{"id":3571,"date":"2026-09-16T11:01:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:01:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:28:41","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:28:41","slug":"monel-400","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/","title":{"rendered":"Monel 400"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Monel 400 \/ (2.4360) \/ UNS N04400 \/ AMS 4675 \/ AMS 4544<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Monel 400<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS N04400 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4360 (some sources also give 2.4361 for the same alloy) \u00b7 NiCu30Fe (DIN\/EN) \u00b7 BS NA13 \u00b7 ISO NW4400 \u00b7 Ni(+Co) 63% min \u2013 Cu 28-34% \u2013 Fe 2.5% max \u2013 Mn 2.0% max \u2013 C 0.3% max \u2013 Si 0.5% max \u2013 S 0.024% max.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/monel-400-monel-k-500-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Monel K500<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Nickel-copper SOLID SOLUTION alloy. It is NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE; its strength comes from the Ni-Cu matrix and from cold work, and it cannot be strengthened by ageing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 tube and pipe \u00b7 forgings. All forms are supplied to order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4544<\/b> \u2014 sheet, strip and plate; ANNEALED (67Ni-30Cu). \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4675<\/b> \u2014 bars (2.35-100.00 mm) plus forgings and forging stock (67Ni-30Cu). \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4574<\/b> \u2014 seamless tubing; ANNEALED (67Ni-31Cu). \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4575<\/b> \u2014 BRAZED tubing; ANNEALED (67Ni-31Cu). \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4730<\/b> \u2014 wire; ANNEALED (67Ni-31Cu, alloy 400). \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4731<\/b> \u2014 wire and ribbon; ANNEALED (67Ni-31Cu, Monel 400). \u00b7 ASTM B127 \/ ASME SB-127 \u2014 plate, sheet and strip. \u00b7 ASTM B164 \/ ASME SB-164 \u2014 rod, bar and wire. \u00b7 ASTM B165 \/ ASME SB-165 \u2014 seamless pipe and tube. \u00b7 ASTM B163 \/ ASME SB-163 \u2014 condenser and heat-exchanger tube. \u00b7 ASTM B725 \/ ASME SB-725 \u2014 welded pipe. \u00b7 ASTM B730 \/ ASME SB-730 \u2014 welded tube. \u00b7 ASTM B564 \/ ASME SB-564 \u2014 forgings. \u00b7 ASTM B366 \/ ASME SB-366 \u2014 welded fittings. \u00b7 ASTM B751, B775, B829 \u2014 general requirements for tubular products. \u00b7 DIN 17743, 17750, 17752, 17753, 17754 \u00b7 VdTUV Material Sheet 263. \u00b7 QQ-N-281 (Class A and Class B) \u00b7 MIL-T-1368. \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 and MR0103.<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">AMS 4674 (67Ni-30Cu-0.04S, free machining) is NOT N04400; it covers the sulphur-bearing free-machining Monel R-405 (UNS N04405), which some distributor lists wrongly file under 400.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Having no chromium, it is weak in oxidising media, but it works in reducing media: it is one of the few commercial alloys usable in de-aerated hydrofluoric acid at ALL concentrations up to the boiling point.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Filler metal: AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7 (UNS N04060; Monel Filler Metal 60 \/ VDM FM 60, W.Nr. 2.4377) for GTAW, GMAW and SAW. Covered electrode: AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7 (Monel Welding Electrode 190). INCOFLUX 5 is used as the flux for submerged-arc welding. Shielding gas is argon with at most 3% H2;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">NOT FOR OXIDISING SERVICE \u2014 there is no chromium. Nitric acid above 0.5% concentration attacks the alloy rapidly. Oxidising salts in sulphuric acid (ferric sulphate, chromates, dichromates, nitrates, nitrites, peroxides, cupric salts) and ferric chloride make the solution highly corrosive; aeration raises the corrosion rate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All nickel alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">R-405 and K-500<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Magnetic Behaviour<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding and Heat Treatment<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining and Forming<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nMonel 400 (2.4360 &#8211; 2.4361), also widely known as Alloy 400, is an alloy of nickel and copper. Belonging to the Monel family, this nickel-copper material is the most widely used and most readily available Monel grade. It has a very high degree of corrosion resistance, and its mechanical values are high as well. Able to withstand a wide range of corrosive environments, this nickel\/copper alloy is chosen across a very broad range of applications.<\/p>\n<p>Alloy 400 (Monel 400) is used in many marine fittings, in parts exposed to chemical processes, in valves, pumps, special shafts, connecting parts and screws, and in electrical components. It is also very suitable for welding, and is used from time to time in boat and yacht shafts. The material is also resistant to acids such as hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid. It is weakly attracted by a magnet and is not a non-magnetic material.<\/p>\n<p>Able to work across a very wide temperature range, this nickel-copper alloy operates at sub-zero temperatures and also retains most of its mechanical properties up to 450-500 \u00b0C. A much more readily machinable version of this material, Monel Alloy R-405 (Monel R405), is also available.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition (Monel 400) \u00b7 Monel 400 (2.4360 \u2013 2.4361)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ni<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">min 63.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 2.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mn<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 2.00%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Si<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.024%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">28.0-34.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density (specific gravity)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">8800 kg\/m\u00b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Melting Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">1300-1350\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Monel 400<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Monel 400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">N04400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">W.Nr (DIN\/EN)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">2.4360 \u00b7 2.4361<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">4544 \u00b7 4574 \u00b7 4675<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar, flat bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4675<\/b> (bars 2.35-100.00 mm plus forgings and forging stock) \u00b7 ASTM B164 \/ ASME SB-164 (rod, bar, wire) \u00b7 QQ-N-281 \u00b7 DIN 17752 \u00b7 BS 3076 NA13 \u00b7 VdTUV 263<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forging<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4675<\/b> (forgings and forging stock) \u00b7 ASTM B564 \/ ASME SB-564 \u00b7 DIN 17754<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4544<\/b> (sheet, strip, plate; ANNEALED) \u00b7 ASTM B127 \/ ASME SB-127 \u00b7 QQ-N-281 Class A \u00b7 DIN 17750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Sheet, strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4544<\/b> (sheet, strip, plate; ANNEALED) \u00b7 ASTM B127 \/ ASME SB-127 \u00b7 QQ-N-281 Class A \u00b7 DIN 17750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube and pipe \u2014 seamless<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4574<\/b> (seamless tubing; ANNEALED) \u00b7 ASTM B165 \/ ASME SB-165 (seamless pipe and tube) \u00b7 ASTM B163 \/ ASME SB-163 (condenser and heat-exchanger tube) \u00b7 ASTM B829 and B775 (general requirements) \u00b7 MIL-T-1368 \u00b7 VdTUV 263<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube and pipe \u2014 welded<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B725 \/ ASME SB-725 (welded pipe) \u00b7 ASTM B730 \/ ASME SB-730 (welded tube) \u00b7 ASTM B751 and B775 (general requirements). There is NO AMS specification covering welded pipe or tube; <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4575<\/b> is BRAZED tubing, not welded.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube \u2014 brazed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4575<\/b> (brazed tubing; ANNEALED, 67Ni-31Cu). There is no ASTM equivalent for this form.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire, ribbon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4730<\/b> (wire; ANNEALED) \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4731<\/b> (wire and ribbon; ANNEALED) \u00b7 ASTM B164 \/ ASME SB-164 (cold-worked wire) \u00b7 DIN 17753 \u00b7 BS 3075 NA13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welded fitting<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B366 \/ ASME SB-366. There is NO AMS specification for this form.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding consumable<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7 (welding wire, UNS N04060, W.Nr. 2.4377) \u00b7 AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7 (covered electrode). ASME Section IX F-No. 42; base metal P-No. 42.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">AMS numbers are listed first, ASTM second. There is no AMS specification for welded pipe, welded tube or welded fittings; only ASTM covers them. Selling AMS 4575 as &#8216;seamless tubing&#8217; is a common error; the specification title is BRAZED tubing. QQ-N-281 is a cancelled federal specification. Class A corresponds to the annealed condition and Class B to cold-drawn and stress-relieved; it is listed here only because it is still referenced. DIN 17743 (composition), 17750 (sheet and plate), 17752 (bar), 17753 (wire), 17754 (forgings) and VdTUV Material Sheet 263 are the European counterparts.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Monel 400 (UNS <b>N04400<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>2.4360<\/b> \/ EN <b>NiCu30Fe<\/b>) is a solid-solution Ni-Cu alloy. Two things on this page deserve particular care: <b>magnetic behaviour<\/b> (the alloy is sold as &#8220;non-magnetic&#8221; and is not) and <b>flow regime in seawater<\/b> (flowing seawater and stagnant seawater are not the same duty).<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 Monel 400 (N04400)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B127<\/b> \/ ASME SB-127 \u2014 <b>N04400 only<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Rod \u00b7 bar \u00b7 wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B164<\/b> \/ SB-164 \u2014 covers <b>N04400 AND N04405<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Forgings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B564<\/b> \/ SB-564 \u2014 a multi-alloy umbrella specification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seamless pipe and tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B165<\/b> \/ SB-165 \u2014 specific to N04400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Condenser \u00b7 heat-exchanger tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B163<\/b> \/ SB-163 \u2014 a <b>multi-alloy TUBE specification<\/b>; N04400 is one of several grades in it. <b>Do not confuse it with B165<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Welded pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B725<\/b> \/ SB-725 \u2014 &#8220;Welded Nickel (N02200\/N02201) and Nickel-Copper Alloy (N04400) Pipe&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welded tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B730<\/b> \/ SB-730<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fittings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>B366<\/b> \/ SB-366<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>General requirements<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">B751 (welded tube), B775 (welded pipe), B829 (seamless pipe\/tube) \u2014 <b>these are companion documents<\/b>. An order citing only &#8220;ASTM B829&#8221; has <b>specified no product at all<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Bolts \u00b7 nuts<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASTM <b>F468<\/b> (Class A = N04400 \/ &#8220;F468U&#8221;; Class B = N04405 \/ &#8220;F468V&#8221;) \u00b7 ASTM <b>F467<\/b> (nuts)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS <b>4544<\/b> (plate\/sheet\/strip) \u00b7 AMS <b>4574<\/b> (tube) \u00b7 AMS <b>4675<\/b> (bar\/forgings) \u00b7 AMS 4730\/4731 (bar family, single-sourced). <b>Revision letters could not be verified \u2014 order to a revision letter, not a bare &#8220;AMS 4544&#8221;.<\/b> AMS 4674 and 7234 are <b>R-405 only<\/b>; AMS 4676 is <b>K-500 only<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">European<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">W.Nr. <b>2.4360<\/b> (and the higher-purity 2.4361) \u00b7 DIN 17743 (composition), 17750 (sheet\/plate), 17751 (tube), 17752 (bar), 17753 (wire), 17754 (forgings) \u00b7 BS 3072\u20133076 NA13 \u00b7 <b>VdT\u00dcV Material Sheet 263<\/b>, pressure-vessel approval <b>\u221210 to +425 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NACE<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">N04400 and N04405 are <b>acceptable under MR0175 \/ ISO 15156-3<\/b>, maximum hardness <b>35 HRC<\/b>. <b>But know the history:<\/b> N04400 was in the 1975 edition, was <b>removed from general usage<\/b> in the MR0175 rewrite, was <b>restored by ISO 15156-3:2003 Technical Corrigendum 2<\/b> and confirmed in the 2009 second edition. Legacy datasheets and old certificates may mislead in either direction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASME<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">ASME-adopted across all the SB- numbers above and code-usable in Section VIII Div. 1. <b>Maximum code temperature 480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F)<\/b> (single-sourced; confirm against the current Code edition). <b>Code Case 1192 applies to K-500 bolting, not to alloy 400<\/b> \u2014 it is frequently mis-attributed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Nuclear<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2014 (could not be verified). No ASME Section III listing or NRC acceptance for N04400 was found. <b>Do not claim nuclear approval<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Military \u00b7 federal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>QQ-N-281<\/b> (bar, plate, sheet, strip, wire, forgings; Class A hot-worked\/annealed, Class B cold-worked\/stress-relieved) and <b>MIL-T-1368C<\/b> (tube and pipe, dated 1965) both list as <b>active<\/b> on specification aggregators \u2014 but those lag the official register, so <b>verify before publishing<\/b>. <b>MIL-N-894 applies to R-405, not 400; QQ-N-286 applies to K-500, not 400<\/b> \u2014 both are routinely mis-listed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welding consumables<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Bare wire (GTAW\/GMAW\/SAW): <b>AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7<\/b> (Filler Metal 60) \u00b7 Covered electrode: <b>AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7<\/b> (Electrode 190) \u00b7 ISO 18274 S Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti). Procedure qualification <b>P-No. 42<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">R-405 and K-500 \u2014 Separate UNS Numbers, Separate Products<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Monel R-405 is UNS N04405, NOT N04400.<\/b> The chemical difference is <b>sulphur alone<\/b>: <b>S 0.025\u20130.060 %<\/b> \u2014 a band with a <b>minimum as well as a maximum<\/b> \u2014 against S \u22640.024 % for N04400. Every other limit is identical. <b>Forms:<\/b> the originator states R-405 is &#8220;normally furnished <b>only in the form of rod and bar<\/b>&#8220;, and ASTM corroborates indirectly: <b>B164 is the only ASTM product specification that lists N04405<\/b>; B127, B165, B163, B725, B730 and B564 do not cover it. The mill&#8217;s own words: R-405 &#8220;<b>is used chiefly for automatic screw-machine stock and is not generally recommended for other applications<\/b>&#8220;. <b>So &#8220;Monel R-405 sheet to ASTM B127&#8221; is a product that does not exist.<\/b> And a grade whose sulphur is deliberately raised to 0.060 % is <b>a poor choice for welded fabrication<\/b>, given that nickel alloys embrittle with sulphur at temperature \u2014 specify N04400 for anything that will be welded.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Monel K-500 is UNS N05500 \/ 2.4375<\/b> and is <b>age-hardenable<\/b>: <b>Al 2.30\u20133.15 %<\/b> and <b>Ti 0.35\u20130.85 %<\/b> precipitate Ni\u2083(Ti,Al). Its specifications are <b>ASTM B865, QQ-N-286 and AMS 4676<\/b> \u2014 <b>not B127\/B164\/B165 and not QQ-N-281<\/b>. Aged, it reaches 965\u20131310 MPa tensile and 27\u201338 HRC. And critically it is <b>effectively non-magnetic<\/b> (permeability \u22481.001\u20131.002). <b>Alloy 400 cannot be heat-treated to K-500 strengths<\/b> \u2014 it hardens only by cold work.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Composition (B127\/B164\/B165, identical across all three):<\/b> <b>Ni (+Co) 63.0 % min<\/b> \u2014 a <b>MINIMUM<\/b>, not a maximum \u00b7 <b>Cu 28.0\u201334.0 %<\/b> \u2014 a <b>band<\/b> with both ends specified \u00b7 Fe \u22642.5 % \u00b7 Mn \u22642.0 % \u00b7 C \u22640.30 % \u00b7 Si \u22640.50 % \u00b7 S \u22640.024 %. <b>Why nickel is a floor and copper a band:<\/b> nickel is the corrosion-controlling element and the matrix former, and specifying it as a minimum guarantees the reducing-acid and caustic performance. Copper is bounded at <b>both<\/b> ends: too little and you lose the seawater and HF behaviour; too much and the alloy drifts toward the copper-rich cupronickels, dropping the Curie point and the nickel content and degrading reducing-acid resistance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What the small iron and manganese do.<\/b> <b>Iron (\u22642.5 %)<\/b> is a deliberate residual, not a tramp element \u2014 the EN\/DIN name is <b>NiCu30Fe<\/b>. It improves impingement and erosion resistance in flowing seawater and contributes solid-solution strengthening. <b>Manganese (\u22642.0 %)<\/b> is a deoxidiser and, critically, a <b>sulphur scavenger<\/b>: it ties up residual sulphur as MnS and suppresses the low-melting nickel-sulphide grain-boundary films that cause hot-shortness in hot working and welding. The filler metal takes this further \u2014 <b>ERNiCu-7 carries up to 4 % Mn and 1.5\u20133.0 % Ti<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Two real chemistry divergences \u2014 a dual-certification trap.<\/b> <b>(1) Carbon:<\/b> ASTM\/ASME allow 0.30 % max; one European mill runs <b>0.15 % max<\/b> on its own product. Both are &#8220;to specification&#8221;. <b>(2) Iron minimum:<\/b> <b>ASTM sets NO iron minimum<\/b>; EN\/DIN NiCu30Fe requires <b>Fe \u22651.0 %<\/b>. Material fully compliant with ASTM B127 at Fe = 0.4 % would <b>fail<\/b> an EN 2.4360 order.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties \u2014 Minimums and Typicals<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 802\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B164 \u00b7 bar, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"453.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"476.6\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">480<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"160.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"183.6\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">170<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B164 \u00b7 bar, hot-worked<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"521.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"544.6\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">552<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"260.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"283.8\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">276<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B164 \u00b7 bar, cold-drawn + stress-relieved<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"567.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"590.0\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">600<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"196\" width=\"392.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"415.1\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">415<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 hot-rolled plate, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"242\" width=\"458.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"481.3\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">485<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"260\" width=\"184.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"207.3\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">195<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"300\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 hot-rolled plate, as-rolled<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"306\" width=\"486.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"509.6\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">515<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"324\" width=\"259.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"282.9\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">275<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 cold-rolled sheet and strip, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"370\" width=\"458.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"481.3\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">485<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"388\" width=\"184.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"207.3\" y=\"400\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">195<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"428\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 cold-rolled sheet and strip, hard<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"434\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"446\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"452\" width=\"585.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"608.9\" y=\"464\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">620<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"492\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B165 \u00b7 seamless tube, annealed (OD <= 127 mm)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"498\" width=\"453.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"476.6\" y=\"510\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">480<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"516\" width=\"184.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"207.3\" y=\"528\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">195<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"556\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B165 \u00b7 seamless tube, stress-relieved<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"562\" width=\"552.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"575.8\" y=\"574\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">585<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"580\" width=\"359.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"382.1\" y=\"592\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">380<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"620\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B564 \u00b7 forging, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"626\" width=\"456.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"479.4\" y=\"638\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">483<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"644\" width=\"162.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"185.5\" y=\"656\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">172<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"684\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Typical \u00b7 bar, annealed<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"690\" width=\"488.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"511.5\" y=\"702\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">517<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"708\" width=\"162.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"185.5\" y=\"720\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">172<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"748\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Typical \u00b7 bar, cold-drawn + stress-relieved<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"754\" width=\"547.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"570.1\" y=\"766\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">579<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"772\" width=\"359.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"382.1\" y=\"784\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">380<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B164 \u00b7 bar, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">170<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">480<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">35%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B164 \u00b7 bar, hot-worked<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">276<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">552<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B164 \u00b7 bar, cold-drawn + stress-relieved<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">415<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">600<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 hot-rolled plate, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">195<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">485<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">35%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 hot-rolled plate, as-rolled<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">275<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">515<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 cold-rolled sheet and strip, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">195<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">485-585<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">35%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B127 \u00b7 cold-rolled sheet and strip, hard<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">620<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B165 \u00b7 seamless tube, annealed (OD <= 127 mm)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">195<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">480<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">35%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B165 \u00b7 seamless tube, stress-relieved<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">380<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">585<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B564 \u00b7 forging, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">172<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">483<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">35%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Typical \u00b7 bar, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">60-80 HRB<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">172-345<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">517-620<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">35-60%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Typical \u00b7 bar, cold-drawn + stress-relieved<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">380-690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">579-827<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">The first ten rows are SPECIFICATION MINIMUMS for room temperature; the last two rows are producer TYPICAL ranges, not specification requirements, and the two must not be mixed. Because N04400 is not precipitation hardenable, the rows are split by PRODUCT FORM and TEMPER (annealed, hot-worked, cold-worked plus stress-relieved), not by ageing condition. The AMS rows are a separate specification family; their numerical minimums could not be confirmed by 4 independent sources and are therefore NOT in this table. When ordering to an AMS number, the values must be confirmed from the specification text.<\/b> In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. The rows are split by product form and temper, not by AGEING CONDITION; N04400 is not precipitation hardenable. In ASTM B127, the tensile strength of cold-rolled annealed sheet and strip is bounded both below and ABOVE (485-585 MPa). The other annealed rows have a lower bound only. In ASTM B127 the quarter-hard, half-hard and three-quarter-hard tempers are defined by Rockwell B hardness only, with no tensile or yield minimum; those tempers are not in this table. ASTM B164 has a separate table for wire, defined only by tensile strength bands (annealed 483-586 MPa, No. 0 temper 552-655 MPa, No. 1 temper 621-758 MPa, regular temper 758-965 MPa); because no yield or elongation minimum is given, no wire row is in this table. In ASTM B165 the yield minimum of annealed tube depends on outside diameter: 195 MPa up to 127 mm, 170 MPa above it. Tensile and elongation are the same. The numerical minimums of AMS 4544, 4574, 4675, 4730 and 4731 could not be confirmed by 4 independent sources and are therefore NOT in this table.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASTM Specification Minimums (what you can enforce on a certificate)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">B127 \u2014 hot-rolled plate, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile \u2265 <b>485 MPa (70 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Yield \u2265 <b>195 MPa (28 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u226535 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">B127 \u2014 hot-rolled plate, as-rolled<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile \u2265515 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265275 MPa \u00b7 Elongation \u226525 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">B127 \u2014 cold-rolled sheet, annealed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile <b>485\u2013585 MPa<\/b> (a <b>band<\/b>, not just a floor) \u00b7 Yield \u2265195 MPa \u00b7 Elongation \u226535 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">B127 \u2014 cold-rolled sheet\/strip, hard<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile \u2265690 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265620 MPa \u00b7 Elongation \u22652 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">B165 \u2014 seamless pipe\/tube, annealed, \u22645 in OD<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile \u2265480 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265 <b>195 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u226535 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">B165 \u2014 annealed, >5 in OD<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile \u2265480 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265 <b>170 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u226535 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">B165 \u2014 <b>stress-relieved<\/b>, all sizes<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile \u2265 <b>585 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Yield \u2265 <b>380 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u2265 <b>15 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">B164 \u2014 rod\/bar\/wire, annealed (all sizes)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile \u2265480 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265170 MPa \u00b7 Elongation \u226535 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>B164 caveat<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">B164&#8217;s diameter bands overlap inconsistently in places, and only the row above is confirmed in two independent publishers. <b>The designing engineer must read the current B164 Table 1 itself<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">F468 Class A (N04400) bolts<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u23006.4\u201319 mm: 550\u2013895 MPa tensile, yield \u2265275 MPa, elongation 20 %, 75 HRB\u201325 HRC \u00b7 \u230022\u201338 mm: 480\u2013895 MPa, yield \u2265205 MPa. <b>The 25 HRC cap sits below the NACE 35 HRC limit<\/b>, so F468 Class A is inherently MR0175-conformant on hardness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The EN \/ VdT\u00dcV Route \u2014 DIFFERENT from ASTM<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Annealed (EN\/VdT\u00dcV)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Rm \u2265 <b>450 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Rp0.2 \u2265 <b>175 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 A \u2265 <b>30 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Stress-relieved (EN\/VdT\u00dcV)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Rm 550\u2013600 MPa \u00b7 Rp0.2 275\u2013415 MPa \u00b7 A \u226520 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>This is not a rounding difference<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The ASTM annealed floor is <b>480\u2013485 \/ 195 MPa \/ 35 %<\/b>; the EN-VdT\u00dcV floor is <b>450 \/ 175 MPa \/ 30 %<\/b>. <b>ASTM is the more demanding on every axis.<\/b> A &#8220;2.4360 certified&#8221; plate is not automatically B127-compliant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>QQ-N-281 diverges too<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Cold-worked\/stress-relieved: QQ-N-281 <b>600\/415 MPa<\/b>, B164 585\/380 MPa. Hot-worked\/stress-relieved: QQ-N-281 550\/275 MPa, B164 585\/345 MPa. <b>Dual certification requires meeting the higher of each pair<\/b>, which is not automatic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Typical values (NOT minimums, not enforceable):<\/b> annealed rod 517\u2013620 MPa tensile \/ 172\u2013345 MPa yield \/ 60\u201335 % elongation \/ 110\u2013149 HB \u00b7 cold-drawn and stress-relieved rod 579\u2013827 MPa \/ 379\u2013690 MPa \/ 40\u201322 % \/ 160\u2013225 HB \u00b7 annealed sheet 482\u2013586 MPa \/ 207\u2013310 MPa \/ 45\u201335 % \/ 65\u201380 HRB. <b>Two publishing traps:<\/b> (1) the originator&#8217;s typical table is very widely reproduced with the <b>tensile and yield columns transposed<\/b> (giving the absurd &#8220;annealed rod: 75\u201390 ksi yield, 25\u201350 ksi tensile&#8221;) \u2014 the correct reading is <b>tensile 75\u201390 ksi, yield 25\u201350 ksi<\/b>. (2) Some pages publish typical figures <b>as minimums<\/b> (&#8220;UTS min 82,000 psi, elongation 48 % minimum&#8221;) \u2014 the <b>enforceable ASTM minimums are 70 ksi \/ 28 (or 25) ksi \/ 35 %<\/b>, and quoting typicals as minimums produces rejectable certificates.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Magnetic Behaviour \u2014 the Commercially Dangerous Point<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Monel 400 is not a non-magnetic alloy, and almost every distributor gets this wrong.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Its Curie temperature is approximately 21\u201349 \u00b0C \u2014 inside the ambient range.<\/b> The originator&#8217;s own words: &#8220;The Curie temperature lies within the ambient range. It is affected by variations in chemical composition. The values shown represent the range which can be expected from normal production; <b>therefore, some heats will be magnetic at room temperature and others not<\/b>.&#8221; And its own recommendation: &#8220;<b>If there is a strong requirement for nonmagnetic characteristics, other MONEL alloys should be considered.<\/b>&#8221; Two distributors state plainly that alloy 400 is &#8220;slightly magnetic at room temperature&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What that means in practice:<\/b> <b>(1)<\/b> Two conforming heats from the same mill can behave differently on a magnet \u2014 the Ni:Cu balance and the iron level move the Curie point across room temperature. <b>(2)<\/b> It is temperature-dependent within the service range: a part that is magnetic in a cold warehouse in January may be non-magnetic in a 55 \u00b0C process line \u2014 and <b>no heat treatment fixes this<\/b>. <b>(3)<\/b> There is <b>no permeability limit in B127\/B164\/B165<\/b>; a magnetic-permeability requirement is not a standard property and must be negotiated as a supplementary requirement with heat selection and measurement \u2014 and even then cannot be reliably met. <b>(4)<\/b> If the customer genuinely needs non-magnetic, sell them <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/\">K-500<\/a><\/b> (permeability \u22481.001\u20131.002), not alloy 400. <b>No numeric permeability for N04400 could be verified<\/b> \u2014 no mill publishes one, precisely because it is not a stable property. <b>Do not put a permeability figure on the page.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding and Heat Treatment<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">ANNEALING \u2014 standard delivery condition<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ANNEALING \u2014 standard delivery condition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Fully softens and recrystallises cold-worked material. It gives no increase in strength; this is the alloy&#8217;s normal delivery and corrosion-service condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Open\/strand annealing: 871-982 \u00b0C (1600-1800 \u00b0F) \u2014 Special Metals, Corrosion Materials. Box annealing: 760-816 \u00b0C (1400-1500 \u00b0F) \u2014 Special Metals. Producer bands: 704-982 \u00b0C, typically 871-982 \u00b0C (Carpenter Technology and High Temp Metals) \u00b7 700-900 \u00b0C, preferably about 825 \u00b0C (VDM Metals) \u00b7 760-980 \u00b0C (Jacquet) \u00b7 900 \u00b0C (Combined Metals, wire). Combined band: 700-982 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">2-10 minutes in open annealing; 1-3 hours in box annealing (Special Metals, Corrosion Materials). VDM Metals ties it to section: for d <= 10 mm, t = d x 3 min\/mm. No single figure could be confirmed by 4 independent sources, so a band is given.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Water quench or accelerated air cooling. Special Metals and Corrosion Materials call for a rapid quench; VDM Metals calls for cooling accelerated with air.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The standard delivery condition for corrosion service and general use. The annealed minimums of ASTM B164 (480\/170 MPa), ASTM B127 and B165 (485\/195 MPa) and ASTM B564 (483\/172 MPa) apply in this condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AMS 4544 (sheet, strip, plate) \u00b7 AMS 4574 (seamless tubing) \u00b7 AMS 4575 (brazed tubing) \u00b7 AMS 4730 and AMS 4731 (wire, ribbon) \u00b7 ASTM B127 \u00b7 ASTM B164 \u00b7 ASTM B165 \u00b7 ASTM B564<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">STRESS RELIEVING<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">STRESS RELIEVING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Removes internal stresses in hot- or cold-worked product without recrystallisation. It lowers tensile and yield strength slightly and raises elongation slightly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">538-566 \u00b0C (1000-1050 \u00b0F) \u2014 the band on which 4 independent sources agree: Special Metals, Corrosion Materials, Carpenter Technology, High Temp Metals. European producer practice goes above this: Special Metals gives a second band of 538-649 \u00b0C (1000-1200 \u00b0F) and VDM Metals gives 550-650 \u00b0C (1022-1202 \u00b0F) for stress relief annealing; that upper branch was found in only 3 independent sources, so it is stated separately and is NOT merged into 538-566 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1-2 hours (Special Metals, Corrosion Materials, Carpenter Technology, High Temp Metals).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Slow cooling. Corrosion Materials requires slow cooling to limit distortion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Services with a stress corrosion cracking risk: mercury and mercury salts, moist aerated hydrofluoric or fluosilicic acid vapour, ammonia at elevated temperature. Also for dimensional stability after machining.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B165 defines &#8216;stress-relieved&#8217; as a separate delivery condition with minimums of 585\/380 MPa and 15% elongation. In ASTM B164, cold-worked bar is ordered as &#8216;stress-relieved&#8217;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">STRESS EQUALIZING<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">STRESS EQUALIZING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">A short low-temperature cycle. It raises the low-offset yield strength of cold-drawn product without markedly changing other properties. It does not soften or recrystallise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">300 \u00b0C (575 \u00b0F) \u2014 Special Metals, Corrosion Materials, Heanjia Super Metals. Jacquet gives the same treatment as a &#8216;low-temperature stress relief&#8217; at about 300 \u00b0C (575 \u00b0F).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">3 hours (Special Metals, Corrosion Materials, Heanjia Super Metals). Jacquet gives 1-3 hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid quench (Corrosion Materials).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">To raise the yield strength of cold-drawn bar and wire without the softening that annealing would bring. It is NOT sufficient to remove a stress corrosion cracking risk; that requires the 538-566 \u00b0C stress relief.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Not a specification requirement; it is producer practice.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">CONDITION TO AVOID \u2014 sulphur-bearing atmosphere<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">CONDITION TO AVOID \u2014 sulphur-bearing atmosphere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The heat-treating atmosphere must be sulphur-free and reducing. Sulphur embrittles the nickel-copper alloy and the effect is irreversible; furnace fuel, oil and marking-pen residues are all sources.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Attack is reported above roughly 370 \u00b0C (700 \u00b0F) in sulphur-bearing gases and above roughly 260 \u00b0C (500 \u00b0F) in molten sulphur (Jacquet).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The surface is cleaned completely before heat treatment and the furnace atmosphere is kept sulphur-free (Carpenter Technology, High Temp Metals, Jacquet, VDM Metals).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Not a specification requirement; it is the common warning of every producer bulletin.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">NONE \u2014 SOLUTION TREAT + AGE<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NONE \u2014 SOLUTION TREAT + AGE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">N04400 is not precipitation hardenable. There is NO solution treat plus age step (H900, H1025 and so on) and none is applied. Strength is raised only by cold work; if a heat-treatable nickel-copper alloy is wanted, Monel K-500 (UNS N05500) is a separate material.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. N04400 is a solid solution alloy and is NOT PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE \u2014 there is no ageing step, and since no published TTT\/CCT curve was used, no curve is drawn. The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. No curve is drawn because no published TTT\/CCT curve was used. Monel 400 is a SOLID SOLUTION alloy. There is NO ageing step (nothing like H900, H1025 or H1150); an order text showing such a recipe is wrong. Sources spread the annealing temperature between 700 \u00b0C and 982 \u00b0C. The difference comes from the method: open annealing (short time, high temperature) and box annealing (long time, lower temperature) give the same result. No single figure is written; a band is left. Stress relieving and stress equalizing are NOT the same thing: stress equalizing is 300 \u00b0C for 3 hours and does not remove a stress corrosion cracking risk. Columbia Metals gives 760-815 \u00b0C for &#8216;stress relief&#8217;, far above the 538-566 \u00b0C band of the other four sources and coinciding with the annealing band. The conflict is recorded and the figure is not on the card. No significant effect of cooling rate on the hardness of annealed material is reported (Special Metals).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Processes:<\/b> GTAW (including hot-wire), GMAW (spray, short-circuit, pulsed), SMAW, FCAW, SAW, plasma. GTAW is the reference process for thin sections and root passes. <b>Preheat is not required<\/b> \u2014 the only exception: if the base metal is <b>\u22642 \u00b0C<\/b>, warm the metal within about 300 mm of the joint to a few degrees above ambient, <b>solely to stop condensation causing porosity<\/b>, not for metallurgical reasons. <b>Interpass temperature max 150 \u00b0C<\/b> (single-sourced). <b>Heat-input maxima<\/b> (single-sourced): manual GTAW \u22648 kJ\/cm, plasma \u226410 kJ\/cm, GMAW \u226411 kJ\/cm, SAW \u22647 kJ\/cm. <b>No post-weld heat treatment is required<\/b>: &#8220;Neither pre- nor post weld heat treatments are normally required.&#8221; A stress relief or anneal <b>may be desirable<\/b> for heavily stressed structures going into SCC-inducing environments.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The number-one failure mode: sulphur, lead and phosphorus embrittlement.<\/b> The originator&#8217;s joining handbook states it plainly: &#8220;<b>Cleanliness is the single most important requirement<\/b> for successfully welding nickel and nickel-based alloys. At high temperatures, nickel and its alloys are susceptible to embrittlement by <b>sulfur, phosphorus, lead<\/b>, and some other low-melting point substances.&#8221; The same handbook carries a photograph of cracking captioned &#8220;<b>Typical effect of lead in MONEL alloy 400 welds<\/b>&#8220;, and a failure case from a fatty-acid tank <b>previously lined with lead<\/b> and lined with Monel 400 without proper cleaning. <b>Contamination sources named:<\/b> grease, oil, paint, cutting fluids, <b>marking crayons and inks<\/b>, processing chemicals, machine lubricants, <b>temperature indicating sticks, pellets and lacquers<\/b>. <b>Cleaning regime:<\/b> vapour degrease or solvent swab for oils and crayon; alkaline cleaner for paint \u2014 but <b>alkaline residues must themselves be removed, and wire brushing will not do it; a hot-water spray and scrub is required<\/b>; embedded process chemicals need grinding, abrasive blasting or a 10 vol-% HCl swab followed by a thorough water wash. <b>Clean a band of at least 50 mm either side of the joint<\/b>, including plate edges and the bore of tubulars. The mill&#8217;s own illustration is the standard to hold a fabricator to: a root bend specimen <b>cracked on the side wiped with a dirty cloth<\/b> and sound on the side wiped with a clean one.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Porosity and flow.<\/b> Ni-Cu weld metal is porosity-prone; the countermeasure is chemical \u2014 <b>ERNiCu-7 carries 1.5\u20133.0 % Ti and up to 4 % Mn as deoxidiser and desulphuriser<\/b>. Consequently: <b>do not weld autogenously and do not use sheared strips of the base metal as filler<\/b> \u2014 base-metal N04400 has no titanium, so the deposit has no deoxidiser and will be porous. The mill&#8217;s warning: &#8220;<b>The molten pool must be kept as quiet as possible to prevent burning out of the deoxidizing elements<\/b>&#8220;; keep the hot filler end inside the gas shield. Also: &#8220;<b>Nickel alloy weld metal does not flow or spread as readily as steel weld metal.<\/b>&#8221; The consequences: <b>all beads must be slightly convex<\/b> \u2014 &#8220;flat or concave beads such as those commonly encountered when joining stainless and carbon steels should be avoided&#8221;; bevel to an <b>80\u00b0 included V<\/b> (against about 60\u201370\u00b0 for steel); use <b>smaller root lands<\/b>; and do not try to buy penetration with amperage \u2014 &#8220;<b>increases in weld current will not significantly increase the penetration of the arc<\/b>&#8220;, and excess current spalls the SMAW flux coating. <b>Dilution:<\/b> target <b>at least 50 %, preferably 75 % filler metal<\/b> in the completed weld.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Heat treatment<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Monel 400 is a solid-solution alloy and is NOT hardenable by heat treatment.<\/b> The originator: &#8220;MONEL alloy 400 is a solid-solution alloy that <b>can be hardened only by cold working<\/b>.&#8221; Verified in three independent sources; this is settled. Strength is set by the amount of cold or hot work plus the thermal cycle, and by nothing else.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat-Treatment Temperatures<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Anneal \u2014 open\/continuous furnace<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>871\u2013982 \u00b0C (1600\u20131800 \u00b0F)<\/b>, 2\u201310 minutes, rapid cool or quench<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Anneal \u2014 box\/batch furnace<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>760\u2013816 \u00b0C (1400\u20131500 \u00b0F)<\/b>, 1\u20133 hours at temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Anneal \u2014 EN practice<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">700\u2013900 \u00b0C, preferably about 825 \u00b0C; thickness rule \u226410 mm \u2192 3 min\/mm; 10\u201320 mm \u2192 30 + (d\u221210)\u00d72 min; >20 mm \u2192 50 + (d\u221220)\u00d71 min; accelerated air cool<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress relief<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>538\u2013566 \u00b0C (1000\u20131050 \u00b0F) for 1\u20132 hours<\/b> (US practice) or <b>550\u2013650 \u00b0C<\/b> (EN practice) \u2014 <b>the two windows agree well<\/b>. Against SCC: 538\u2013649 \u00b0C for 1 hour, slow cool<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Stress equalising<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">About 302 \u00b0C (575 \u00b0F) for about 3 hours \u2014 raises yield strength without much else changing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Hot working<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>649\u20131177 \u00b0C (1200\u20132150 \u00b0F)<\/b>; heavy reductions 927\u20131177 \u00b0C; optimum about 1093 \u00b0C. One European mill gives 800\u20131200 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>A mislabelled &#8220;stress relief&#8221;<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">One distributor publishes stress relief as <b>760\u2013815 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>That is the box-annealing range<\/b>; it will recrystallise the metal and destroy the cold-worked strength the buyer is paying for. Three sources put stress relief at 538\u2013650 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Embrittlement window<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u2014 <b>There is none.<\/b> No source identifies a sigma-phase, 475 \u00b0C or similar intermetallic embrittlement window for N04400, which is expected for a single-phase Ni-Cu solid solution with no chromium. <b>The embrittlement risks for this alloy are environmental, not thermal<\/b> (sulphur, lead, mercury). Do not invent a temper-embrittlement range. <b>Anneal in a sulphur-free atmosphere<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining and Forming<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Monel 400 <b>work-hardens rapidly<\/b>, at a rate that sits <b>between mild steel and 304 stainless<\/b>. The practical rules follow directly: <b>positive rake angles<\/b>, sharp tools, a <b>rigid setup<\/b> and a <b>continuous cut<\/b> \u2014 never dwell or rub, which glazes the surface and work-hardens it ahead of the tool. <b>Carbide over HSS<\/b>; TiC and TiAlN coatings handle the heat. Flood coolant. <b>Intermediate annealing is required<\/b> during multi-stage cold work, and a stress-relief anneal is recommended after forming. Cold-drawn and stress-relieved bar machines better than annealed bar. <b>Cutting speeds diverge by about 10\u00d7 across publishers:<\/b> one gives turning at <b>46\u201361 m\/min<\/b> (150\u2013200 sfm), another at <b>155\u2013205 m\/min<\/b> with a 45 % machinability rating. These cannot be reconciled or averaged; 46\u201361 m\/min is consistent with conventional carbide turning of a work-hardening nickel alloy, while 155\u2013205 m\/min is only plausible with advanced coated carbide or ceramic tooling and high-pressure coolant. <b>Publish both with attribution, or neither.<\/b> <b>One outright error in circulation:<\/b> a comparison article states that &#8220;Monel 400 cannot be hot worked&#8221; \u2014 <b>that is false<\/b>; three sources publish a hot-working range for N04400. <b>Free-machining alternative:<\/b> if the part is a screw-machine component, not welded and not a pressure boundary, <b>R-405 (N04405)<\/b> exists for exactly that \u2014 but in bar and rod only.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion \u2014 the Alloy&#8217;s Reason to Exist<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Monel 400 \u00b7 Corrosion Behaviour<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Seawater \u2014 the flow-regime distinction<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Excellent in flowing seawater:<\/b> the originator&#8217;s words, &#8220;while alloy 400 products exhibit <b>very low corrosion rates in flowing seawater<\/b>\u2026&#8221;, with superior resistance where cavitation and erosion matter. <b>\u2026BUT THE SAME SENTENCE CONTINUES:<\/b> &#8220;\u2026<b>stagnant conditions have been shown to induce crevice and pitting corrosion<\/b>.&#8221; That is the mill warning about its own product, and most supplier pages erase it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Seawater \u2014 numbers<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Typically <b><0.025 mm\/yr<\/b> in aerated flowing seawater (single-sourced). <b>There is no published critical velocity<\/b> in clean seawater \u2014 this is its structural advantage over the copper-nickels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrofluoric acid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The signature duty \u2014 with a qualifier.<\/b> The originator: &#8220;MONEL alloy 400 offers <b>exceptional resistance to hydrofluoric acid in all concentrations up to the boiling point<\/b>.&#8221; <b>The omitted qualifier is aeration:<\/b> that rating is for <b>un-aerated<\/b> acid; &#8220;aeration increases the corrosion rate&#8221;, and oxidising salts increase it further. More pointedly, one European mill lists <b>&#8220;moist, aerated HF vapours&#8221; under NOT RESISTANT<\/b>, treats it as a <b>stress-cracking<\/b> risk, and <b>requires stress-relief annealing<\/b> before exposure to HF vapour (and to mercury). Field experience from an instrument maker: HF is &#8220;prone to triggering stress corrosion cracking, <b>especially when oxygen is present in the vapor phase<\/b>&#8220;; &#8220;even a small amount of oxygen in the tube can increase SCC risk, as it becomes trapped in the most highly stressed area&#8221;. <b>What can safely be asserted:<\/b> 400 is the standard material for HF in the <b>liquid phase, air-free, at all concentrations to boiling<\/b>; in <b>aerated HF, especially moist aerated vapour, it is subject to stress-corrosion cracking<\/b> and components must be stress-relieved before service<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Hydrochloric acid<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Resistant under reducing (de-aerated) conditions. Quantified (single-sourced): <0.25 mm\/yr in 10 % HCl at room temperature; usable <b>below 20 % un-aerated<\/b> and <b>below 10 % aerated<\/b> at room temperature, and up to about 204 \u00b0C within those ranges. But <b>air-saturated HCl limits you to 3\u20134 %<\/b> above room temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Sulphuric acid<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Resistant to many forms of sulphuric acid <b>under reducing conditions<\/b>. One source&#8217;s &#8220;resistant up to 80 % concentration&#8221; is <b>single-sourced, states no temperature and no aeration state, and should be treated as unreliable<\/b>. The defensible statement is the mill&#8217;s &#8220;reducing conditions&#8221; qualifier<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Caustic \/ alkalis<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Resistant to sodium hydroxide <b>across the entire concentration range<\/b>, and <b>resistant to caustic stress-corrosion cracking<\/b> in strong alkalis at high temperature. <b>But do not oversell it:<\/b> corrosion <b>rates rise<\/b> in concentrated caustic soda and caustic potash at elevated temperature, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nikel-200\/\">Nickel 200\/201<\/a> outperforms alloy 400 in alkalis. For concentrated hot caustic evaporator duty, nickel is the right answer, not 400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Essentially immune<\/b> \u2014 four sources. This is a genuine and defensible advantage over the austenitic stainless steels, and it is why 400 survives hot chloride duty where 304\/316 crack<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cryogenic<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">&#8220;The alloy <b>does not undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition even when cooled to the temperature of liquid hydrogen<\/b>&#8221; (single-sourced, mill) \u2014 commercially significant for LNG and cryogenic enquiries<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Where Monel 400 Is NOT Good \u2014 the Honest List<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxidising acids<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">&#8220;<b>Rapidly attacked by nitric acid<\/b>&#8220;; &#8220;not useful in oxidizing acids&#8221;. Disqualifying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Oxidising conditions generally<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Corrosion rates &#8220;increase significantly&#8221;. Not a substitute for Ni-Cr-Mo alloys in strongly oxidising or mixed-acid service<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Oxidising salts and impurities<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ferric chloride, ferric sulphate, chromates, nitrates, peroxides and cupric salts<\/b> all cause attack \u2014 <b>even as impurities<\/b> in an otherwise acceptable reducing acid. <b>This is the commonest way a good HF or HCl selection goes wrong<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Hypochlorites<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Cause corrosion. The relevant consequence: <b>chlorinated seawater is not the same duty as natural seawater<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Stagnant \/ low-flow seawater<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Crevice and pitting corrosion<\/b> \u2014 the mill&#8217;s own warning. Flanges, gaskets, tubesheet joints, dead legs and lay-up periods<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Ammonia<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">&#8220;Rapidly attacked by ammonia systems.&#8221; It resists <b>anhydrous<\/b> ammonia and <b>dilute (~3 %)<\/b> ammonium hydroxide, but <b>aerated aqueous ammonia above roughly 3 % causes SCC<\/b> \u2014 the classic copper-bearing-alloy ammonia crack<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Mercury<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Stress-cracking risk.<\/b> One mill explicitly <b>requires stress-relief annealing<\/b> before mercury exposure. One source claims it &#8220;resists amalgamation at moderate temperatures&#8221; \u2014 <b>that directly contradicts the mill; follow the mill and treat mercury as a hazard<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Sulphur-bearing gases<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Attacked above about 371 \u00b0C (700 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Molten sulphur<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Attacked above about 260 \u00b0C (500 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Biofouling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The copper content gives <i>some<\/i> antifouling benefit, but <b>less than the copper-nickels<\/b>, and quantitative data is unavailable. Fouling plus stagnation is the crevice-corrosion trigger<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Service Temperature Limits \u2014 Different Bases, Not to Be Averaged<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Oxidation in air<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Useful to <b>538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F)<\/b> in oxidising atmospheres. &#8220;<b>Higher temperatures may be employed if the alloy is in a reducing environment.<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mechanical-property basis<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Good properties to about 549 \u00b0C (single-sourced); one source rates continuous service at 427 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME B&#038;PV Code<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F)<\/b> (single-sourced)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>VdT\u00dcV 263<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u221210 to +425 \u00b0C<\/b> (European pressure equipment)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>In sulphur-bearing gas<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>371 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>in sour or sulphur-bearing service this overrides everything else<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">In molten sulphur<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>260 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Low temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">No ductile-to-brittle transition down to liquid-hydrogen temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Rule for this page<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Quote <b>538 \u00b0C<\/b> for general, non-pressure service in air; <b>425 \u00b0C (VdT\u00dcV)<\/b> or <b>480 \u00b0C (ASME)<\/b> for code pressure equipment; and state plainly that sulphur-bearing service drops the limit to <b>about 371 \u00b0C<\/b>. What sets the ceiling is not melting (1300\u20131350 \u00b0C) \u2014 it is oxidation, creep and allowable stress, and decisively in sour service, sulphidation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Physical properties:<\/b> density <b>\u22488.8 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> \u00b7 melting range <b>1300\u20131350 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 modulus of elasticity at 20 \u00b0C <b>179\u2013182 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 Poisson&#8217;s ratio 0.32 \u00b7 electrical resistivity <b>\u224851 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm<\/b> \u00b7 thermal conductivity at 20 \u00b0C <b>21.8 or 23.0 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> (sources about 5 % apart) \u00b7 specific heat <b>427 or 452 J\/kg\u00b7K<\/b> (about 6 % apart) \u00b7 mean thermal expansion 13.8 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Monel 400, K-500, 70\/30 copper-nickel or super duplex for seawater \u2014 when is each actually required?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">These four are not interchangeable, and the deciding factor is rarely corrosion rate \u2014 it is <b>flow regime, strength and price<\/b>. <b>70\/30 copper-nickel (C71500)<\/b> is the default for seawater piping and condenser tubing, and the cheapest. Its constraint is velocity: design maxima of roughly <b>2.9 m\/s<\/b> once-through, 2.4 m\/s two-pass and 2.3 m\/s in 4\u20138 inch piping with short-radius bends, plus a <b>minimum of about 0.9 m\/s<\/b> to prevent under-deposit attack. Above those velocities it erodes. <b>Monel 400<\/b> is what you buy when velocity or cavitation exceeds what copper-nickel tolerates \u2014 pump impellers, valve trim, propeller shafts, seawater-lift components. It has <b>no published critical velocity<\/b> in clean seawater and superior cavitation resistance. Its weakness is the mirror image: <b>stagnant, creviced or fouled seawater causes pitting and crevice corrosion<\/b>, and annealed it is only a ~170\u2013195 MPa yield material. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/\">K-500<\/a><\/b> enters when you want the same Ni-Cu corrosion behaviour but <b>need strength<\/b>: aged, 965\u20131310 MPa tensile and 27\u201338 HRC \u2014 shafts, bolting, stems. It is also <b>the genuinely non-magnetic one<\/b>. You pay in price and in hydrogen-embrittlement risk; and it is not freely approved under NACE \u2014 it is restricted to wellhead and Christmas-tree components and non-pressure-containing valve internals, and is <b>barred from valve shafts and stems<\/b>. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-f53\/\">Super duplex<\/a><\/b> beats both on strength (\u2265550 MPa yield) and pitting (PREN \u226540) and is usually cheaper \u2014 but it lacks Monel&#8217;s high-nickel margin against chloride SCC and is limited in sour service to 232 \u00b0C and 0.20 bar H\u2082S. In short: low velocity \u2192 copper-nickel; high velocity or cavitation \u2192 400; strength as well \u2192 K-500; strength and pitting first with low stagnant-chloride SCC risk \u2192 super duplex.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">&#8220;Exceptional resistance to HF at all concentrations to boiling&#8221; \u2014 is that really true?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">You have to read the whole sentence. The mill&#8217;s statement is real and correct: Monel 400 offers &#8220;<b>exceptional resistance to hydrofluoric acid in all concentrations up to the boiling point<\/b>&#8220;; this is the alloy&#8217;s signature duty and HF alkylation units are built on it. <b>But the qualifier is aeration, and it is dropped almost everywhere.<\/b> That rating is for <b>un-aerated<\/b> acid: &#8220;aeration increases the corrosion rate&#8221;, and oxidising salts increase it further. More pointedly, one European mill lists <b>&#8220;moist, aerated HF vapours&#8221; under NOT RESISTANT<\/b>, identifies it as a <b>stress-corrosion cracking<\/b> risk, and <b>requires stress-relief annealing<\/b> before exposure to HF vapour. Field experience from an instrument manufacturer points the same way: HF is &#8220;both highly corrosive and prone to triggering stress corrosion cracking, <b>especially when oxygen is present in the vapor phase<\/b>&#8220;; &#8220;even a small amount of oxygen in the tube can increase SCC risk, as it becomes trapped in the most highly stressed area&#8221;. <b>The consequences for the order and the design:<\/b> (1) for <b>liquid-phase, air-free HF<\/b>, 400 is the standard material with no concentration limit; (2) <b>vapour phase and aerated HF are a different duty<\/b> \u2014 components must be <b>stress-relieved at 538\u2013650 \u00b0C<\/b> and stress levels kept to a minimum; (3) <b>oxidising impurities<\/b> in the acid (ferric salts, chromates, peroxides) will spoil a good selection, so ask about them as part of the plant chemistry. A footnote: alloy 400&#8217;s HF-vapour SCC resistance is <i>slightly<\/i> better than K-500&#8217;s, &#8220;however, this advantage is minimal&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">We ordered &#8220;non-magnetic Monel&#8221; and a magnet sticks to it \u2014 is it the wrong material?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Most likely <b>the material is right and the order was wrong<\/b>. Monel 400&#8217;s <b>Curie temperature is approximately 21\u201349 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 inside the ambient range. The originator&#8217;s own bulletin says so plainly: &#8220;The Curie temperature lies within the ambient range\u2026 <b>therefore, some heats will be magnetic at room temperature and others not<\/b>&#8220;, and adds: &#8220;<b>If there is a strong requirement for nonmagnetic characteristics, other MONEL alloys should be considered.<\/b>&#8221; So two heats from the same mill, both fully compliant with ASTM B127\/B164\/B165, can behave differently on a magnet; what decides it is the Ni:Cu balance and the iron level. It is also <b>temperature-dependent<\/b>: a part that is magnetic in a cold warehouse in January may be non-magnetic in a 55 \u00b0C line \u2014 and <b>no heat treatment fixes it<\/b>. Third, <b>B127, B164 and B165 contain no magnetic-permeability requirement<\/b>; it is not a standard property. A permeability requirement can only be negotiated as a <b>supplementary requirement with heat selection and actual measurement<\/b>, and even then cannot be reliably guaranteed. <b>What to do:<\/b> if the requirement is real, specify <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/\">Monel K-500<\/a> \u2014 permeability \u22481.001\u20131.002, and it stays that way at low temperature. Finally: no mill publishes a numeric permeability for N04400, precisely because it is not a stable property, so a datasheet that gives you a figure <b>is inventing it<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Monel K-500<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/waspaloy\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Waspaloy<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nimonic-80a\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Nimonic 80A<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/haynes-25\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Haynes 25<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All nickel alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Monel 400\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Monel 400 (UNS N04400 \/ W.Nr. 2.4360 \/ EN NiCu30Fe) is a solid-solution Ni-Cu alloy. Two things on this page deserve particular care: magnetic behaviour (the alloy is sold as \\\"non-magnetic\\\" and is not) and flow regime in seawater (flowing seawater and stagnant seawater are not the same duty).\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Monel 400\",\"description\":\"Monel 400 (UNS N04400 \/ W.Nr. 2.4360 \/ EN NiCu30Fe) is a solid-solution Ni-Cu alloy. Two things on this page deserve particular care: magnetic behaviour (the alloy is sold as \\\"non-magnetic\\\" and is not) and flow regime in seawater (flowing seawater and stagnant seawater are not the same duty).\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS N04400\",\"W.Nr. 2.4360\",\"NiCu30Fe\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"N04400\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"2.4360\"}],\"additionalProperty\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"name\":\"DIN \/ EN designation\",\"value\":\"NiCu30Fe\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Monel 400 \/ (2.4360) \/ UNS N04400 \/ AMS 4675 \/ AMS 4544 DEFENCE METAL Monel 400 UNS N04400 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4360 (some sources also give 2.4361 for the same alloy) \u00b7 NiCu30Fe (DIN\/EN) \u00b7 BS NA13 \u00b7 ISO NW4400 \u00b7 Ni(+Co) 63% min \u2013 Cu 28-34% \u2013 Fe 2.5% max \u2013 Mn 2.0% max &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Monel 400&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"MONEL 400 \/ (2.4360) \/ UNS N04400 \/ AMS 4675 \/ AMS 4544 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Monel 400 (UNS N04400, 2.4360) \u2014 AMS 4675 \/ AMS 4544. Nickel-copper alloy with excellent corrosion resistance for marine and chemical service.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,13,15],"class_list":["post-3571","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>MONEL 400 \/ (2.4360) \/ UNS N04400 \/ AMS 4675 \/ AMS 4544 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Monel 400 (UNS N04400, 2.4360) \u2014 AMS 4675 \/ AMS 4544. 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