{"id":3569,"date":"2026-09-16T11:01:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:01:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:28:46","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:28:46","slug":"monel-k500","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/","title":{"rendered":"Monel K500"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Monel K500 \/ (2.4375) \/ UNS N05500 \/ AMS 4676<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Monel K-500<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS N05500 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4375 \u00b7 NiCu30Al (DIN 17743) \u00b7 ISO NiCu30Al3Ti \u00b7 BS NA18 \u00b7 63.0 Ni+Co min \u2013 27.0-33.0 Cu \u2013 2.30-3.15 Al \u2013 0.35-0.85 Ti. It is the PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE derivative of Monel 400, with aluminium and titanium added; the strengthening comes from the gamma-prime Ni3(Al,Ti) precipitate.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/monel-400-monel-k-500-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Monel 400<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Bought where the corrosion behaviour of Monel 400 is wanted but its strength is not enough: seawater and sour-service pump and propeller shafts, valve trim, bolts and studs, downhole tools, springs, non-magnetic parts. The material is hardened by solution annealing plus ageing;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube and pipe \u00b7 Forging (all forms supplied to order)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4676<\/b> \u2014 the ONLY AMS number; it covers BARS and FORGINGS only (SAE title: &#8220;Nickel-Copper Alloy, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars and Forgings 66.5Ni &#8211; 3.0Al &#8211; 0.62Ti &#8211; 28Cu Hot-Finished, Precipitation Hardenable&#8221;). ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865 (bar, rod, wire, forgings and forging stock) \u00b7 ASTM F468 (bolts, studs) \u00b7 ASTM F467 (nuts) \u00b7 QQ-N-286 (Rev. E \/ F \/ G) \u00b7 ASME Code Case 1192 (bolting) \u00b7 DIN 17743 \u00b7 DIN 17750 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 DIN 17751 (tube) \u00b7 DIN 17752 (bar) \u00b7 DIN 17753 (wire) \u00b7 DIN 17754 (forgings) \u00b7 BS 3072\/3073\/3074\/3075\/3076 NA18 \u00b7 ISO 6208 \u00b7 ISO 9723 \u00b7 ISO 9724 \u00b7 ISO 9725 \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156-3 \u00b7 NACE MR0103 \u00b7 MIL-N-24549<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">The ONLY published AMS number for N05500 is AMS 4676, and its scope is limited to BAR + FORGING, in the &#8220;hot-finished, precipitation hardenable&#8221; condition. There is NO AMS number for PLATE, SHEET, STRIP or TUBE;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">It multiplies the yield strength while keeping the same Ni-Cu matrix. On specification minimums: annealed Monel 400 bar gives 170 MPa (25 ksi) yield in ASTM B164, while hot-worked and age-hardened N05500 bar gives 690 MPa (100 ksi) yield and 965 MPa (140 ksi) tensile in ASTM B865 \u2014 about 4 times\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Welding is done in the ANNEALED \/ solution-annealed condition, not in the aged condition. Filler metal: Monel Filler Metal 60 = AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7 (GTAW\/GMAW); covered electrode Monel 190 = AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7. Preheat is not required. ERNiCu-7 weld metal does not precipitation harden;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">1) HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT: components under cathodic protection in seawater suffer intergranular hydrogen environment-assisted cracking. In peer-reviewed measurements intergranular cracking starts at -800 mV(SCE) and more negative; the threshold stress intensity K_TH falls from about 45 MPa\u221am at -800 mV to about 22 MPa\u221am at -1000 mV.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All nickel alloys &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">NACE \/ ISO 15156<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">The Age-Hardening System<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Magnetic Behaviour<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Hydrogen Embrittlement and Cracking in Seawater<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding, Machining, Forming and Service Limits<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nMonel K500 is the second most widely used Monel material after Monel 400. Designated 2.4375 in the DIN system and UNS N05500, Alloy K500 is, like the other Monel materials, fundamentally a nickel-copper alloy. Its corrosion resistance is at least as good as that of Monel 400. Beyond that, 2.4375 has a harder core and better mechanical properties than Monel 400. The aluminium and titanium it contains are what produce this harder, more durable structure. The material can be hardened by age (precipitation) hardening. Alloy K500 is also non-magnetic.<\/p>\n<p>Monel Alloy K-500 is commonly used in special screws and nuts. It is also used in various special chains and springs, in yacht and marine equipment, pump components, valves, special shafts, various electronic components and sensors.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machinability:<\/strong> Monel K-500 is a difficult alloy to machine because of its high hardness and strength. With the right machining techniques, however, these difficulties can be overcome.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Machining:<\/strong> Monel K-500 can be machined by conventional methods such as milling, turning and drilling. Because of the hardness of the alloy, hardened tooling and low cutting speeds are recommended. Cutting tools should generally be carbide or a hard alloy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Welding:<\/strong> Monel K-500 can be welded by TIG and MIG methods, although heat treatment may be required during welding. An annealing (slow cooling) treatment after welding is generally recommended. Post-weld heat treatment allows the mechanical properties of the alloy to be preserved.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cold and hot forming:<\/strong> Monel K-500 can be cold formed and hot formed, although these operations can be demanding because of its high hardness. Appropriate cooling should be used during forming.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition (Monel K-500) \u00b7 Monel K-500 (2.4375)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ni+Co<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">min 63.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">27.0-33.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 2.00%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Mn<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 1.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Si<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.01%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Al<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">2.30-3.15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ti<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.35-0.85%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density (specific gravity)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">8440 kg\/m\u00b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Melting Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">1315 \u2013 1350 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Monel K500<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Monel K500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">N05500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">W.Nr (DIN\/EN)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">2.4375<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">4676<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar, flat bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4676<\/b> (bars and forgings; HOT-FINISHED, precipitation hardenable) \u00b7 ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865 (bar, rod, wire, forgings, forging stock) \u00b7 QQ-N-286 (Rev. E \/ F \/ G) \u00b7 ASME Code Case 1192 (bolting) \u00b7 DIN 17752 \u00b7 BS 3076 NA18 \u00b7 ISO 9723 \u00b7 DIN 17743 (composition) \u00b7 NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156-3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forging<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4676<\/b> (bars and forgings) \u00b7 ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865 (forgings and forging stock) \u00b7 QQ-N-286 \u00b7 DIN 17754 \u00b7 ISO 9725<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">There is NO AMS number. QQ-N-286 \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 BS 3072 NA18 \u00b7 ISO 6208. No ASTM specification covering N05500 plate was found either.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Sheet, strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">There is NO AMS number. QQ-N-286 \u00b7 DIN 17750 \u00b7 BS 3072 NA18 (sheet\/plate) \u00b7 BS 3073 NA18 (strip) \u00b7 ISO 6208. No ASTM specification covering N05500 sheet or strip was found either.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tube and pipe (seamless)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">There is NO AMS number. BS 3074 NA18 (seamless) \u00b7 DIN 17751. No ASTM or ASME specification covering N05500 tube or pipe was found; tube is ordered to a project specification or to BS\/DIN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Bolts, studs, nuts (made from bar and forging)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM F468 (nonferrous bolts, cap screws, studs \u2014 N05500) \u00b7 ASTM F467 (nonferrous nuts \u2014 N05500) \u00b7 ASME Code Case 1192 \u00b7 QQ-N-286 \u00b7 MIL-N-24549. There is no separate AMS number covering the fastener form; the raw material is bought as <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 4676<\/b> bar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire (not among the forms sold; the mapping is given for information)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">There is NO AMS number. ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865 (cold-drawn wire) \u00b7 QQ-N-286 \u00b7 DIN 17753 \u00b7 BS 3075 NA18 \u00b7 ISO 9724<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">AMS numbers are listed first, ASTM second. The ONLY published AMS number for N05500 is AMS 4676, and it covers BAR and FORGING only. There is NO AMS number for plate, sheet, strip, tube or wire. The phrase &#8220;K-500 plate to AMS 4676&#8221; is a false citation. The delivery condition of AMS 4676 is &#8216;hot-finished, precipitation hardenable&#8217;, that is, the material arrives not yet aged and the ageing is on the buyer&#8217;s side. If aged delivery is wanted it must be stated separately in the order. ASTM B865 is for bar, rod, wire, forgings and forging stock; plate, sheet, strip and tube are OUTSIDE its scope. No ASTM equivalent was found for those forms. QQ-N-286 is a cancelled federal specification but is still cited. Rev. E and Rev. G are not the same: Rev. G additionally requires a slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT) and screens out lots susceptible to intergranular cracking. N05500 is listed in NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156-3, but the listing is conditional (component type, pH, H2S partial pressure, hardness). The relevant table must be read before ordering. Neither an AMS nor an ASTM specification covering the tube form was found; when buying tube, the document it is made to must be stated explicitly in the order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Monel K-500 (UNS <b>N05500<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>2.4375<\/b>) is the age-hardenable version of the basic Ni-Cu composition, made by adding <b>aluminium and titanium<\/b>; suitable heat treatment precipitates <b>gamma-prime (\u03b3\u2032) Ni\u2083(Al,Ti)<\/b> throughout the matrix and delivers <b>two to three times the yield strength of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/\">alloy 400<\/a><\/b>. This page has two centrepieces: the <b>ageing cycle<\/b> (including its controlled slow furnace cool) and <b>hydrogen embrittlement in seawater<\/b> \u2014 K-500&#8217;s real failure mode, and the thing buyers are least warned about.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 Monel K-500 (N05500 \/ 2.4375)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bar \u00b7 rod \u00b7 wire \u00b7 forgings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>B865<\/b> \u2014 &#8220;Precipitation Hardening Nickel-Copper-Aluminum Alloy (UNS N05500) Bar, Rod, Wire, Forgings, and Forging Stock&#8221;. <b>ACTIVE<\/b>, current edition B865-25 \u00b7 ASME SB-865 \u00b7 SAE <b>AMS 4676<\/b> (&#8220;Bars and Forgings&#8221;, current rev F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Sheet \u00b7 plate \u00b7 strip<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is NO ASTM specification for N05500.<\/b> B865 is bar, rod, wire and forgings only. What does exist: <b>QQ-N-286<\/b>, BS 3072\/3073 NA18, DIN 17750, ISO 6208. <b>AMS 4676 does NOT cover sheet or plate<\/b> \u2014 its title is &#8220;Bars and Forgings&#8221;; distributors advertising &#8220;K-500 plate to AMS 4676&#8221; are mis-citing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Pipe and tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">BS 3074 NA18 (seamless pipe and tube), DIN 17751 \u2014 <b>single-sourced<\/b>. <b>No ASTM, AMS or ASME tube specification for N05500 was found.<\/b> The product exists commercially (the originator publishes mechanical ranges for cold-drawn tube), but there is no dedicated American standard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Federal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>QQ-N-286<\/b> \u2014 &#8220;Nickel-Copper-Aluminum Alloy, Wrought (UNS N05500)&#8221;. <b>The revision letter is critical<\/b> \u2014 see the hydrogen section below. Current status could not be verified against the official register<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fasteners<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">ASTM <b>F468<\/b>, marked <b>&#8220;F468W&#8221;<\/b> \u2014 tensile min <b>896 MPa (130 ksi)<\/b> (machined specimen), 130\u2013180 ksi full-size; yield min 586\u2013621 MPa by diameter; elongation \u226520 % (4D); hardness <b>24\u201337 HRC<\/b>; diameters 6.4\u201338 mm \u00b7 ASTM <b>F467<\/b> (nuts), marked &#8220;F467W&#8221;, minimum proof stress 896 MPa; <b>hardness quoted as &#8220;24 HRC&#8221; but whether that is a minimum or a cap could not be verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ASME<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">K-500 is approved by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code as an acceptable material <b>for BOLTING only<\/b>; allowable stresses for Section VIII Div. 1 are published <b>only up to 260 \u00b0C (500 \u00b0F)<\/b>, in <b>Code Case 1192<\/b>. <b>Whether Code Case 1192 is still current could not be verified<\/b> \u2014 ASME code cases lapse or get incorporated; confirm before quoting<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>API<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No API specification lists N05500.<\/b> API 6A\/6ACRA and 20E\/20F cover carbon and low-alloy steels and age-hardened Ni-Cr alloys (e.g. API 6A718 for N07718); K-500 does not appear. <b>A claim of &#8220;API approved&#8221; for K-500 is unsupported<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Military<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">MIL-DTL-1222J and MIL-N-24549 are cited by distributors; <b>neither could be confirmed to cover N05500<\/b> \u2014 do not print them on a product page<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Welding consumables<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Standard filler: <b>AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7<\/b> (Filler Metal 60, 2.4377, ISO 18274 S Ni 4060) \u00b7 Covered electrode: <b>AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Age-hardenable filler: AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-8<\/b> (Filler Metal 64) \u2014 Al 2.0\u20134.0 %, Ti 0.25\u20131.0 %; <b>it age-hardens on heat treatment<\/b>. The distinction is critical \u2014 see below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">NACE \/ ISO 15156 \u2014 the Major Trap<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the history buyers get wrong.<\/b> From 1975 to 1996 the &#8220;Nickel-Copper Alloys&#8221; clause of MR0175 listed <b>N04400, N04405 and N05500<\/b>, with N05500 acceptable at <b>35 HRC maximum<\/b> in the hot-worked and aged, solution-annealed, or solution-annealed and aged condition. <b>In the 2003 MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 harmonisation the nickel-copper alloys were removed from the general section:<\/b> <b>N04400 and cast Monel were removed entirely<\/b>, and <b>N05500 was retained only under restricted, enumerated equipment clauses<\/b>. The stated driver is blunt: <b>field failures in N05500 fasteners<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Current status (per secondary sources):<\/b> <b>35 HRC maximum, age-hardened, for wellhead and Christmas-tree components.<\/b> <b>Sources diverge on the permitted applications \u2014 report, do not average:<\/b> one gives wellhead and Christmas-tree components <b>excluding bodies and bonnets<\/b>, plus <b>non-pressure-containing internal valve components<\/b>, and adds the sting: &#8220;<b>NACE defines valve shafts and stems as pressure-containing components<\/b>, [so] this material could no longer be used for shafts and stems when compliance with MR0175 was required.&#8221; Another gives &#8220;internal, non-pressure-retaining components in valves, pressure regulators and level controllers&#8221;; a third says only &#8220;wellhead\/Christmas tree components&#8221;. <b>The full text of ISO 15156-3:2020 Annex A could not be verified<\/b> \u2014 the table number, H\u2082S partial pressure, temperature, chloride and pH limits and any elemental-sulfur clause are <b>not printed on this page<\/b>. Confirm against the standard for your own equipment class before ordering.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>And the most-copied error:<\/b> the originator&#8217;s own 2004 bulletin still says &#8220;NACE listing: MR-01-75 for oil and gas service&#8221; <b>with no restriction at all<\/b>. That statement is more than twenty years stale and is the single most reproduced K-500 error on the web.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Composition:<\/b> Ni (+Co) \u226563.0 % \u00b7 Cu 27.0\u201333.0 % \u00b7 <b>Al 2.30\u20133.15 %<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Ti 0.35\u20130.85 %<\/b> \u00b7 Fe \u22642.0 % \u00b7 Mn \u22641.5 % \u00b7 Si \u22640.50 % \u00b7 S \u22640.010 %. <b>There is a real split on carbon:<\/b> the originator and three distributors publish <b>C \u22640.25 %<\/b> while <b>ASTM B865, one European mill and one distributor publish \u22640.18 %<\/b>. <b>These are not the same acceptance limit:<\/b> if your order says &#8220;ASTM B865&#8221;, the certificate must show <b>\u22640.18 % C<\/b>; a certificate at 0.22 % complies with the mill bulletin and is <b>non-compliant with B865<\/b>. Do not average, do not print one number.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Two chemistry-linked process hazards.<\/b> <b>(1) Titanium carbide (TiC):<\/b> process annealing for longer than about 1.5 hours in 760\u2013871 \u00b0C &#8220;can result in the formation of titanium carbide. This compound is stable at the aging temperatures used to harden alloy K-500 such that <b>the titanium cannot participate in the hardening reaction<\/b>.&#8221; The remedy is a solution anneal at <b>1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) for 30 minutes with a water quench<\/b> \u2014 and one revision of QQ-N-286 exists specifically &#8220;for components requiring solution annealing at 2050 \u00b0F due to titanium carbide presence&#8221;. <b>(2) A magnetic surface film:<\/b> aluminium and copper oxidise selectively on heating, &#8220;leaving a <b>magnetic nickel-rich film<\/b>&#8220;, removed by pickling or bright dipping. That matters for instrument and naval acceptance.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">The Age-Hardening System \u2014 the Centrepiece<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Solution Anneal (before ageing)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hot-finished<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>982 \u00b0C (1800 \u00b0F)<\/b>, under 30 minutes, <b>water quench<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cold-worked<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>1038 \u00b0C (1900 \u00b0F)<\/b>, under 30 minutes, water quench<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>To dissolve TiC<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F)<\/b>, 30 minutes, water quench<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">European equivalent<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">850\u20131000 \u00b0C, preferably 980 \u00b0C, 3\u20135 min\/mm; water quench (accelerated air below 3 mm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Quench medium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Water plus about 2 % alcohol by volume<\/b>, to suppress oxidation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Intermediate (process) anneal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">760\u2013871 \u00b0C for about 1 hour, <b>maximum about 1.5 hours<\/b> \u2014 beyond that, TiC risk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Ageing Cycles \u2014 by Prior Condition<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Procedure 1 \u2014 soft material<\/b><br \/>(140\u2013180 HB \/ 75\u201390 HRB)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>593\u2013607 \u00b0C (1100\u20131125 \u00b0F), hold 16 hours; furnace-cool at 8\u201314 \u00b0C (15\u201325 \u00b0F) per hour to 482 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F); then furnace, air or quench cool to room temperature.<\/b> Annealed or hot-rolled rod, cold-drawn rod over 38 mm, soft-temper wire and strip, as-forged or quenched forgings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Procedure 2 \u2014 moderately cold-worked<\/b><br \/>(175\u2013250 HB \/ 8\u201325 HRC)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>593\u2013607 \u00b0C for 8\u201316 hours<\/b> (8 h at the higher starting hardness, 16 h from 175\u2013200 HB), <b>furnace-cool at 8\u201314 \u00b0C\/h to 482 \u00b0C<\/b>. Cold-drawn rod, half-hard strip, cold-upset parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Procedure 3 \u2014 fully cold-worked<\/b><br \/>(260\u2013325 HB \/ 25\u201335 HRC)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>527\u2013538 \u00b0C (980\u20131000 \u00b0F) for 6\u201310 hours<\/b>, cooling to 482 \u00b0C at a rate <b>not exceeding 8\u201314 \u00b0C\/h<\/b>. Spring-temper strip, spring wire, heavily cold-worked parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">The ASTM B865 codified cycle<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">&#8220;holding at an aim temperature of <b>595 \u00b0C (1100 \u00b0F) for 8 to 16 h<\/b> followed by <b>furnace cooling to 480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F) at a rate of 10 to 15 \u00b0C (15 to 25 \u00b0F) per hour<\/b> and then air cooling&#8221;, with a stepped alternative at 1000 \u00b0F and 900 \u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">European metric cycle<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>580\u2013610 \u00b0C<\/b>, 3\u20135 h (flat product) or 4\u201316 h (rod\/forgings), furnace-cool at about 12 \u00b0C\/h to 480 \u00b0C, then air cool. Shortened option: 640 \u00b0C for 2 h, furnace-cooled over 10 h to 480 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Springs (after cold coiling)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">538 \u00b0C for 10 h, air cool, <b>or<\/b> 527\u2013538 \u00b0C for 6 h then cool to 482 \u00b0C at 8\u201314 \u00b0C\/h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The slow controlled furnace cool is not a formality; it is part of the precipitation.<\/b> Every primary and standards source specifies a <b>controlled furnace cool of 8\u201314 \u00b0C per hour<\/b> from the soak temperature down to <b>482 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F)<\/b>, after which uncontrolled cooling is permitted. <b>Ageing continues during the descent<\/b> \u2014 which is why the ramp rate is specified as tightly as the soak. <b>Total cycle time<\/b> (arithmetic from the published cycles): Procedure 1, 16 h soak plus about 8\u201313 h of descent \u2248 <b>24\u201329 hours<\/b>; Procedure 3 \u2248 10\u201317 hours; the European cycle \u2248 14\u201326 hours. <b>A &#8220;2-hour age&#8221; on a mill certificate is not this alloy&#8217;s cycle.<\/b> The originator publishes short-time 2\/4\/8-hour data but states explicitly that it is a &#8220;guide to short-time aging treatments and <b>not suitable for specification purposes<\/b>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Irreversible over-ageing \u2014 the hard limit.<\/b> The originator, verbatim: &#8220;Material which has been heated for any appreciable length of time in the temperature range <b>1100\u00b0 to 1400 \u00b0F (593\u2013760 \u00b0C)<\/b> will be <b>overaged<\/b> to an extent dependent on time and temperature of exposure. Overaged material will have lower mechanical properties than properly aged metal, and <b>the properties cannot be raised by subsequent aging treatments<\/b>.&#8221; A 2026 failure analysis confirms it in the field: failed K-500 screws measured <b>310\u2013325 HV<\/b> against a normal 340\u2013360 HV.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Dimensional change on ageing:<\/b> about <b>0.0002\u20130.00025 in\/in contraction<\/b> in annealed rod, with minimal warpage. Allow for it when setting the machining oversize.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">ASTM B865 Minimum Mechanical Properties (aged)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hot-worked and aged, all sizes<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile \u2265 <b>965 MPa (140 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Yield \u2265 <b>690 MPa (100 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u226520 % \u00b7 \u2265265 HB (27 HRC)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cold-worked and aged, \u23006\u201325 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile \u2265 <b>1000 MPa (145 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Yield \u2265 <b>760 MPa (110 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u226515 % \u00b7 \u2265300 HB (32 HRC)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cold-worked and aged, \u230025\u201376 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile \u2265965 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265690 MPa \u00b7 Elongation \u226517 % \u00b7 \u2265280 HB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cold-worked and aged, \u230076\u2013102 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile \u2265930 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265655 MPa \u00b7 Elongation \u226520 % \u00b7 \u2265255 HB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Annealed and aged, \u226425 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile \u2265 <b>895 MPa (130 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Yield \u2265 <b>620 MPa (90 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation \u226520 % \u00b7 \u2265250 HB (24 HRC)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Annealed and aged, >25 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile \u2265895 MPa \u00b7 Yield \u2265585 MPa \u00b7 Elongation \u226520 % \u00b7 \u2265250 HB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Maximum hardness for UNAGED product<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">B865 also sets <b>caps<\/b> on unaged product (no tensile test required): hot-worked \u2264245 HB (23 HRC); cold-worked \u23006\u201325 mm \u2264280 HB (29 HRC); annealed \u2264185 HB (90 HRB). <b>These are caps on the unaged product, not strength minimums<\/b> \u2014 a common misreading<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cold-drawn wire (aged, selected)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Annealed and aged \u2265895 MPa \u00b7 as-drawn and aged \u22651070 MPa \u00b7 <b>spring temper and aged \u22642.9 mm: \u22651240 MPa (180 ksi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Typical values (NOT minimums):<\/b> hot-finished bar, aged 965\u20131310 MPa tensile \/ 690\u20131034 MPa yield \/ 30\u201320 % elongation \/ <b>27\u201338 HRC<\/b> \u00b7 cold-drawn, aged 931\u20131276 MPa \/ 655\u20131103 MPa \/ 30\u201315 % \/ 25\u201341 HRC \u00b7 cold-rolled sheet, spring temper aged 1172\u20131517 MPa \/ 896\u20131345 MPa \/ 10\u20135 % \/ \u226534 HRC. <b>Aged yield strength scatters by about \u00b130 %<\/b> across publishers (690 \/ 676 \/ 790 \/ 786\u2013904 MPa), and that is not sloppy reporting \u2014 it is the <b>documented heat-to-heat variability<\/b> that drives the hydrogen section below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Impact and fatigue.<\/b> Charpy V: <b>50 J at +21 \u00b0C, 46 J at \u221279 \u00b0C, 42 J at \u2212196 \u00b0C<\/b>; &#8220;<b>no ductile-to-brittle transformation occurs even at temperatures as low as that of liquid hydrogen<\/b>&#8220;. But <b>ageing roughly halves Charpy keyhole energy<\/b> (hot-finished longitudinal 100 J \u2192 53 J aged). <b>Fatigue (10\u2078 cycles, room temperature):<\/b> annealed hot-rolled 262 MPa \u00b7 hot-rolled and aged 296 MPa \u00b7 cold-drawn and aged 324 MPa. <b>Surface finish decides it:<\/b> aged and polished 345\u2013393 MPa against <b>aged with an oxidised surface only 272 MPa<\/b> \u2014 &#8220;the oxide surface was produced by age hardening in air&#8221;. <b>Practical consequence: age a cyclically loaded part in a protective atmosphere, or machine and polish after ageing; otherwise you take a ~20\u201330 % endurance-limit penalty.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Magnetic Behaviour \u2014 Different from Monel 400, and It Matters<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">K-500 is &#8220;<b>virtually nonmagnetic, even at quite low temperatures<\/b>&#8220;, with permeability <b>\u22481.001\u20131.002 at 200 oersteds<\/b> (one mill gives 1.0015 maximum). <b>But the Curie point is condition-dependent:<\/b> annealed and quenched \u2248<b>\u2212134 \u00b0C (\u2212210 \u00b0F)<\/b>; <b>annealed and aged \u2248\u2212117 \u00b0C<\/b>; <b>cold-drawn and aged \u2248\u2212101 \u00b0C (\u2212150 \u00b0F)<\/b>. So <b>ageing raises the Curie temperature by about 35 \u00b0C<\/b>, and <b>the aged condition is the magnetically &#8220;worse&#8221; one<\/b>. It is non-magnetic for all normal marine and downhole service, but a cryogenic or very-low-temperature instrument application must be assessed against the <b>aged<\/b> Curie point, not the annealed one. Separately, the <b>nickel-rich surface film<\/b> formed during heat treatment is magnetic and will fail a permeability check until pickled off. For contrast, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/\">Monel 400<\/a>&#8216;s Curie point sits around room temperature and it can be weakly ferromagnetic near ambient \u2014 <b>that contrast is what makes K-500 the instrument, MWD and minesweeper alloy<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Hydrogen Embrittlement and Cracking in Seawater \u2014 the Real Failure Mode<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>What the mills say (and understate):<\/b> the originator writes that corrosion resistance is &#8220;substantially equivalent to that of alloy 400 <b>except that, when in the age-hardened condition, alloy K-500 has a greater tendency toward stress-corrosion cracking in some environments<\/b>&#8220;. One European mill calls it &#8220;virtually immune&#8221; to chloride-induced SCC but notes that age-hardened material is <b>sensitive to SCC in hot hydrofluoric acid vapour under high tensile stress<\/b>. <b>No mill datasheet reviewed warns about hydrogen embrittlement under cathodic protection. That silence is the gap this page fills.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The mechanism.<\/b> K-500&#8217;s marine failure mode is <b>not<\/b> classic chloride SCC; it is <b>hydrogen environment-assisted cracking (HEAC)<\/b>: cathodic protection generates atomic hydrogen at the surface, the hydrogen is absorbed into the \u03b3\u2032-strengthened matrix and concentrates at <b>grain boundaries<\/b> ahead of the crack tip. The fracture mode under cathodic polarisation is <b>intergranular<\/b>, against mixed in air. \u03b3\u2032 Ni\u2083(Al,Ti) supplies both the strength and the <b>planar slip<\/b> that localises strain; one study found the controlling variable was <b>slip character<\/b>, not grain-boundary precipitation. Hydrogen traps are TiC and M\u2082\u2083C\u2086 carbides; <b>sulphur segregating to grain boundaries acts synergistically with hydrogen to promote embrittlement<\/b>, while <b>boron and zirconium are beneficial<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The Threshold Buyers Are Never Told: CATHODIC POTENTIAL, Not Hardness<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The key finding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">&#8220;<b>Intergranular cracking is eliminated by reduced cathodic polarisation more positive than \u2212750 mV(SCE); susceptibility occurs when cathodically polarised at \u2212800 mV(SCE) and lower.<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Threshold stress intensity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">K<sub>TH<\/sub> falls as polarisation goes more negative: <b>~17\u201322 MPa\u221am at \u22121000 mV(SCE)<\/b>, rising substantially approaching \u2212750 mV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Five commercial lots at \u2212950 mV(SCE)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Reference lot <b>29 MPa\u221am<\/b>; <b>field-returned hardware 14, 18 and 19 MPa\u221am<\/b> \u2014 about a <b>2\u00d7 spread<\/b> between a good heat and returned service hardware<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Overall band<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Across heats K<sub>TH<\/sub> \u2248 <b>18\u201332 MPa\u221am<\/b>, i.e. &#8220;<b>only 5 to 14 % of the plane-strain fracture toughness<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Severity regime<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">At <b>\u2212950 mV<\/b> the hydrogen environment is so aggressive that metallurgy barely matters; at <b>\u2212850 mV<\/b> lot-to-lot variability dominates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Why this is &#8220;over-protection&#8221;<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Conventional sacrificial-anode cathodic protection for subsea steel typically drives structures to around <b>\u22120.9 to \u22121.05 V(SCE)<\/b>, and impressed-current systems can go more negative still. <b>That sits squarely inside K-500&#8217;s cracking regime.<\/b> And the K-500 part need not be the thing being protected: a K-500 fastener bolted into a cathodically protected steel flange is <b>electrically coupled and polarised<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>On the hardness threshold, honestly.<\/b> Verified: <b>35 HRC maximum, age-hardened<\/b>, is the NACE cap for N05500&#8217;s restricted listing; ASTM F468 caps K-500 fasteners at <b>37 HRC<\/b>. <b>What is not verified is the critical part:<\/b> <b>no published, standards-backed yield-strength or hardness threshold exists below which K-500 is immune to HEAC under cathodic protection.<\/b> The research shows that yield strength, hydrogen diffusivity, grain-boundary character and grain size &#8220;<b>do not independently control the observed variations<\/b>&#8221; \u2014 susceptibility is set by the <b>combination<\/b> of strength, hydrogen uptake and grain-boundary impurity chemistry. One study reports that a <b>\u00b115 % variation in yield strength (786\u2013904 MPa)<\/b> can change K<sub>TH<\/sub> by as much as <b>65 MPa\u221am<\/b> at mild potentials, and concludes that &#8220;strength limitations may be necessary&#8221;. <b>Anyone who quotes you a single &#8220;safe hardness&#8221; for K-500 in cathodically protected seawater is going beyond the literature.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The procurement lever that does exist: the QQ-N-286 revision letter.<\/b> <b>QQ-N-286 Rev G requires slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) testing; material made to Rev E is not subject to it.<\/b> SSRT is the standard screen for hydrogen-embrittlement susceptibility, and <b>Rev G exists because of those failures<\/b>. <b>But Rev G is not a guarantee:<\/b> one study tested <b>four nominally peak-aged heats that all met QQ-N-286G<\/b> and found hydrogen-embrittlement susceptibility &#8220;<b>varied extensively<\/b>&#8220;, because the specification &#8220;<b>allows age hardening to occur by any process proved adequate to meet the mechanical property requirements<\/b>&#8220;. <b>And the commercial reality:<\/b> distributors sell both Rev E and Rev G K-500 bar \u2014 so a buyer who writes &#8220;QQ-N-286&#8221; with no revision letter can legitimately be shipped <b>unscreened Rev E material<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Verified Field-Failure Patterns<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">The 2003 NACE restriction<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Attributed directly to &#8220;<b>field failures in N05500 fasteners<\/b>&#8220;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Field-returned components<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">In a five-lot programme, the three field-returned K-500 lots were <b>the most susceptible<\/b>: K<sub>TH<\/sub> of 14\u201319 MPa\u221am at \u2212950 mV(SCE) against 29 MPa\u221am for the commercial reference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Oil-well K-500 screws (2026 failure analysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Two wells, a consistent pattern. The failed material measured <b>310\u2013325 HV<\/b> against a normal 340\u2013360 HV; yield 745 MPa against about 790 expected; tensile 940 MPa against about 960 \u2014 i.e. <b>under-strength from partial over-ageing<\/b>. The fracture was intergranular attack with subsurface cracking plus transgranular brittle fracture with secondary cracks, and <b>local Al and Ti depletion<\/b> had starved the \u03b3\u2032 reaction. <b>Lesson: both over-ageing and off-aim Al\/Ti show up as failures, and a hardness check would have flagged this one<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>And be careful with a datum that looks good.<\/b> The originator&#8217;s own test: &#8220;After 6 days of continuous immersion in saturated (3500 ppm) hydrogen sulfide solutions at acidic and basic pHs (ranging from 1.0 to 11.0), <b>U-bend specimens of age-hardened sheet showed no cracking<\/b>. Hardness of the specimens ranged from <b>28 to 40 HRC<\/b>.&#8221; <b>Do not let this sell the alloy:<\/b> it is a six-day U-bend immersion, at hardnesses above the NACE cap, and it says <b>nothing about cathodically generated hydrogen<\/b> \u2014 which is the actual marine failure mode and the reason NACE restricted the alloy in 2003. <b>Good sulphide-stress-cracking behaviour and poor HEAC behaviour coexist in this alloy.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding, Machining, Forming and Service Limits<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Welding \u2014 the filler quietly decides the joint&#8217;s ceiling<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>GTAW is the primary process.<\/b> <b>The material must be solution-annealed before welding:<\/b> the originator says &#8220;<b>avoid welding age-hardened material (greatly reduced ductility)<\/b>&#8220;, and a European mill states &#8220;material must be solution-annealed before welding&#8221;. <b>Interpass temperature max 120 \u00b0C.<\/b> <b>No numeric preheat or heat-input limit could be verified in any source<\/b> \u2014 the 120 \u00b0C interpass cap implies low heat input. <b>After welding:<\/b> anneal at 850\u2013900 \u00b0C, then age.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The critical point is the filler.<\/b> <b>ERNiCu-7 (FM 60), which everyone quotes as the default, is not age-hardenable:<\/b> the originator states flatly that &#8220;weldments are <b>not age hardenable<\/b> and, thus, do not have strength matching that of the hardened base metal&#8221;. <b>ERNiCu-8 (FM 64)<\/b> carries Al 2.0\u20134.0 % and Ti 0.25\u20131.0 % and &#8220;<b>the filler metal will age harden on heat treatment<\/b>&#8220;. So <b>the filler choice permanently decides whether the joint can ever match the base metal<\/b>. With the right filler and post-weld heat treatment the achievable joint efficiency is high: GTAW on 0.5 mm sheet, heat-treated after welding, gave <b>93 % at +26 \u00b0C<\/b>, 93 % at \u221273 \u00b0C, 93 % at \u2212196 \u00b0C and <b>95 % at \u2212253 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>Pitfalls:<\/b> (1) welding aged material destroys ductility and the HAZ <b>over-ages irreversibly<\/b> in the 593\u2013760 \u00b0C band; (2) post-weld ageing re-exposes the whole assembly to the ageing cycle \u2014 ageing in air oxidises the surface (~20\u201330 % endurance-limit penalty) and leaves a magnetic nickel-rich film; (3) the general nickel-alloy rule applies \u2014 sulphur, lead and zinc contamination cause hot cracking, so clean and degrease before welding.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Machining and forming<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>When to machine \u2014 the settled answer:<\/b> &#8220;<b>Heavy machining is best accomplished when the material is in the annealed condition or hot-worked and quenched. Age-hardened material can be finish-machined to close tolerances and fine finishes.<\/b>&#8221; The recommended practice is to <b>machine slightly oversize, age-harden, then finish to size<\/b> \u2014 allowing for the 0.0002\u20130.00025 in\/in ageing contraction. <b>Cutting speeds diverge substantially across publishers:<\/b> one (annealed, 88 HRB, 35 % machinability) gives turning <b>120\u2013160 m\/min<\/b>, milling 90\u2013120 m\/min and drilling 90\u2013120 m\/min, and notes that CBN allows 2\u20134\u00d7 the carbide speed; another (about 25 % machinability) gives annealed turning at <b>30\u201355 m\/min<\/b> (100\u2013180 sfm), describes &#8220;the same gummy-chip fight as alloy 400, plus higher forces&#8221;, and warns the material is &#8220;springy&#8221; \u2014 watch deflection on slender parts. <b>Do not average them<\/b>; shop practice for aged K-500 runs at the low end. <b>No published speeds for the aged condition were found.<\/b> The common principles: rigid setup, sharp carbide, <b>heavy positive feeds<\/b>, soluble-oil coolant \u2014 and <b>never dwell, never rub<\/b>, because the alloy work-hardens rapidly.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Hot Working<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Maximum heating temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1149 \u00b0C (2100 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Working range<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>871\u20131149 \u00b0C (1600\u20132100 \u00b0F)<\/b>; heavy work 1038\u20131149 \u00b0C; <b>below 871 \u00b0C not recommended<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Grain refinement<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Final reheat to 1093 \u00b0C with <b>\u226530 % reduction in the final pass<\/b>; one European mill gives <b>\u226525 % deformation below 1050 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>different numbers, same principle<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Cooling after hot work<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>MUST NOT be air cooled.<\/b> &#8220;Should be <b>quenched from a temperature of 788 \u00b0C (1450 \u00b0F) or higher<\/b>&#8220;, in water plus about 2 % alcohol. One European mill says &#8220;rapid water cooling&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cold forming<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Done <b>in the annealed condition<\/b>. &#8220;Excellent ductility&#8221; but &#8220;requires considerable power to form&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Service Temperature \u2014 Four Publishers, Four Numbers<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">One distributor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Excellent mechanical properties from sub-zero to about <b>480 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Another<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">High-temperature service <b>&#8220;not recommended&#8221; at 538 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">A third<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Resistant to degradation at elevated temperature up to <b>600 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">A fourth<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Retains mechanical properties up to about <b>650 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Allowable stresses for bolting published <b>only to 260 \u00b0C (500 \u00b0F)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Springs (the originator)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Maximum useful temperature 260 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 based on 5\u20136 % relaxation in seven days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>What actually sets the limit<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The irreversible over-ageing band, 593\u2013760 \u00b0C.<\/b> Any appreciable time in that band permanently degrades properties, and &#8220;<b>the properties cannot be raised by subsequent aging treatments<\/b>&#8220;. That <b>invalidates the 600 \u00b0C and 650 \u00b0C claims for any sustained-load application<\/b> \u2014 600 \u00b0C is <b>inside<\/b> the band<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Data on the safe side<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hot-rolled rod aged at 1080 \u00b0F\/16 h was held at <b>427 \u00b0C for 16 months<\/b>: further slow ageing occurred in the first month (1014 \u2192 1114 MPa, 270 \u2192 310 HB), &#8220;but continued heating caused no further significant change in properties&#8221;. Against that, <b>Izod impact fell from 65 J to about 34 J<\/b>. So <b>427 \u00b0C is demonstrably survivable for long exposure, at the cost of roughly half the impact toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Statement for the page<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">&#8220;Aged K-500 is dimensionally and metallurgically stable to about <b>425 \u00b0C<\/b> for long exposure, with a documented loss of about half its impact toughness. Above roughly <b>590 \u00b0C<\/b> the alloy over-ages irreversibly. ASME allowable stresses for bolting are published only to <b>260 \u00b0C<\/b>, and springs are limited to 260 \u00b0C by relaxation. Published 600\u2013650 \u00b0C figures are strength-retention claims, not sustained-service limits.&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Low temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">No ductile-to-brittle transition down to liquid-hydrogen temperature; tensile and yield rise while ductility and toughness are &#8220;virtually unimpaired&#8221;; <b>fatigue strength improves markedly cryogenically<\/b> (10\u2076 cycles: 379 MPa at 21 \u00b0C \u2192 696 MPa at \u2212253 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Seawater, crevice corrosion and galling.<\/b> In <b>flowing, high-velocity seawater<\/b> corrosion rates are &#8220;very low&#8221;, and combined with the high strength that makes K-500 suitable for <b>pump shafts<\/b>. <b>Stagnant or low-velocity seawater is the weakness:<\/b> &#8220;fouling may occur followed by pitting&#8221;; &#8220;pitting may occur in stagnant or low velocity seawaters&#8221;. <b>K-500 inherits alloy 400&#8217;s stagnant-seawater pitting and crevice weakness; ageing buys strength, not crevice resistance.<\/b> <b>Quantified crevice-corrosion resistance (critical crevice temperature, PREN equivalent) could not be verified.<\/b> <b>And on galling:<\/b> no mill or institute source reviewed makes any galling claim for K-500. What is published is an <b>application list<\/b> (valve stems, pump shafts, sleeves, wear rings), not a tribological claim. <b>Distributor pages asserting &#8220;excellent galling resistance&#8221; are unsupported \u2014 do not print a galling claim.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Physical properties:<\/b> density <b>8.44 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> \u00b7 melting range <b>1315\u20131350 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 modulus of elasticity <b>179\u2013180 GPa<\/b> \u00b7 shear modulus 66 GPa \u00b7 Poisson&#8217;s ratio 0.32 \u00b7 thermal conductivity at 21 \u00b0C <b>17.2\u201317.5 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> \u00b7 specific heat about 419 J\/kg\u00b7K \u00b7 electrical resistivity <b>0.615 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7m<\/b> \u00b7 mean linear expansion (20\u2013100 \u00b0C) 13.7 \u00b5m\/m\u00b7\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">K-500, Monel 400, Inconel 718 or 17-4 PH for high-strength seawater and subsea service<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-400\/\">Monel 400<\/a><\/b> is the default when you need seawater corrosion resistance and nothing more: roughly a third of K-500&#8217;s yield strength, but better in one respect that matters \u2014 <b>it is not precipitation hardened, so it is far less exposed to hydrogen embrittlement<\/b>. Specify 400 for piping, valve bodies, sheathing and any part where strength is not the constraint. Note that <b>NACE MR0175\/ISO 15156 removed N04400 entirely in 2003<\/b> \u2014 it is not permitted for any sour-service application. <b>K-500<\/b> earns its place only where you need <b>alloy 400&#8217;s corrosion behaviour plus two to three times its yield strength, in a non-magnetic alloy<\/b>: pump and propeller shafts, valve stems, drill collars, downhole and MWD instrument housings, springs, marine fasteners. Its low permeability (\u2264~1.002, Curie point around \u2212101 \u00b0C aged) is the thing no competitor offers. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-718\/\">Inconel 718<\/a><\/b> is \u03b3\u2033 Ni\u2083Nb-hardened, reaches higher strength and is codified by API 6A718 \u2014 but <b>it is not exempt from hydrogen embrittlement under cathodic protection either<\/b>: in subsea trees where an insulation blanket failed, flooding coupled 718 bolts to the CP system, and the documented root cause was <b>furnace cooling instead of quenching after solution anneal<\/b>, which raised grain-boundary delta phase and trapped hydrogen. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/17-4ph-1-4542-aisi-630\/\">17-4 PH<\/a><\/b> is a martensitic PH stainless: cheap and strong, but <b>ferromagnetic<\/b>, without the nickel margin of K-500 or 400 in seawater, and classed as stress-corrosion susceptible. <b>The decision:<\/b> corrosion only \u2192 400; corrosion plus strength plus non-magnetic \u2192 K-500; higher strength with API codification \u2192 718 (with the same hydrogen question); cheap and moderate \u2192 17-4 PH, but not in seawater.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Hydrogen embrittlement: what hardness should I specify, and what does cathodic protection do?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">First: <b>there is no single &#8220;safe hardness&#8221;, and anyone who gives you one is going beyond the literature.<\/b> The verified caps are <b>35 HRC maximum, age-hardened<\/b> for the NACE restricted listing and <b>37 HRC<\/b> for ASTM F468 fasteners. But the research is explicit that yield strength, hydrogen diffusivity, grain-boundary character and grain size &#8220;<b>do not independently control the observed variations<\/b>&#8221; \u2014 susceptibility is set by their <b>combination<\/b>; indeed a <b>\u00b115 % variation in yield strength<\/b> can shift the threshold stress intensity by as much as <b>65 MPa\u221am<\/b>. <b>Second, the variable that actually governs is the cathodic potential:<\/b> &#8220;intergranular cracking is eliminated by reduced cathodic polarisation <b>more positive than \u2212750 mV(SCE)<\/b>; susceptibility occurs when cathodically polarised at <b>\u2212800 mV(SCE) and lower<\/b>.&#8221; Conventional sacrificial-anode protection for subsea steel drives structures to <b>\u22120.9 to \u22121.05 V(SCE)<\/b> \u2014 <b>squarely inside the cracking regime<\/b>. And the K-500 part need not be the thing being protected: a K-500 bolt in a cathodically protected steel flange is electrically coupled and polarised. <b>What to put on the order:<\/b> (1) the <b>QQ-N-286 REVISION LETTER<\/b> \u2014 <b>Rev G requires slow strain rate tensile testing, Rev E does not<\/b>, and distributors sell both, so an order saying just &#8220;QQ-N-286&#8221; can legitimately be filled with unscreened material; (2) the ageing <b>cycle<\/b> (soak temperature, time, the <b>8\u201314 \u00b0C\/hour controlled furnace cool<\/b> down to 482 \u00b0C) \u2014 &#8220;aged&#8221; alone is not enough, and a 2-hour cycle is not this alloy&#8217;s cycle; (3) the <b>measured<\/b> hardness and yield strength, not the cap; (4) on the design side, <b>electrically isolate<\/b> K-500 from cathodically protected steel or control the potential, and avoid over-protection on impressed-current systems; (5) reduce stress levels \u2014 the threshold is only 5\u201314 % of the fracture toughness.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">How much does a certificate that says &#8220;aged&#8221; actually tell you?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Not enough \u2014 and on this alloy the difference is measurable. <b>First, ageing is a cycle, not a soak.<\/b> The originator, ASTM B865 and a European mill all specify a <b>controlled furnace cool of 8\u201314 \u00b0C per hour<\/b> from the soak temperature down to <b>482 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F)<\/b>; <b>precipitation continues during the descent<\/b>, which is why the ramp rate is defined as tightly as the soak. The total cycle, per the published procedures, runs roughly <b>10 to 29 hours<\/b>. The originator itself publishes short-time 2\/4\/8-hour data while stating it is &#8220;<b>not suitable for specification purposes<\/b>&#8220;. So if the certificate says &#8220;aged 2 hours&#8221;, that is not this alloy&#8217;s cycle. <b>Second, over-ageing is irreversible:<\/b> material held any appreciable time in <b>593\u2013760 \u00b0C<\/b> is permanently weakened and &#8220;<b>the properties cannot be raised by subsequent aging treatments<\/b>&#8220;. A 2026 field failure shows exactly this: the failed screws measured <b>310\u2013325 HV<\/b> against a normal 340\u2013360 HV \u2014 and <b>a simple hardness check would have caught it<\/b>. <b>Third, the unaged hardness rows are caps, not floors:<\/b> ASTM B865 sets \u2264245 HB on unaged hot-worked bar and \u2264185 HB on annealed product; reading these as strength minimums is a common error. <b>Fourth, ageing in air leaves two marks:<\/b> a <b>~20\u201330 % endurance-limit penalty<\/b> (272 MPa with an oxidised surface against 345\u2013393 MPa polished) and a <b>magnetic nickel-rich surface film<\/b> that will fail a permeability check until it is pickled off. <b>Put on the order:<\/b> the full ageing cycle, the cooling rate, the atmosphere or oxidation control, the measured hardness \u2014 and, on critical parts, the QQ-N-286 revision letter.<\/p>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:14px 12px 4px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;align-items:stretch;\">\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">1 \u00b7 SOLUTION TREATMENT<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">Hot-finished product: 980 \u00b0C (1800 \u00b0F)<br \/>Less than 30 minutes; time at temperature is kept to a minimum to avoid grain coarsening. VDM Metals ties it to section: 3-5 minutes per mm.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#c0392b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">2 \u00b7 COOL<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">WATER QUENCH without delay. Slow cooling causes premature precipitation and spoils the subsequent ageing response.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#1b7f4b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">3 \u00b7 AGEING<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">see the table below<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 192\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><line x1=\"70\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"690\" y2=\"112\" stroke=\"#9fb0ba\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"70.0\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"70.0\" y2=\"86\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"70.0\" cy=\"112\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"70.0\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">BRANCH 3<\/text><text x=\"70.0\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">538 \u00b0C<\/text><line x1=\"565.7\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"565.7\" y2=\"86\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"565.7\" cy=\"112\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"565.7\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 SPECIFICA\u2026<\/text><text x=\"565.7\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">595 \u00b0C<\/text><line x1=\"670.0\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"670.0\" y2=\"138\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"670.0\" cy=\"112\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"670.0\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">BRANCH 1<\/text><text x=\"670.0\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">607 \u00b0C<\/text><line x1=\"670.0\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"670.0\" y2=\"42\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"670.0\" cy=\"112\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"670.0\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">BRANCH 2<\/text><text x=\"670.0\" y=\"19\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">607 \u00b0C<\/text><text x=\"370\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Ageing temperature (\u00b0C)<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Solution treatment<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Solution anneal \u2014 two branches according to the working history of the product<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Hot-finished product: 980 \u00b0C (1800 \u00b0F) \u00b7 Cold-worked product: 1040 \u00b0C (1900 \u00b0F). European producer band: 850-1000 \u00b0C, preferably 980 \u00b0C (VDM Metals). Carpenter Technology band: 871-1038 \u00b0C (1600-1900 \u00b0F).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Less than 30 minutes; time at temperature is kept to a minimum to avoid grain coarsening. VDM Metals ties it to section: 3-5 minutes per mm.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">WATER QUENCH without delay. Slow cooling causes premature precipitation and spoils the subsequent ageing response.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Takes the gamma-prime formers Al and Ti into solid solution before ageing. The higher temperature (1040 \u00b0C) is used for cold-worked product because the ageing response from that branch is better.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">SOFTENING (process) ANNEAL \u2014 this is NOT the solution anneal<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">SOFTENING (process) ANNEAL \u2014 this is NOT the solution anneal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">760-870 \u00b0C (1400-1600 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">About 1 hour after the part has reached temperature (Special Metals).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Water quench (annealing in free air damages the surface corrosion resistance).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Gives adequate softening between cold forming steps. The ageing response is LOWER than from the 980\/1040 \u00b0C solution anneal; this branch is not used when final strength is required.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Not a specification condition; it is an intermediate manufacturing step.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Solution anneal at 850-900 \u00b0C (virgamet \/ VDM practice), or 980\/1040 \u00b0C for the full cycle; then ageing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Section-dependent at the solution anneal; per the recipe below for ageing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Rapid cooling (water quench) after the solution anneal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ERNiCu-7 weld metal does not precipitation harden; the post-weld cycle restores the strength of the parent metal, not that of the weld metal. At minimum a stress relief is applied BEFORE ageing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Welding: Monel FM 60 (AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7) \u00b7 electrode Monel 190 (AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7). No preheat required.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">BRANCH 1 \u2014 ANNEALED \/ SOFT start (including as-forged)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">BRANCH 1 \u2014 ANNEALED \/ SOFT start (including as-forged)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">593-607 \u00b0C (1100-1125 \u00b0F). European equivalent 580-610 \u00b0C (VDM Metals, virgamet).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">16 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Furnace cool to 480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F) at 8-14 \u00b0C\/h (15-25 \u00b0F\/h), then air cool. VDM Metals and virgamet give the same step as 12 \u00b0C\/h. Below 480 \u00b0C the cooling rate is free (furnace, air or water).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Maximum strength. It is the equivalent of the ASTM B865 &#8216;annealed and age-hardened&#8217; and &#8216;hot-worked and age-hardened&#8217; delivery conditions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865 \u00b7 AMS 4676 \u00b7 QQ-N-286<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Starting condition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Annealed or as-forged; Special Metals and High Temp Metals define this branch by a hardness range of 140-180 Brinell (75-90 HRB).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">BRANCH 2 \u2014 MODERATELY COLD-WORKED start<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">BRANCH 2 \u2014 MODERATELY COLD-WORKED start<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">593-607 \u00b0C (1100-1125 \u00b0F). European equivalent 580-610 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">8 hours or longer; 8-16 hours in practice. VDM Metals gives 4-16 hours for rod and forgings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Furnace cool to 480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F) at a rate NOT EXCEEDING 8-14 \u00b0C\/h (15-25 \u00b0F\/h). Then air cool.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The extra nucleation from cold work accelerates ageing, so the time is shorter than in Branch 1. If the time is not shortened, over-ageing becomes a risk.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865 &#8216;cold-worked and age-hardened&#8217; rows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Starting condition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Moderately cold-worked; Special Metals and High Temp Metals define this branch by a hardness range of 175-250 Brinell (8-25 HRC).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">BRANCH 3 \u2014 FULLY COLD-WORKED \/ SPRING TEMPER start<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">BRANCH 3 \u2014 FULLY COLD-WORKED \/ SPRING TEMPER start<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">527-538 \u00b0C (980-1000 \u00b0F). European equivalent 520-550 \u00b0C. This is about 65 \u00b0C LOWER than Branch 1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">6 hours or longer. The sources diverge: 6 hours and above (Special Metals, High Temp Metals, virgamet, Nickelvac), 4-6 hours (Alloy Wire International, California Metal), 10 hours (Elgiloy). No single figure is given.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Furnace cool to 480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F) at a rate NOT EXCEEDING 8-14 \u00b0C\/h. Then air cool. California Metal gives 8-15 \u00b0C\/h down to 450 \u00b0C for this branch; Alloy Wire International and Elgiloy say air cool directly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Cold work gives such a high nucleation density that applying 593 \u00b0C OVER-AGES the material and lowers the strength. This is the recipe for the spring temper plus aged condition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B865 wire table, &#8216;spring temper, age-hardened&#8217; rows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Starting condition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Fully cold-worked or spring temper; Special Metals and High Temp Metals define this branch by a hardness range of 260-325 Brinell (25-35 HRC).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">ASTM B865 SPECIFICATION RECIPE \u2014 the text of the standard itself<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B865 SPECIFICATION RECIPE \u2014 the text of the standard itself<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Aim temperature 595 \u00b0C (1100 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">8 to 16 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Furnace cool to 480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F) at 10-15 \u00b0C\/h (15-25 \u00b0F\/h), then air cool.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">This is the recipe that applies when the order is placed to ASTM B865. An alternative stepped cycle is also written into the standard: up to 16 h at 595 \u00b0C, furnace cool to 540 \u00b0C, hold about 6 h, furnace cool to 480 \u00b0C, hold about 8 h, air cool to room temperature.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Specifications<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Starting condition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The general ageing requirement of the specification; it does not distinguish product form.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is NOT to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve for N05500 was used, so no curve is drawn. Unlike Monel 400, N05500 IS PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE: the strengthening comes from the gamma-prime Ni3(Al,Ti) precipitate and the cycle has two stages, solution anneal plus ageing. THE AGEING RECIPE CHANGES WITH THE STARTING HARDNESS OF THE MATERIAL \u2014 the three branches below are not alternatives to each other; the branch is chosen by the input condition. The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve was used, so no curve is drawn. Monel 400 (N04400) is a solid-solution alloy and is not aged; N05500 is precipitation hardenable. The heat treatment texts of the two alloys MUST NOT BE MIXED. The three ageing branches are NOT alternatives to each other. The branch is chosen by the hardness of the material as it enters the furnace. Applying Branch 1 (593 \u00b0C \/ 16 h) to fully cold-worked material over-ages it and lowers the strength. The furnace-cooling step is part of the recipe and cannot be skipped: controlled slow cooling down to 480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F) completes the gamma-prime volume fraction. BELOW 480 \u00b0C the cooling rate is free. Over-ageing is IRREVERSIBLE; the strength returns only after a fresh solution anneal plus ageing (High Temp Metals). Mill age-hardened product is normally not heat treated again (ASTM B865). VDM Metals also gives an ACCELERATED cycle of 640 \u00b0C \/ 2 h plus a 10-hour furnace cool to 480 \u00b0C, and a post-machining stress relief of 300-350 \u00b0C \/ 1-2 h. Both come from a single source and are not in the diagram. Heat treating in free air damages the corrosion resistance (Alloy Wire International, California Metal); a protective atmosphere or post-treatment surface cleaning is required. Time at annealing temperature is kept short; long holds coarsen the grain. Excessive grain growth during heat treatment of forged bolts is a documented cause of fracture.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH BY AGEING CONDITION<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 610\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 hot-worked and AGE-HARDENED<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"629.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"652.2\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">965<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"449.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"472.9\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 6.4-25.4 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1000<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"495.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"518.5\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">760<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 >25.4-76.2 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"629.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"652.2\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">965<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"196\" width=\"449.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"472.9\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 >76.2-101.6 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"242\" width=\"606.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"629.4\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">930<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"260\" width=\"427.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"450.1\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">655<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"300\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 HEXAGON, cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 6.4-50.8 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"306\" width=\"629.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"652.2\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">965<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"324\" width=\"449.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"472.9\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 annealed and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 up to 25.4 mm<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"370\" width=\"583.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"606.5\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">895<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"388\" width=\"404.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"427.2\" y=\"400\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">620<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"428\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 annealed and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 25.4 mm and over<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"434\" width=\"583.5\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"606.5\" y=\"446\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">895<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"452\" width=\"381.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"404.4\" y=\"464\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">585<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"492\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">TYPICAL \u00b7 hot-finished and aged bar<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"498\" width=\"629.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"652.2\" y=\"510\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">965<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"516\" width=\"449.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"472.9\" y=\"528\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">690<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"556\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">TYPICAL \u00b7 cold-drawn and aged bar<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"562\" width=\"607.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"630.0\" y=\"574\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">931<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"580\" width=\"427.1\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"450.1\" y=\"592\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">655<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 hot-worked and AGE-HARDENED<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">27 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">965<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">20.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 6.4-25.4 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">32 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">760<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1000<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">15.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 >25.4-76.2 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">29 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">965<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">17.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 >76.2-101.6 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">25 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">655<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">930<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">20.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 HEXAGON, cold-worked and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 6.4-50.8 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">27 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">690<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">965<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">15.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 annealed and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 up to 25.4 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">24 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">620<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">895<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">20.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 annealed and AGE-HARDENED \u00b7 25.4 mm and over<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">24 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">585<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">895<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">20.0 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 hot-worked, UNAGED<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">23 max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked, UNAGED \u00b7 6.4-25.4 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">29 max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 cold-worked, UNAGED \u00b7 >25.4-76.2 mm \/ hexagons<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">26 max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">ASTM B865 \u00b7 ANNEALED (unaged)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">185 HB max \/ 90 HRB max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">TYPICAL \u00b7 hot-finished and aged bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">27-38<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">690-1034<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">965-1310<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">30-20 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">TYPICAL \u00b7 cold-drawn and aged bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">25-41<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">655-1103<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">931-1276<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">30-15 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">The first eleven rows are ASTM B865 \/ ASME SB-865 SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS for room temperature. Because N05500 is precipitation hardenable, the rows are split first by AGED \/ UNAGED, then by TEMPER (hot-worked, cold-worked, annealed) and by SECTION. In the unaged rows ASTM B865 requires NO tensile test; it sets only an UPPER hardness limit \u2014 those rows are not a strength promise but proof that the material has not yet been aged. In the aged rows the hardness values are LOWER limits. The last two rows are producer TYPICAL values, not specification requirements, and the two must not be mixed. The numerical minimums of AMS 4676 are NOT in this table, because they could not be confirmed by 4 independent sources and the two sources found disagree on the yield value.<\/b> In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. The rows are split FIRST by aged\/unaged, THEN by temper and section. Because N05500 is precipitation hardenable, the same product is sold in two different delivery conditions; the order must state which one. In the unaged rows ASTM B865 requires NO tensile test, only an UPPER hardness limit. In the aged rows the hardness is a LOWER limit. The hardness numbers in the two tables run in opposite directions and must not be confused. ASTM B865 is also ASME SB-865; the numbers are the same. The AMS 4676 minimums are not in the table: of the two sources found, one gives 140 ksi tensile \/ 100 ksi yield and the other 965 MPa tensile \/ 724 MPa (105 ksi) yield. They could not be confirmed by 4 independent sources and they disagree, so they are not written here; when ordering to AMS the values must be read from the specification text. The wire table of ASTM B865 (Table 6) gives only a TENSILE strength band, with no yield or elongation minimum: annealed and aged 895 MPa, as-drawn and aged 1070 MPa, spring temper and aged 1105-1240 MPa. Those rows could be read only from the standard text and are therefore not in the table. Bolts and nuts are ordered to ASTM F468 and F467; the numerical requirements of those specifications could not be confirmed by 4 independent sources and are not in the table. Producer typical values and specification minimums are NOT THE SAME THING. The typical rows cannot be used as an order acceptance criterion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/waspaloy\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Waspaloy<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nimonic-80a\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Nimonic 80A<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/haynes-25\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Haynes 25<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-600\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Inconel 600<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/nickel-alloys\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All nickel alloys \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Monel K500\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Monel K-500 (UNS N05500 \/ W.Nr. 2.4375) is the age-hardenable version of the basic Ni-Cu composition, made by adding aluminium and titanium; suitable heat treatment precipitates gamma-prime (\u03b3\u2032) Ni\u2083(Al,Ti) throughout the matrix and delivers two to three times the yield strength of alloy 400.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Monel K500\",\"description\":\"Monel K-500 (UNS N05500 \/ W.Nr. 2.4375) is the age-hardenable version of the basic Ni-Cu composition, made by adding aluminium and titanium; suitable heat treatment precipitates gamma-prime (\u03b3\u2032) Ni\u2083(Al,Ti) throughout the matrix and delivers two to three times the yield strength of alloy 400.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS N05500\",\"W.Nr. 2.4375\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"N05500\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"2.4375\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Monel K500 \/ (2.4375) \/ UNS N05500 \/ AMS 4676 DEFENCE METAL Monel K-500 UNS N05500 \u00b7 W.Nr. 2.4375 \u00b7 NiCu30Al (DIN 17743) \u00b7 ISO NiCu30Al3Ti \u00b7 BS NA18 \u00b7 63.0 Ni+Co min \u2013 27.0-33.0 Cu \u2013 2.30-3.15 Al \u2013 0.35-0.85 Ti. It is the PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE derivative of Monel 400, with aluminium and titanium &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/monel-k500\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Monel K500&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"MONEL K500 \/ (2.4375) \/ UNS N05500 \/ AMS 4676 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Monel K500 (UNS N05500, 2.4375) \u2014 AMS 4676. 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