgings)<\/span> \u00b7 B424 <span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">(plate, sheet)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar, flat bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 ASTM B425 \/ ASME SB-425 (rod and bar) \u00b7 ASTM B775 (general requirements) \u00b7 DIN 17752 \u00b7 DIN 17744 (NiCr21Mo) \u00b7 BS 3076 NA16 \u00b7 VdTUV 432 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 \u00b7 NACE MR0103 \/ ISO 17945<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forging<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 ASTM B564 \/ ASME SB-564 (nickel alloy forgings) \u00b7 ASTM B425 for forging stock. Hot working 870-1180 \u00b0C, with the final hot work finished between 870 and 980 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 ASTM B424 \/ ASME SB-424 (plate, sheet, strip) \u00b7 ASTM B906 (general requirements) \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 VdTUV 432 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Sheet, strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 ASTM B424 \/ ASME SB-424 (plate, sheet, strip) \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 ISO 6208 (strip) \u00b7 VdTUV 432<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube and pipe \u2014 seamless<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 ASTM B423 \/ ASME SB-423 (seamless pipe and tube) \u00b7 ASTM B163 \/ ASME SB-163 (seamless condenser and heat-exchanger tube) \u00b7 ASTM B829 and B775 (general requirements) \u00b7 VdTUV 432 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156. B423 carries two separate sets of mechanical minimums (hot-finished \/ cold-worked); B163 has the annealed condition only.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube and pipe \u2014 welded<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 ASTM B704 \/ ASME SB-704 (welded tube) \u00b7 ASTM B705 \/ ASME SB-705 (welded pipe) \u00b7 ASTM B751 and B775 (general requirements)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welded fitting<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 ASTM B366 \/ ASME SB-366 (factory-made wrought fittings)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding consumable<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS. \u00b7 AWS A5.14 ERNiFeCr-1 (matching filler; Filler Metal 65, UNS N08065) \u00b7 AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-3 (alloy 625, UNS N06625) \u00b7 AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-3 (covered electrode, Electrode 112). ASME Section IX: base metal P-No. 45; the ERNiCrMo-3 \/ ENiCrMo-3 fillers are F-No. 43.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">THERE IS NO AMS: N08825 is not covered by an aerospace material specification. None of the producer data sheets reviewed gives an AMS number; VDM Metals leaves the AMS column of its specification table empty. ASTM\/ASME lead on this card because the commercial ground for this alloy is pressure-vessel and process equipment, not aerospace. The ASME Section IX P-No. 45 assignment was confirmed from three sources rather than four (US NRC Table A4, a P-Number reference chart, and Quality Inspection Forms); it must be verified against the Section IX text when the welding procedure is written. ISO 6208 is listed for strip by VDM Metals alone; the ISO 9723\/9724 numbers could not be confirmed by another independent source and were therefore left out of the map.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825 \/ W.Nr. 2.4858) is a Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu alloy built to work in both <b>reducing<\/b> and <b>oxidising<\/b> environments. Despite the &#8220;Incoloy&#8221; name it is <b>not a high-temperature alloy<\/b> \u2014 it is a wet-corrosion alloy, and above about 540 \u00b0C it loses ductility and toughness to phase formation.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 Incoloy 825 (N08825 \/ 2.4858)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Sheet \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B424<\/b> \/ ASME SB-424 \u00b7 ASTM B906 (clad plate) \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 ISO 6208 \u00b7 VdT\u00dcV Wb. 432<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Bar \u00b7 rod \u00b7 wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B425<\/b> \/ ASME SB-425 \u00b7 DIN 17744\/17752\/17753 \u00b7 ISO 9723\/9724 \u00b7 BS 3076 NA16. <b>There is no separate ASTM wire standard<\/b> \u2014 B425 and DIN 17744<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B564<\/b> \/ ASME SB-564 \u00b7 ASME Code Case N-572<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seamless pipe and tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B423<\/b> \/ SB-423 (pipe and tube) \u00b7 ASTM <b>B163<\/b> \/ SB-163 (condenser and heat-exchanger tube) \u00b7 ASME Code Case 1936<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welded pipe \/ tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B704<\/b> and <b>B705<\/b> \u2014 <b>which of the two is tube and which is pipe could not be confirmed in a second source<\/b>; verify against the current ASTM before ordering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B366<\/b> \/ ASME SB-366<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">General requirements<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">B751, B775, B829 \u2014 umbrella standards, not product specifications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASME<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Section I \u00b7 Section VIII Div. 1 and Div. 2 Class 1 and 2 \u00b7 Section III Div. 1 Classes 1 and 3. VIII-1 pressure-vessel approval to <b>538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>VdT\u00dcV<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Only to 450 \u00b0C.<\/b> The <b>88 \u00b0C gap<\/b> between ASME&#8217;s 538 \u00b0C and VdT\u00dcV&#8217;s 450 \u00b0C is a genuine trap for anyone designing to PED in Europe or Turkey from a US datasheet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Line pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">API <b>5LC<\/b> (CRA line pipe) and API <b>5LD<\/b> (CRA clad\/lined pipe) are listed for sheet\/plate and strip. <b>API 6A \/ 17D approvals could not be verified \u2014 do not claim them<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">NACE<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Listed under NACE <b>MR0175 \/ ISO 15156<\/b> (verified in four independent sources) \u00b7 NACE <b>MR0103<\/b> (refinery sour service) for bar and plate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Composition:<\/b> <b>Ni 38.0\u201346.0 %<\/b> \u00b7 Cr 19.5\u201323.5 % \u00b7 <b>Fe 22.0 % min<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Mo 2.50\u20133.50 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Cu 1.50\u20133.00 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Ti 0.60\u20131.20 %<\/b> \u00b7 C \u22640.05 % \u00b7 Mn \u22641.0 % \u00b7 Si \u22640.5 % \u00b7 Al \u22640.2 % \u00b7 S \u22640.03 %. <b>Mill limits are tighter than ASTM in places<\/b>: one European mill runs C \u22640.025 %, S \u22640.015 %, P \u22640.02 % and Co \u22641.0 %; another gives S \u22640.010 %. A heat that passes B425 may fail a mill-grade enquiry. <b>And note:<\/b> one distributor publishes titanium as <b>0.06\u20131.2 %<\/b> \u2014 that is a <b>typo for 0.60\u20131.20 %<\/b>; a genuine 0.06 % titanium would destroy the stabilisation the alloy depends on.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What the three signature additions do.<\/b> <b>Titanium (0.6\u20131.2 %):<\/b> in the originator&#8217;s words it &#8220;serves, <b>with an appropriate heat treatment<\/b>, to stabilize the alloy against sensitization to intergranular corrosion&#8221; \u2014 it ties up carbon as TiC so chromium carbides do not precipitate on grain boundaries and deplete them of chromium. <b>Note the conditional clause: titanium alone does not do it.<\/b> <b>Molybdenum (2.5\u20133.5 %):<\/b> aids resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. <b>Copper (1.5\u20133.0 %):<\/b> with nickel and molybdenum it gives &#8220;<b>outstanding resistance to reducing environments such as those containing sulfuric and phosphoric acids<\/b>&#8221; \u2014 this is where 825 beats plain Ni-Cr-Mo grades, and why the alloy exists as a distinct grade rather than being replaced by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-904l\/\">904L<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-625\/\">625<\/a>. Chromium gives resistance to oxidising substances (nitric acid, nitrates, oxidising salts); nickel gives resistance to <b>chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties \u00b7 Incoloy 825<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Minimums (annealed)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield (0.2 %) \u2265 <b>241 MPa (35 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Tensile \u2265 <b>586 MPa (85 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u2265 <b>30 %<\/b> \u00b7 Reduction of area \u226540 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Variation in the tensile minimum<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Sources print <b>585<\/b>, <b>586<\/b> and <b>590 MPa<\/b>. <b>Do not average them<\/b>: quote 586 MPa (85 ksi) as the ASTM-derived figure and note the variants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hot-finished seamless tube<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Yield \u2265172 MPa (25 ksi) \u00b7 Tensile \u2265517 MPa (75 ksi) \u00b7 Elongation \u226530 %.<\/b> A genuine trap most pages omit: buy hot-finished when your designer assumed 241 MPa and you are <b>29 % short<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Sources diverge irreconcilably:<\/b> one gives \u226490 HRB (reference), another \u2264327 HB \u2014 and 90 HRB is about 185 HB. <b>Do not publish a single hardness maximum<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cold-drawn tubing (typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile 1000 MPa (145 ksi) \u00b7 Yield 889 MPa (129 ksi) \u00b7 Elongation 15 % \u2014 roughly twice the annealed yield. <b>No specification minimum for a cold-worked temper was found<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Typical \u2014 bar \/ plate \/ sheet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Bar 690\/324 MPa\/45 % \u00b7 plate 662\/338 MPa\/45 % (one source 655\/310\/44 %) \u00b7 sheet 758\/421 MPa\/39 % (one source 689\/379\/39 %). <b>Typical values, not acceptance criteria<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Elevated temperature and impact<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield \u2265172 MPa at 525 \u00b0C \u00b7 ISO-V impact (bar) 100 J\/cm\u00b2 transverse, 150 J\/cm\u00b2 longitudinal (note the unusual <b>J\/cm\u00b2<\/b> units, not J)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Physical properties:<\/b> density <b>8.14 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> \u00b7 melting range <b>1370\u20131400 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 specific heat (20 \u00b0C) 440 J\/kg\u00b7K \u00b7 thermal conductivity about 11.1 W\/m\u00b7K (sources diverge between 10.8 and 11.1) \u00b7 modulus of elasticity 196 GPa (static) or 193 GPa (dynamic) \u2014 both defensible. <b>Magnetic behaviour:<\/b> fully austenitic and <b>effectively non-magnetic in the annealed condition<\/b> (\u00b5 = 1.005 at 200 Oe); the Curie point is <b>below \u2212196 \u00b0C<\/b>, so it stays non-magnetic to cryogenic temperatures. <b>No source quantifies the permeability rise after cold work<\/b> \u2014 so do not claim it &#8220;remains non-magnetic after cold working&#8221;. <b>The mean coefficient of thermal expansion could not be verified<\/b> and is not printed here.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment \u2014 It Says &#8220;Annealed&#8221;, But Which Anneal?<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">ANNEAL (solution anneal) \u2014 the standard delivery condition<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ANNEAL (solution anneal) \u2014 the standard delivery condition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The usual delivery and service condition of this solid-solution alloy. It dissolves carbides, removes cold-work stress and leaves a fine grain. It DOES NOT HARDEN the material; this is the condition in which the ASTM minimums are measured.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Producer practice bands: 930-980 \u00b0C (1700-1800 \u00b0F) \u2014 Special Metals, Alleima and Salomons Metalen \u00b7 920-980 \u00b0C, preferably 940 \u00b1 10 \u00b0C \u2014 VDM Metals \u00b7 927-1038 \u00b0C (1700-1900 \u00b0F) \u2014 ATI and Jacquet \u00b7 up to 980 \u00b0C \u2014 Langley Alloys. No single figure is given; the sources quote different bands.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">VDM Metals gives a holding time based on thickness (d): 3 min\/mm for d <= 10 mm \u00b7 30 min + (d-10) x 2 min\/mm for d = 10-20 mm \u00b7 50 min + (d-20) x 1 min\/mm for d > 20 mm. ATI and Jacquet give no time, only &#8216;hold until the temperature is uniform through the section&#8217;. A peer-reviewed study (MDPI Metals 11(5):771) uses 1.5 minutes per millimetre of bar radius.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid air cooling or water quenching. VDM Metals calls for rapid water quenching for optimum corrosion properties; Special Metals and Salomons say &#8216;rapid air cooling or water quenching&#8217;; ATI says &#8216;air cool or water quench&#8217;. Heavy sections are water quenched.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The standard delivery condition for corrosion service and general use. The ASTM B424 \/ B425 \/ B423 \/ B163 \/ B564 \/ B704 minimums apply in this condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B424 \u00b7 B425 \u00b7 B423 \u00b7 B163 \u00b7 B564 \u00b7 B704 \u00b7 B705 (all are written around the annealed condition). No AMS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">STABILIZING ANNEAL<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">STABILIZING ANNEAL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The treatment that ties the carbon to titanium and precipitates it as Ti(C,N) inside the grains, so that Cr23C6 and the chromium-depleted zone do not form at the grain boundaries. It is applied when maximum intergranular corrosion resistance is required, or when the material has been through the sensitization band.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">870-955 \u00b0C (1600-1750 \u00b0F) \u2014 ATI and Jacquet. The VDM Metals NACE paper and Virgamet give 940 \u00b0C (1725 \u00b0F) for maximum stabilization. Special Metals and Salomons quote no separate stabilizing temperature; they state that the lower end of the 930-980 \u00b0C annealing band does this job.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">One hour minimum (ATI, Jacquet and the VDM Metals paper). No published data was found for shorter times.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool or water quench; the same practice as for annealing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Maximum intergranular corrosion resistance in commercial phosphoric\/sulphuric and nitric acid service. VDM Metals REQUIRES material that has been exposed to 600-650 \u00b0C to be stabilize-annealed before it is returned to that service.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Verification test: ASTM G28 Method A (ferric sulphate &#8211; sulphuric acid) or ASTM A262 Practice C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">HOT-WORKING BAND<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">HOT-WORKING BAND<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The forging and hot-rolling range. This is not a hardening treatment; it is a forming range.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">870-1180 \u00b0C (1600-2150 \u00b0F) \u2014 Special Metals and Salomons Metalen. Virgamet gives 870-1175 \u00b0C. For maximum corrosion resistance the FINAL hot working must be finished between 870 and 980 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No time is given in the specifications; it depends on the section and the press capacity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Air cool or faster after hot work; water quench for heavy sections.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Forgings and hot-rolled product. An ANNEAL follows hot working.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B564 (forgings) \u00b7 ASTM B425 (hot-finished bar).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">After welding<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AFTER WELDING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No post-weld heat treatment is REQUIRED for normal corrosion service; the titanium stabilization preserves intergranular corrosion resistance in the as-welded condition (Special Metals, ATI, Sandmeyer, Superior Tube, Fine Tubes).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">A 940 \u00b0C stabilizing anneal where one is judged necessary. NO post-weld heat treatment is applied in the 593-816 \u00b0C band.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No preheat is required. Keep heat input below 1.0 kJ\/mm and interpass temperature below 100 \u00b0C (Alleima). Removing sulphur and grease before welding is mandatory to prevent hot cracking (TWI).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Range to avoid<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">SENSITIZATION BAND \u2014 do not dwell in this band<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">593-816 \u00b0C (1100-1500 \u00b0F) \u2014 ATI and Jacquet call for prolonged exposure to be avoided. The VDM Metals data sheet requires a stabilizing anneal for material that has been exposed to 600-650 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The VDM Metals NACE paper measured that a 16-hour post-weld heat treatment at 650 \u00b0C and 700 \u00b0C clearly raises the corrosion rate, while the effect at 600 \u00b0C remains small.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Result<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO stress-relief or post-weld heat-treatment cycle that falls in this band may be applied. If the band has been entered, it is corrected by a 940 \u00b0C stabilizing anneal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Mechanism<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Precipitation of Cr23C6 at the grain boundaries and chromium depletion of the adjacent zone. The result is susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve for N08825 could be found, so no curve is drawn \u2014 only the cycle schematic is given. Incoloy 825 DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN \u2014 there is NO ageing condition (H900, H1025 and the like) and none should be sought. Incoloy 825 DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN. It is a solid-solution alloy and cannot be hardened by heat treatment. Strength is raised only by cold work, and annealing removes it again. No published TTT\/CCT curve was found, so no curve is drawn. The diagram is schematic and the time axis is not to scale. The temperature bands differ from producer to producer and have NOT been averaged here; each band is given with its source. No separate STRESS-RELIEF recipe is given: none of the producer data sheets reviewed publishes an independent stress-relief temperature or time for N08825, and neither ASTM B163 nor B423 lists a &#8216;stress-relieved&#8217; delivery condition. Because a stress relief risks falling inside the sensitization band (593-816 \u00b0C), no invented figure has been written. The effect of the 940 \u00b0C stabilizing anneal is verified by ASTM G28 Method A or ASTM A262 Practice C; VDM Metals recommends G28 Method A for routine acceptance. The VDM Metals paper makes one fine point: material annealed at 940-980 \u00b0C remained more susceptible to a subsequent post-weld heat treatment than material annealed at 1010-1120 \u00b0C.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Not hardenable by heat treatment.<\/b> It is solid-solution strengthened; strength above the annealed minimums is obtained <b>only by cold work<\/b> (1000 MPa tensile in cold-drawn tubing).<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The Anneal \u2014 Three Mills, Two Different Heat Treatments<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Stabilise \/ soft anneal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>930\u2013980 \u00b0C<\/b>, rapid air cool or water quench. &#8220;<b>Heat treatment in the lower end of the range is acceptable for stabilization<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Stabilise anneal (preferred)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>920\u2013980 \u00b0C, preferably 940 \u00b1 10 \u00b0C<\/b>, rapid water quench<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Solution anneal (tube practice)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1000\u20131100 \u00b0C for 5\u201310 minutes<\/b>, rapid cool in air or water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>This is not a rounding difference<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">These are <b>two different heat treatments<\/b>. A high-temperature solution anneal dissolves titanium carbides; if cooling through the carbide range is not fast enough \u2014 likely in thick plate, forgings and heavy fittings \u2014 the part can leave the mill &#8220;annealed&#8221; and still be <b>sensitised<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Sensitisation, in the originator&#8217;s own words:<\/b> &#8220;Heavy sections may become sensitized during cooling from the hot-working temperature, and therefore be subject to intergranular corrosion in certain media. A <b>stabilizing anneal<\/b>\u2026 restores resistance to corrosion.&#8221; Titanium stabilisation is only realised if the material gets a stabilising heat treatment; it is <b>not automatic<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Embrittlement \/ phase window:<\/b> &#8220;Exposure to temperatures above about <b>540 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F)<\/b> can result in microstructural changes (phase formation) that <b>significantly lower ductility and impact strength<\/b>.&#8221; The continuous-service ceiling is given as about 550 \u00b0C. <b>Which phase forms (\u03c3, Ti-rich or other) could not be verified<\/b> and is not guessed here.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding, Machining and Forming<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Welding \u2014 two legitimate but different philosophies<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">There is a real distinction that the trade literature mixes up. <b>(A) Matching-composition consumables (Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu, i.e. 825-like):<\/b> AWS A5.14 <b>ERNiFeCr-1<\/b> (ISO 18274 S Ni 8065) for GTAW\/GMAW; the originator&#8217;s matching pair is <b>INCOLOY Filler Metal 65<\/b> (gas-shielded) and <b>INCOLOY Welding Electrode 135<\/b> (SMAW); another mill offers AWS A5.4 <b>E383-16<\/b> as an SMAW alternative \u2014 note that this is a <b>stainless<\/b> (27Cr-31Ni-4Mo-Cu) electrode, not a nickel-base one. <b>(B) Over-alloyed Ni-Cr-Mo (625-type) consumables \u2014 what the originator now recommends:<\/b> &#8220;For most applications, <b>INCONEL Welding Electrode 112<\/b> for shielded metal-arc welding and <b>INCONEL Filler Metal 625<\/b> for gas-shielded processes are used.&#8221; Filler Metal 625 = AWS A5.14 <b>ERNiCrMo-3<\/b>. <b>(C) Highest corrosion resistance:<\/b> INCO-WELD 686CPT electrode and filler metal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Buyer-facing summary:<\/b> 625-type (ERNiCrMo-3) is the workhorse and gives an <b>over-matched, over-alloyed<\/b> weld; ERNiFeCr-1 \/ FM 65 is the <b>chemistry-matching<\/b> choice and is what you want when weld-metal chemistry must match the base metal for a corrosion or NACE case. <b>No source consulted recommends ERNiCr-3 (alloy 82), ENiCrFe-2\/-3 (the 600\/800 family) or any 316L-type filler for 825<\/b> \u2014 if a fabricator proposes one, ask for the source. <b>Parameters:<\/b> heat input <b><1.0 kJ\/mm<\/b>, interpass temperature <b><100 \u00b0C<\/b> (single-sourced). <b>No source specifies a preheat requirement<\/b> \u2014 that is the absence of a requirement, not a statement that none is needed; do not claim either way. <b>&#8220;No post-weld heat treatment is required&#8221;<\/b> is stated, but qualify it: heavy sections, or weldments that will see intergranular-attack-prone media, may still warrant a <b>stabilising anneal<\/b> even though PWHT is not a general requirement.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Machining and forming<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">&#8220;All standard machining operations are readily performed\u2026 The alloy normally has optimum machining characteristics in the <b>annealed temper<\/b>.&#8221; <b>Cutting speeds are not printed on this page<\/b> \u2014 the separate machining publication the originator defers to could not be reached. <b>Cold forming:<\/b> &#8220;properties and practices are essentially the same as for alloy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-600\/\">600<\/a>. Although the work-hardening rate is <b>somewhat less than for the common grades of austenitic stainless steels<\/b>, it is still relatively high.&#8221; <b>That directly contradicts the very common trade claim that 825 work-hardens faster than 304\/316.<\/b> For the <b>hot-working range<\/b> sources diverge: <b>870\u20131180 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>900\u20131150 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 quote both; the second source also instructs <b>rapid cooling<\/b> after hot working, which ties directly to the sensitisation warning.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion Behaviour \u2014 the Alloy&#8217;s Whole Reason to Exist<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Incoloy 825 \u00b7 Corrosion<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Sulphuric acid<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">One mill publishes a <b>0.1 mm\/yr (4 mpy) iso-corrosion curve<\/b> for <b>deaerated<\/b> H\u2082SO\u2084 against 316L, over concentration versus temperature to about 120 \u00b0C. <b>The curve&#8217;s numeric co-ordinates are not printed on this page<\/b> \u2014 request the diagram for your own concentration. <b>Aeration matters:<\/b> the curve is explicitly for deaerated acid; aerated or oxidiser-contaminated sulphuric behaves differently, and that qualifier is almost always dropped in trade literature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Phosphoric acid<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Qualitative resistance only (four sources name it as a target environment). <b>No corrosion rates or concentration\/temperature envelope were found<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Nitric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The best hard data.<\/b> 50 wt % HNO\u2083 boiling (115 \u00b0C): 825 <b>0.04 mm\/yr<\/b>, 316L 0.12 mm\/yr. 65 wt % boiling (118 \u00b0C): 825 <b>0.11 mm\/yr<\/b>, 316L 0.3 mm\/yr \u2014 roughly <b>3\u00d7<\/b> better in both. The mechanism is chromium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Formic acid<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">&#8220;Significantly better&#8221; than standard austenitic stainless steels (single-sourced)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">High resistance verified in four sources; tested against 316L in 40 % CaCl\u2082 at 100 \u00b0C. <b>CRITICAL LIMIT:<\/b> 825 is &#8220;<b>not fully resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in boiling magnesium chloride<\/b>&#8220;. So it is <b>not immune<\/b> \u2014 far better than 316L, but it will crack in the severe laboratory test. This is the single most valuable correction on the page<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Pitting and crevice<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Molybdenum contributes; one mill publishes <b>CPT<\/b> values in 3 % NaCl at various pH showing 825 superior to Type 316. <b>The numeric CPT values could not be verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>PREN<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No published PREN for N08825 was found.<\/b> Applying the published formula (Cr + 3.3Mo + 16N) to typical chemistry gives \u224828.6, and to the mid-range of the ASTM limits \u224831.4 \u2014 <b>these are calculations, not published values<\/b>. And <b>PREN is a weak metric for this alloy<\/b>: the formula has no nickel term, and 825&#8217;s chloride performance comes largely from nickel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seawater<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Corrosion rate <b>below 0.01 mm\/yr<\/b> (single-sourced); three sources name seawater as a suitable environment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Sour service<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Under ISO 15156 \/ MR0175 it is acceptable &#8220;<b>in the cold worked and annealed condition with no environmental limits in respect of partial pressures of H\u2082S or elemental sulfur<\/b>&#8220;. <b>There is a contradiction inside the same document:<\/b> a quoted institute test says usable &#8220;up to 260 \u00b0C with H\u2082S partial pressure up to 10,000 psi, <b>in the absence of elementary sulfur<\/b>&#8220;. <b>Report both; do not reconcile them<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>What it is NOT good for<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">(1) Boiling magnesium chloride. (2) <b>Service above ~540 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 phase formation severely lowers ductility and impact strength; despite the &#8220;Incoloy&#8221; name this is not a high-temperature structural alloy. (3) <b>Concentrated HCl \/ HF<\/b> \u2014 no source states a limit, but equally no source recommends 825 for them; that duty belongs to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/\">C-276<\/a> class, so do not claim resistance. (4) Sensitised heavy sections that never had a stabilising anneal. (5) Aerated or oxidiser-contaminated sulphuric acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">825, 625, C-276, 904L or super duplex \u2014 when is each actually required?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">These five are not a quality ladder; they solve different problems. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-904l\/\">904L<\/a><\/b> is a stainless steel \u2014 the cheapest route to copper-bearing sulphuric-acid resistance, but its nickel content is far below 825&#8217;s 38\u201346 %, so it offers much less chloride-SCC margin. <b>Incoloy 825<\/b> is the value grade where you need <i>both<\/i> reducing-acid resistance (from its 1.5\u20133.0 % Cu plus 2.5\u20133.5 % Mo, which the originator credits with &#8220;outstanding resistance to reducing environments such as those containing sulfuric and phosphoric acids&#8221;) <i>and<\/i> high chloride-SCC immunity from nickel. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f53\/\">Super duplex (S32750)<\/a><\/b> beats 825 badly on strength and on pitting (PREN \u226540; no published PREN exists for 825) and is usually cheaper \u2014 but in sour service it is limited to <b>232 \u00b0C and 0.20 bar (3 psi) H\u2082S<\/b>, whereas 825 is listed as acceptable under ISO 15156 &#8220;with no environmental limits&#8221;. <b>That H\u2082S ceiling is the true cross-over point: below about 3 psi H\u2082S, super duplex usually wins on cost and strength; above it, 825 is the entry ticket.<\/b> <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-625\/\">Inconel 625<\/a><\/b> (Ni \u226558 %, Mo 8\u201310 %, Nb 3.15\u20134.15 %) roughly triples the molybdenum and takes you to 982 \u00b0C service \u2014 you pay for it, and you need it only when pitting or crevice severity, or temperature, exceeds 825. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-276\/\">C-276<\/a><\/b> is the strong-reducing-acid (HCl\/HF) alloy; <b>no source consulted recommends 825 for those duties<\/b>, so specifying 825 there is a false economy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Sour service: what does the mill certificate actually prove?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Four independent sources confirm 825 is <b>listed<\/b> in NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156, and one mill states it is acceptable &#8220;in the cold worked and annealed condition with no environmental limits in respect of partial pressures of H\u2082S or elemental sulfur&#8221;. <b>But that listing is about the alloy, not about your heat.<\/b> A standard EN 10204 3.1 certificate for ASTM B425 or B423 proves chemistry and room-temperature tensile properties. It does <b>not<\/b> by itself prove: that the delivered <b>hardness<\/b> is within the ISO 15156 cap; that the <b>heat-treatment condition<\/b> is the one the standard&#8217;s table covers; that any <b>cold work<\/b> is within the permitted band; or that <b>welds and weld consumables<\/b> are qualified. Be aware of two honest gaps: this research <b>could not verify the ISO 15156-3 Annex A table number or the maximum hardness figure for N08825 in any source<\/b> \u2014 treat any web page quoting one without citing the standard as unreliable. One mill&#8217;s own datasheet also contradicts itself, saying &#8220;no environmental limits\u2026 elemental sulfur&#8221; in one place and, quoting institute tests, &#8220;<b>in the absence of elementary sulfur<\/b>&#8221; in another. <b>Therefore specify on the purchase order:<\/b> (1) &#8220;manufactured, tested and certified in full compliance with NACE MR0175\/ISO 15156-3, latest edition, for material type N08825&#8221;; (2) the <b>delivery condition<\/b> (annealed \/ cold worked) and <b>maximum hardness with test method and location<\/b>; (3) EN 10204 <b>3.2<\/b> where a third party is warranted; (4) that <b>weld procedures and consumables<\/b> are separately MR0175-qualified.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">&#8220;It says annealed on the certificate&#8221; \u2014 but which anneal?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">This is the most under-reported trap on 825, and it costs real money. Incoloy 825 relies on its <b>0.6\u20131.2 % titanium<\/b> to prevent sensitisation \u2014 but the originator&#8217;s own wording is conditional: titanium &#8220;serves, <b>with an appropriate heat treatment<\/b>, to stabilize the alloy against sensitization to intergranular corrosion&#8221;. The same bulletin warns that &#8220;heavy sections may become sensitized during cooling from the hot-working temperature, and therefore be subject to intergranular corrosion in certain media. A stabilizing anneal\u2026 restores resistance to corrosion.&#8221; Now look at what three mills publish as &#8220;the&#8221; anneal: the originator says <b>930\u2013980 \u00b0C<\/b> with the <i>lower end<\/i> explicitly preferred for stabilisation; a European mill says <b>920\u2013980 \u00b0C, preferably 940 \u00b1 10 \u00b0C<\/b>; a third specifies a <b>solution anneal at 1000\u20131100 \u00b0C<\/b> for tube. <b>These are two different heat treatments, not a tolerance band.<\/b> A high-temperature solution anneal dissolves titanium carbides; if cooling through the carbide range is not fast enough \u2014 likely in thick plate, forgings and heavy fittings \u2014 the part can leave the mill &#8220;annealed&#8221; and still be sensitised. <b>What to do:<\/b> for heavy sections, or any duty where intergranular attack matters, specify the <b>stabilising anneal at 930\u2013950 \u00b0C with a rapid quench<\/b>, name it explicitly on the order, and require an intergranular-corrosion test (an ASTM A262 or G28-type practice agreed with the mill) on the delivered condition. Note too the instruction to cool <b>rapidly<\/b> after hot working.<\/p>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 610\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B425 \u00b7 rod and bar, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"553.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"576.7\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">586<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"227.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"250.7\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">241<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B424 \u00b7 plate, sheet and strip, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"553.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"576.7\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">586<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"227.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"250.7\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">241<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B564 \u00b7 forgings, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"553.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"576.7\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">586<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"196\" width=\"227.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"250.7\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">241<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B423 \u00b7 seamless pipe and tube, hot-finished and annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"242\" width=\"488.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"511.5\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">517<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"260\" width=\"162.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"185.5\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">172<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"300\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B423 \u00b7 seamless pipe and tube, cold-worked and annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"306\" width=\"553.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"576.7\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">586<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"324\" width=\"227.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"250.7\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">241<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B163 \u00b7 condenser and heat-exchanger tube, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"370\" width=\"553.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"576.7\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">586<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"388\" width=\"227.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"250.7\" y=\"400\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">241<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"428\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B704 \u00b7 welded tube, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"434\" width=\"553.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"576.7\" y=\"446\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">586<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"452\" width=\"226.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"249.8\" y=\"464\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">240<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"492\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">TYPICAL \u00b7 annealed plate (Special Metals)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"498\" width=\"625.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"648.5\" y=\"510\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">662<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"516\" width=\"319.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"342.4\" y=\"528\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">338<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"556\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">TYPICAL \u00b7 annealed product (ATI)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"562\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"574\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"580\" width=\"283.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"306.5\" y=\"592\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">300<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B425 \u00b7 rod and bar, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">241<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">586<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B424 \u00b7 plate, sheet and strip, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">241<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">586<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B564 \u00b7 forgings, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">241<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">586<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B423 \u00b7 seamless pipe and tube, hot-finished and annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">172<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">517<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B423 \u00b7 seamless pipe and tube, cold-worked and annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">241<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">586<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B163 \u00b7 condenser and heat-exchanger tube, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">241<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">586<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B704 \u00b7 welded tube, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">586<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">TYPICAL \u00b7 annealed plate (Special Metals)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">338<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">662<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">45%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">TYPICAL \u00b7 annealed product (ATI)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">300<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">45%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">The first seven rows are SPECIFICATION MINIMUMS for room temperature; the last two rows are producer TYPICAL values, not specification requirements, and the two must not be mixed. Because N08825 DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN, the rows are split by PRODUCT FORM and DELIVERY CONDITION (annealed \/ hot-finished plus annealed \/ cold-worked plus annealed), not by ageing condition. There is NO AMS row: no published AMS specification for N08825 could be found.<\/b> This alloy DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN; the strength table is built around product form and delivery condition, not around an ageing condition. There is no AMS row. No published SAE\/AMS specification for N08825 was found on any producer data sheet. The two ASTM B423 minimums must not be mixed: hot-finished tube is 517\/172 MPa, cold-worked tube is 586\/241 MPa. If the order text does not state the condition, material to the lower minimum may be delivered. ASTM B425, B424, B423, B163, B564 and B704 impose NO hardness requirement on N08825, which is why the HRC\/HB column is empty. The 35 HRC (about 327 HB) ceiling under NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156-3 could be confirmed from only three independent sources (Alleima, Swagelok, Langley Alloys) and is therefore not printed as a card value; it must be read from the specification text at the time of order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-925\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Incoloy 925<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-a286\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Incoloy A286<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-b-3\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Hastelloy B-3<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-c-22\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Hastelloy C-22<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All nickel alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Incoloy 825\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825 \/ W.Nr. 2.4858) is a Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu alloy built to work in both reducing and oxidising environments. Despite the \\\"Incoloy\\\" name it is not a high-temperature alloy \u2014 it is a wet-corrosion alloy, and above about 540 \u00b0C it loses ductility and toughness to phase formation.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Incoloy 825\",\"description\":\"Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825 \/ W.Nr. 2.4858) is a Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu alloy built to work in both reducing and oxidising environments. Despite the \\\"Incoloy\\\" name it is not a high-temperature alloy \u2014 it is a wet-corrosion alloy, and above about 540 \u00b0C it loses ductility and toughness to phase formation.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS N08825\",\"W.Nr. 2.4858\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"N08825\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"2.4858\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Incoloy 825 \/ (2.4858) \/ UNS N08825 DEFENCE METAL Incoloy 825 UNS N08825 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4858 \u00b7 NiCr21Mo (DIN 17744) \u00b7 BS 3076 NA16 \u00b7 38-46% Ni \u2013 19.5-23.5% Cr \u2013 22% min Fe \u2013 2.5-3.5% Mo \u2013 1.5-3.0% Cu \u2013 0.6-1.2% Ti \u2013 C 0.05% max. A titanium-STABILIZED nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy. Note: VDM Metals limits &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/incoloy-825\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Incoloy 825&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"INCOLOY 825 \/ (2.4858) \/ UNS N08825 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825, 2.4858) \u2014 nickel-iron-chromium alloy with copper and molybdenum, resisting sulphuric, phosphoric and nitric acid.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[13,15],"class_list":["post-3589","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>INCOLOY 825 \/ (2.4858) \/ UNS 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