{"id":3561,"date":"2026-09-16T11:00:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aermet-100\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:31:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:31:01","slug":"aermet-100","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aermet-100\/","title":{"rendered":"AerMet 100"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">AerMet 100 \/ UNS K92580 \/ AMS 6478 \/ AMS 6532<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">AerMet 100<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS K92580 \u00b7 a Carpenter Technology alloy (AerMet 100) \u00b7 NO verified W.Nr.\/EN number exists; order against UNS K92580 and an AMS number. NOMINAL COMPOSITION (Carpenter): C 0.23% \u2013 Ni 11.10% \u2013 Co 13.40% \u2013 Cr 3.10% \u2013 Mo 1.20% \u2013 balance Fe. SPECIFICATION BAND (Aircraft Materials and Titanium Industries, up to AMS 6532 revision J): C 0.21-0.25% \u2013 Ni 11.0-12.0% \u2013 Co 13.0-14.0% \u2013 Cr 2.90-3.30% \u2013 Mo 1.1-1.3%. Revision K-2024 of AMS 6532 NARROWS the carbon band to 0.23-0.25%; state the revision letter on the order. HARDENING MECHANISM: this is a SECONDARY HARDENING Ni-Co-Cr-Mo steel. It hardens by solution treatment + cryogenic treatment + aging, and this is a GENUINE precipitation hardening: the SAE title record for AMS 6532 calls the material &#8216;Precipitation Hardenable&#8217;. THE DIFFERENCE FROM MARAGING STEELS IS CARBON: maraging steels carry 0.03% C maximum and harden by precipitation of INTERMETALLIC phases such as Ni3Ti and Fe2Mo; AerMet 100 carries 0.23% C and hardens through nanoscale M2C CARBIDES precipitated at 482 \u00b0C. The 2023 Materials (MDPI) study calls the material a &#8216;high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel&#8217; and measures needle-shaped hexagonal M2C carbides coherent with the martensitic matrix after 1-5 h of aging, which transform to an orthogonal structure and coarsen on longer aging. The same study reports 2.3-5.4 vol% REVERTED AUSTENITE at lath and block boundaries and finds that fracture toughness is governed primarily by that phase. IT IS NOT STAINLESS.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/300m-aermet-100-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">300M<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Bought for primary load-carrying parts that must deliver a yield strength above 1700 MPa AND a fracture toughness above 115 MPa\u00b7m^0.5 at the same time, and whose failure loses the aircraft or the vehicle: landing gear components, jet engine shafts, drive shafts, actuators, high-strength fasteners,\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 tube \u00b7 forging \u00b7 wire \u00b7 welding wire \u00b7 hollow bar. All forms are supplied to order. Carpenter&#8217;s own product list gives the same forms (bar, hollow bar, rounds, billet, plate, strip, sheet, wire, weld wire), but the AMS coverage is limited to bars, forgings and forging stock \u2014 see the standards map.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">AMS (verified): <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6532<\/b> \u2014 &#8216;Steel, Bars and Forgings, and Forging Stock 3.1Cr &#8211; 11.5Ni &#8211; 13.5Co &#8211; 1.2Mo (0.23 &#8211; 0.25C) Vacuum Melted, Normalized and Overaged Precipitation Hardenable&#8217;. Scope: bars, forgings of 645 cm\u00b2 (100 in\u00b2) cross-sectional area and under, and forging stock of ANY size. It is the 280 ksi (1931 MPa) tensile class. The current revision is L-2024. \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6478<\/b> \u2014 the 290 ksi (1999 MPa) tensile class of the same alloy; title &#8216;Steel, Bars and Forgings 3.1Cr 11.5Ni 13.5Co 1.2Mo (0.21 &#8211; 0.25C) Vacuum Melted, Annealed Heat Treatable to 290 ksi&#8217;. Forms: bars, forgings, forging stock. ITS STATUS IS DISPUTED; see the standards note. Military and customer specifications: MIL-HDBK-5 (design data) \u00b7 McDonnell Douglas MMS 217 \u00b7 MIL-STD-2154 Type 1 Class A (this is an ULTRASONIC INSPECTION specification, not a material specification). ASTM: no ASTM number covering this alloy could be confirmed across four independent sources, so none is given.<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">AMS 6532 AND AMS 6478 ARE DIFFERENT STRENGTH CLASSES OF THE SAME ALLOY and are not interchangeable: 6532 is the 280 ksi (1931 MPa) class, 6478 the 290 ksi (1999 MPa) class, with a 245 ksi (1689 MPa) yield floor.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Its single most important practical advantage is that it keeps its fracture toughness at yield strengths above 1700 MPa. Carpenter gives typical longitudinal values of 1724 MPa yield \/ 1965 MPa tensile together with K_Ic 126 MPa\u00b7m^0.5 (115 ksi\u00b7in^0.5), Charpy V 41 J (30 ft-lb), 14% elongation and\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">IT IS WELDABLE. The SSA Corp data sheet states &#8216;Weldable requiring no preheating&#8217;, that is, NO PREHEAT IS REQUIRED; the <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6478<\/b> title record likewise defines the alloy for applications requiring &#8216;high strength, toughness, and weldability&#8217;.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">1) IT IS NOT STAINLESS. Chromium is 3.10% and no passive film forms. Carpenter rates general corrosion resistance as &#8216;Humidity Restricted&#8217; and adds that &#8216;corrosion testing is recommended&#8217;; Titanium Industries states plainly that &#8216;AerMet 100 is not corrosion resistant, so it must be sealed if used in moist environments&#8217;;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/alloy-steels\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All alloy steels &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What AerMet 100 Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Specification Architecture: AMS 6532 vs AMS 6478, and the Revision Trap<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment and the Secondary-Hardening Mechanism<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining, Forging and Nitriding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion, Stress Corrosion, Hydrogen Embrittlement and Plating<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">AerMet 100 vs 300M vs Maraging 250\/350 vs 4340<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b12\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b13\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Common Datasheet Errors<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nAerMet 100 is an ultra high strength steel, rich in cobalt and nickel and hardened by ageing. Within the alloy steel group it is one of the grades with the highest strength level; its UNS designation is K92580.<\/p>\n<p>The distinguishing property of this material is that it offers a tensile strength above 1931 MPa together with exceptional fracture toughness and resistance to stress corrosion cracking. In conventional high strength steels toughness falls as strength rises, whereas AerMet 100 largely removes that trade-off.<\/p>\n<p>The 13-14% cobalt and 11-12% nickel in its composition form finely dispersed precipitates during ageing, while the 2.9-3.3% chromium and 1.1-1.3% molybdenum support hardenability and corrosion resistance. Carbon is held low at 0.21-0.25% so that ductility is preserved. Heat treatment: solution treat at 885 \u00b0C for 1 hour and air cool, deep freeze at -73 \u00b0C for 1 hour, then age at 482 \u00b0C for 5 hours.<\/p>\n<p>It is used in landing gear, jet engine shafts, drive shafts, structural components, fasteners and armour applications. It is supplied as bar and forging stock.<\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-tablo\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 AerMet 100<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C \u2014 Carbon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.21-0.25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Ni \u2014 Nickel<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">11.0-12.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Co \u2014 Cobalt<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">13.0-14.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cr \u2014 Chromium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">2.9-3.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Mo \u2014 Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">1.1-1.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fe \u2014 Iron<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-mekanik\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties \u00b7 AerMet 100<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Longitudinal \u2014 minimum (AMS 6532)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">R<sub>m<\/sub> 1931 MPa \u00b7 R<sub>p0.2<\/sub> 1620 MPa \u00b7 Elongation 10% \u00b7 Daralma 55% \u00b7 53 HRC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Transverse \u2014 minimum<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">R<sub>m<\/sub> 1931 MPa \u00b7 R<sub>p0.2<\/sub> 1620 MPa \u00b7 Elongation 8% \u00b7 Daralma 45%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Longitudinal \u2014 typical<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">R<sub>m<\/sub> 1965 MPa \u00b7 R<sub>p0.2<\/sub> 1724 MPa \u00b7 Elongation 14% \u00b7 Daralma 65%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Transverse \u2014 typical<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">R<sub>m<\/sub> 1965 MPa \u00b7 R<sub>p0.2<\/sub> 1724 MPa \u00b7 Elongation 13% \u00b7 Daralma 55%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 AerMet 100<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">AerMet 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">K92580<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">6478 \u00b7 6532<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What AerMet 100 Is \u2014 and What a \u201cSecondary-Hardening Steel\u201d Means<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">AerMet 100 (UNS <b>K92580<\/b>, specified as <b>AMS 6532<\/b>, and called <b>A100<\/b> or <b>Alloy 100<\/b> in some programme documents) is a <b>nickel-cobalt-molybdenum, secondary-hardening, ultra-high-strength martensitic steel<\/b>. The one-sentence identity is this: <b>AerMet 100 delivers the same tensile strength as 300M (~1965 MPa \/ 285 ksi) with roughly twice the fracture toughness<\/b> \u2014 and that combination is the alloy\u2019s entire reason for existing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>It is a proprietary alloy developed by a single producer.<\/b> Publicly available compilations place its development in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when <b>the US Navy and McDonnell Douglas were looking for something tougher than 300M for F\/A-18 E\/F landing gear<\/b>; it is covered by <b>US patents 5,087,415 and 5,268,044<\/b> and was qualified in the mid-1990s under <b>AMS 6532<\/b>. <b>This historical summary rests on a single compiled source and has not been verified against primary documents<\/b>, but it is consistent with the alloy\u2019s design intent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Secondary hardening \u2014 stating the mechanism correctly<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">AerMet 100 does not get its strength from the intrinsic hardness of <b>carbon martensite<\/b> the way 300M or 4340 do. Its carbon is deliberately kept low (<b>0.21\u20130.25 %<\/b>). The as-quenched structure is a <b>relatively soft, ductile lath martensite<\/b>. Most of the strength arrives later, in a separate <b>ageing (not annealing) step<\/b>, from <b>nanometre-scale M\u2082C carbides<\/b> nucleated on the dislocations inside that martensite. <b>This is called secondary hardening<\/b>, and it is conceptually similar to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/\">maraging steels<\/a> (Ni\u2083Mo, Ni\u2083Ti intermetallics) \u2014 except that <b>the precipitate is a carbide, not an intermetallic<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Three Different Hardening Mechanisms \u2014 a Distinction Not to Blur<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> \/ 4340 \u00b7 carbon martensite<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Strength comes from the <b>supersaturated carbon in as-quenched martensite<\/b>. Tempering <b>lowers<\/b> strength; its only purpose is to bring brittleness down to a manageable level. Carbon is high (0.40\u20130.45 %), and that translates directly into <b>not being weldable<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AerMet 100 \u00b7 M\u2082C secondary hardening<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The as-quenched structure is <b>soft<\/b>. Strength comes from <b>M\u2082C carbides (Cr- and Mo-based)<\/b> formed during <b>ageing at 482 \u00b0C for 5 hours<\/b>. Ageing <b>raises<\/b> strength. Carbon is low (0.23 %), and that translates into <b>weldability<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/\">Maraging<\/a> \u00b7 intermetallic precipitation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Essentially carbon-free (\u22640.03 %). Strength comes from <b>Ni\u2083Mo, Ni\u2083Ti and Fe\u2082Mo intermetallics<\/b>. <b>Dimensional stability is the best of the group<\/b> (no quench), but it trails AerMet 100 on <b>fatigue performance and price<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The role of cobalt \u2014 frequently misstated<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Cobalt <b>forms no carbide of its own<\/b> and is not a direct strengthener. Its function is to <b>raise molybdenum\u2019s activity in the matrix<\/b> during ageing and to <b>retard dislocation recovery<\/b>. The M\u2082C precipitates therefore nucleate <b>finer and more numerous, on a denser dislocation network<\/b>. <b>Without cobalt the same chemistry does not give this strength-toughness balance<\/b> \u2014 and it is also why the alloy is expensive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Where it sits in the family \u2014 honest positioning<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Selling AerMet 100 as \u201cthe best ultra-high-strength steel\u201d is wrong.<\/b> The accurate framing is: <b>AerMet 100 is the best point on the strength-toughness curve; it is neither the strongest nor the toughest.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">AerMet 100\u2019s Place in the Ultra-High-Strength Steel Family<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> (K44220)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Same tensile class, <b>far lower toughness<\/b>. Producer comparison table: <b>287 ksi tensile \/ K<sub>Ic<\/sub> 50 ksi\u221ain<\/b>, against <b>287 ksi \/ 120 ksi\u221ain<\/b> for AerMet 100. <b>Cheaper, more available, not weldable<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>4340 \/ 4340 VAR<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>269 ksi \/ 70 ksi\u221ain<\/b>. A markedly lower strength class. The right choice where cost dominates and 260\u2013270 ksi is enough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AerMet 100 (this page)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>287 ksi \/ 120 ksi\u221ain<\/b> in the producer comparison table. The product datasheet gives longitudinal <b>285 ksi (1965 MPa) with K<sub>Ic<\/sub> 115 ksi\u221ain (126 MPa\u221am)<\/b>. <b>Weldable, outstanding SCC resistance, double vacuum melted<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AerMet 310<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>315 ksi \/ 65 ksi\u221ain<\/b>. Higher cobalt (15.0 %) and molybdenum (1.40 %). <b>Strength +10 %, toughness roughly halved<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AerMet 340<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>352 ksi \/ 31.5 ksi\u221ain<\/b>. <b>The strongest and most brittle member of the family<\/b>, and <b>less tough even than 300M<\/b>. Published product data: yield <b>2160 MPa<\/b>, tensile <b>2430 MPa<\/b>, elongation <b>11.3 %<\/b>, notched Charpy <b>14.6 J<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/\">Maraging 250<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-350\/\">Maraging 350<\/a><\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>258.6 ksi \/ 91.5 ksi\u221ain<\/b> and <b>343.6 ksi \/ 38.5 ksi\u221ain<\/b>. Maraging 250 is very tough but in a lower strength class; Maraging 350 is strong but brittle. <b>AerMet 100 fills the gap between them<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The one-sentence buying rule:<\/b> if your design criterion is <b>damage tolerance<\/b> \u2014 if the part has to fly, rotate or carry load with a defined crack present \u2014 AerMet 100 is the right answer. If your criterion is <b>strength alone<\/b> and flaws are managed by inspection, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> does the same job <b>for significantly less money<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 forging (645 cm\u00b2 \/ 100 in\u00b2 cross-sectional area and under)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6532<\/b> (280 ksi class \u00b7 current revision L-2024) \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6478<\/b> (290 ksi class \u00b7 status disputed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forging stock (any size)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6532<\/b> (from revision J the title carries &#8216;and Forging Stock&#8217;) \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6478<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS EXISTS. Carpenter produces these forms but no verified AMS number covers them; they are supplied by producer-customer agreement against the <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6532<\/b> chemistry.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire \u00b7 welding wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS EXISTS. Carpenter produces weld wire; no verified AMS number covers that wire.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Hollow bar \u00b7 structural tubing<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO AMS EXISTS. Neither <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6532<\/b> nor <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6478<\/b> covers tubing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Inspection (all forms)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">MIL-STD-2154 Type 1 Class A \u2014 this is an ULTRASONIC INSPECTION specification, NOT a material specification; it must not be written on the order as a material standard.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">Product forms were read from the Defence Metal AerMet 100 page; the standard assignments were verified separately against SAE title records and producer data sheets. No verified ASTM number was found for this alloy, so the ASTM column is left empty.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>AerMet 100 is an aerospace material and its specification coverage is narrow.<\/b> The most important rows in the table below are the ones where <b>no standard exists<\/b> \u2014 because the producer also sells this alloy as plate, sheet, strip and wire, <b>and none of those has an AMS specification<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 AerMet 100 (UNS K92580)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bar \u00b7 forgings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 6532<\/b> \u2014 current revision title: <b>\u201cSteel, Bars and Forgings, and Forging Stock, 3.1Cr \u2013 11.5Ni \u2013 13.5Co \u2013 1.2Mo (0.21\u20130.25C), Vacuum Melted, Normalized and Overaged, Precipitation Hardenable.\u201d<\/b> <b>This is the alloy\u2019s primary specification<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Bar \u00b7 forgings (290 ksi class)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AMS 6478<\/b> \u2014 title: <b>\u201cSteel, Bars and Forgings, 3.1Cr \u2013 11.5Ni \u2013 13.5Co \u2013 1.2Mo (0.21\u20130.25C), Vacuum Melted, Annealed, Heat Treatable to 290 ksi (1999 MPa) Tensile Strength.\u201d<\/b> <b>Same alloy, higher strength target, supplied annealed<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Forging stock \u00b7 billet<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">AMS 6532 revisions <b>J and later carry \u201cand Forging Stock\u201d in the title<\/b>. Earlier revisions cover bars and forgings only \u2014 <b>put the revision number in the order text<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NO AMS specification.<\/b> The producer makes and sells these forms; <b>acceptance criteria are by producer\/customer agreement<\/b>. See the gap section below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Wire \u00b7 weld wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NO AMS specification.<\/b> The producer lists <b>wire and weld wire<\/b> forms; <b>no AWS classification was found<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hollow bar \u00b7 structural tubing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NO AMS specification.<\/b> The producer makes <b>hollow bar<\/b> and lists <b>structural tubing<\/b> as an application \u2014 <b>that is an application description, not a product-form specification<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Seamless \/ welded pressure pipe \u00b7 fittings \u00b7 flanges<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE<\/b> \u2014 and none should be expected. AerMet 100 is not a pressure-boundary material<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NO cast equivalent<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Inspection specification<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>MIL-STD-2154<\/b>, Type 1 Class A (ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals) \u2014 frequently invoked on AerMet 100 orders. <b>It is an inspection specification, not a material specification<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Design data<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>MIL-HDBK-5 \/ MMPDS<\/b> \u2014 the alloy appears in this design allowables compilation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>OEM<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>MMS 217<\/b> (McDonnell Douglas; some listings add an \u201cEXC SONIC\u201d note)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ASME code acceptance<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> AerMet 100 does <b>not appear<\/b> in ASME Section I, Section VIII, B31.1 or B31.3. <b>There is no maximum code temperature because there is no code coverage<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Europe \/ Werkstoff<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No verified EN name or W.Nr. equivalent was found.<\/b> It is a proprietary alloy and <b>has not entered European standardisation<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Ordering practice.<\/b> A correct AerMet 100 order line contains three things: <b>(1) specification and revision<\/b> (AMS 6532 or AMS 6478), <b>(2) supplied condition<\/b> (normalized and overaged \/ annealed \u2014 that is, machinable), and <b>(3) who is responsible for the final heat treatment<\/b>. <b>AerMet 100 is normally supplied un-aged<\/b> and strength is developed by the customer\u2019s heat-treatment cycle. That is an important practical difference from 300M.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Architecture: AMS 6532 vs AMS 6478, and the Revision Trap<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Both specifications define <b>the same chemistry<\/b> \u2014 <b>3.1Cr \u2013 11.5Ni \u2013 13.5Co \u2013 1.2Mo (0.21\u20130.25C), vacuum melted<\/b> \u2014 and both cover <b>bars and forgings<\/b>. <b>The difference is the target strength class and the way the supplied condition is described.<\/b> AMS 6532\u2019s title has also <b>changed across revisions<\/b>, which is a genuine trap when working from legacy drawings.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Two Specifications \u00b7 What Differs<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 6532 \u00b7 earlier revisions (B, D)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Title: <b>\u201c\u2026 Vacuum Melted, Annealed, Heat Treatable to 280 ksi (1931 MPa) Tensile Strength.\u201d<\/b> That is: <b>supplied annealed, heat treatable to 280 ksi<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AMS 6532 \u00b7 later revisions (E onward)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Title: <b>\u201c\u2026 Vacuum Melted, Normalized and Overaged, Precipitation Hardenable.\u201d<\/b> <b>The description of the supplied condition changed:<\/b> \u201cannealed\u201d became <b>\u201cnormalized and overaged\u201d<\/b>, and \u201cheat treatable to 280 ksi\u201d became <b>\u201cprecipitation hardenable\u201d<\/b>. <b>The alloy did not change; the way the specification describes the supplied condition did<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 6532 \u00b7 J onward<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u201cand Forging Stock\u201d<\/b> was added to the scope<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AMS 6478<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Title: <b>\u201c\u2026 Vacuum Melted, Annealed, Heat Treatable to 290 ksi (1999 MPa) Tensile Strength.\u201d<\/b> It differs from AMS 6532 by its <b>290 ksi target<\/b> rather than 280 ksi. Bars and forgings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Practical consequence<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Saying \u201cAMS 6532\u201d is not enough.<\/b> If a legacy drawing says \u201cAMS 6532, annealed, heat treatable to 280 ksi\u201d and your material is certified to a current revision as <b>\u201cnormalized and overaged\u201d<\/b>, <b>the document language will not match even though the material is correct<\/b>. Explain this in the order acknowledgement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Melting<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Both titles say <b>\u201cVacuum Melted\u201d<\/b>. Producer practice is the double vacuum route of <b>vacuum induction melting (VIM) + vacuum arc remelting (VAR)<\/b>; <b>the specification title does not spell those two out separately<\/b>. <b>A customer who requires double vacuum melting must state it explicitly in the order<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Why double vacuum melting is essential.<\/b> AerMet 100\u2019s commercial promise is toughness, and the enemy of toughness is <b>inclusions<\/b>. Vacuum induction melting (VIM) lowers <b>oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen<\/b> and holds the chemistry in a narrow band; vacuum arc remelting (VAR) then gives <b>directional solidification<\/b>, reducing macrosegregation and residual oxide inclusions. <b>115 ksi\u221ain fracture toughness cannot be obtained from a dirty melt<\/b> \u2014 an inclusion acts as a crack nucleus and lowers K<sub>Ic<\/sub> directly. <b>In AerMet 100, melting practice is not a quality enhancement; it is part of the alloy\u2019s definition.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the section your sales engineers should memorise.<\/b> In AerMet 100 the gap does not arise from the alloy being obscure; it arises because <b>specification scope was kept narrow<\/b>: <b>AMS 6532 and AMS 6478 cover only BARS and FORGINGS (and forging stock in later revisions)<\/b>. The producer sells considerably more than that.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Gaps for K92580<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NO AMS specification \u2014 but the product EXISTS.<\/b> The producer explicitly lists <b>plate, sheet and strip<\/b>. This is the most common commercial situation: the customer asks for \u201cAerMet 100 plate to AMS 6532\u201d. <b>The honest answer:<\/b> chemistry can be certified to the AMS 6532 band, <b>but mechanical acceptance and product-form tolerances are by agreement<\/b>. <b>Plate is not within AMS 6532\u2019s scope, and that belongs in the order acknowledgement<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Wire \u00b7 spring wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NO AMS specification.<\/b> The producer lists a <b>wire<\/b> form. Drawing and annealing condition are entirely by agreement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Weld wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>No AWS classification was found.<\/b> The producer lists a <b>weld wire<\/b> form \u2014 a <b>matching-chemistry producer product<\/b>. Because AerMet 100 is genuinely weldable this form is actually used, but <b>do not look for an ER\/E number; there is none<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hollow bar and structural tubing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NO AMS specification.<\/b> The producer makes <b>hollow bar<\/b> and lists <b>structural tubing<\/b> among applications. <b>That is not a tube specification<\/b> \u2014 it means trepanned or pierced-and-forged bar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Pressure pipe \u00b7 fittings \u00b7 flanges \u00b7 valves<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE, and there should be none.<\/b> AerMet 100 is not stainless, has no code coverage and <b>is not used as a pressure-boundary material<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NO cast equivalent.<\/b> The alloy\u2019s entire value comes from wrought structure and clean melting<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Fasteners<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Material is bought to AMS 6532\/6478, but <b>the fastener itself is made to a separate NAS\/MS\/manufacturer specification<\/b>. No dedicated AerMet 100 fastener material specification was found \u2014 although <b>fasteners do appear on the producer\u2019s own application list<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Additive manufacturing powder<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>No separate powder specification was found.<\/b> Additive manufacturing research on AerMet 100 has been published, but <b>no qualified powder\/process specification was verified<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Requests for a European equivalent<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is no verified EN designation or Werkstoff number.<\/b> It is a proprietary alloy; <b>rather than asking for an \u201cEN equivalent\u201d, order by AMS number<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">AerMet 100 Chemical Composition \u00b7 weight %<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Carbon (C)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.21\u20130.25 %<\/b> (AMS title) \u00b7 producer nominal <b>0.23 %<\/b>. <b>Keeping it low is deliberate:<\/b> strength comes from M\u2082C precipitation, not from carbon martensite. <b>It is also the reason the alloy is weldable<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Cobalt (Co)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>13\u201314 %<\/b> \u00b7 producer nominal <b>13.40 %<\/b>. <b>The most expensive and most defining element in the alloy.<\/b> It forms no carbide; it raises molybdenum activity and retards dislocation recovery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Nickel (Ni)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>11\u201312 %<\/b> \u00b7 producer nominal <b>11.10 %<\/b>. Matrix toughness and low-temperature toughness; it also enables the <b>reverted austenite<\/b> that forms during ageing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Chromium (Cr)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>2.9\u20133.3 %<\/b> \u00b7 producer nominal <b>3.10 %<\/b>. <b>One of the principal constituents of the M\u2082C carbide.<\/b> <b>This level is NOT enough for stainlessness<\/b> \u2014 see the corrosion section<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Molybdenum (Mo)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1.1\u20131.3 %<\/b> \u00b7 producer nominal <b>1.20 %<\/b>. <b>The other principal M\u2082C constituent<\/b> and the element at the centre of secondary hardening<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Titanium (Ti)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u22640.05 %<\/b> (given as a maximum in the producer\u2019s nominal table). <b>This is a ceiling, not an addition<\/b> \u2014 titanium carbonitrides form coarse, brittle inclusions and lower toughness directly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Iron (Fe)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Melting<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Vacuum melting is a specification requirement<\/b> (\u201cVacuum Melted\u201d). Producer practice is the <b>VIM + VAR double vacuum<\/b> route<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Two points when reading the composition.<\/b> <b>First:<\/b> many distributor pages publish only the <b>nominal<\/b> values (0.23 C \/ 13.40 Co \/ 11.10 Ni \/ 3.10 Cr \/ 1.20 Mo) and present them <b>as if they were bands<\/b>. The specification band is different, and a certificate shows a band. <b>Second:<\/b> some pages list AerMet 100 under a <b>\u201cstainless steel\u201d<\/b> heading \u2014 <b>that is metallurgically wrong<\/b>. 3.1 % chromium forms no passive film.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH BY AGEING CONDITION<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 418\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Full cycle (885 \u00b0C + \u221273 \u00b0C + 482 \u00b0C \/ 5 h) \u2014 AMS 6532 MINIMUM, longitudinal<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"629.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"652.8\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1931<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"528.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"551.4\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1620<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Full cycle \u2014 AMS 6532 MINIMUM, transverse<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"114\" width=\"629.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"652.8\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1931<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"528.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"551.4\" y=\"144\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1620<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Full cycle \u2014 PRODUCER TYPICAL, longitudinal<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"178\" width=\"640.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"663.9\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1965<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"196\" width=\"562.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"585.3\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1724<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Full cycle (482 \u00b0C \/ 5 h) \u2014 PEER-REVIEWED MEASUREMENT<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"242\" width=\"635.7\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"658.7\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1949<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"260\" width=\"564.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"587.9\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1732<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"300\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Full cycle (482 \u00b0C \/ 7 h) \u2014 PEER-REVIEWED MEASUREMENT<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"306\" width=\"644.2\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"667.2\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1975<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"324\" width=\"563.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"586.3\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1727<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"364\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">AMS 6478 class (290 ksi) \u2014 SPECIFICATION FLOOR<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"370\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"382\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1999<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"388\" width=\"550.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"573.9\" y=\"400\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1689<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Overage annealed (677 \u00b0C \/ 16 h) \u2014 machining condition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">40 max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Solution treated + cryogenic, not aged<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">51.0-53.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Full cycle (885 \u00b0C + \u221273 \u00b0C + 482 \u00b0C \/ 5 h) \u2014 AMS 6532 MINIMUM, longitudinal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">53 min<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1620<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1931<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Full cycle \u2014 AMS 6532 MINIMUM, transverse<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1620<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1931<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Full cycle \u2014 PRODUCER TYPICAL, longitudinal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">53.0-54.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1724<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1965<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">14%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Full cycle (482 \u00b0C \/ 5 h) \u2014 PEER-REVIEWED MEASUREMENT<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1732-1749<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1949-1973<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Full cycle (482 \u00b0C \/ 7 h) \u2014 PEER-REVIEWED MEASUREMENT<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1727<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1975-1989<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6478 class (290 ksi) \u2014 SPECIFICATION FLOOR<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1689<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1999<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">The rows are NOT the minimums of a single specification. SPECIFICATION MINIMUM, PRODUCER TYPICAL VALUE and PEER-REVIEWED MEASUREMENT are given in separate rows, each named with its source. No averaging was done; the scatter between sources is left as a range. Order to the specification minimum.<\/b> In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. Sources disagree on the AMS 6532 yield floor: Aircraft Materials gives 1620 MPa (235 ksi), ZYTC 1720 MPa (250 ksi). No average was taken; the disagreement is recorded in the contradictions list. Producer typical values are NOT specification minimums and do not replace an order specification.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>AerMet 100 is entirely contained in this table.<\/b> The reason to buy the alloy is not a single number but <b>high tensile strength and high fracture toughness at the same time<\/b>. The values below are for the standard heat treatment (885 \u00b0C solution + \u221273 \u00b0C cryogenic + 482 \u00b0C \/ 5 hours ageing).<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">AerMet 100 \u00b7 Producer Typical Values (standard heat treatment)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Yield strength (0.2 %) \u00b7 longitudinal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1724 MPa (250 ksi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Tensile strength \u00b7 longitudinal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>1965 MPa (285 ksi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Elongation \u00b7 longitudinal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>14 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Reduction of area \u00b7 longitudinal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>65 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>an exceptional figure for this strength class<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Charpy V-notch \u00b7 longitudinal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>41 J (30 ft-lb)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Fracture toughness K<sub>Ic<\/sub> \u00b7 longitudinal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>126 MPa\u221am (115 ksi\u221ain)<\/b> \u2014 <b>the number the alloy exists for<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Transverse values<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield\/tensile <b>unchanged (1724 \/ 1965 MPa)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation <b>13 %<\/b> \u00b7 Reduction of area <b>55 %<\/b> \u00b7 Charpy <b>34 J (25 ft-lb)<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>110 MPa\u221am (100 ksi\u221ain)<\/b>. <b>The transverse toughness penalty is small for this class and is one of the alloy\u2019s strengths<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Specification minimum<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AMS 6532: 280 ksi (1931 MPa)<\/b> target \u00b7 <b>AMS 6478: 290 ksi (1999 MPa)<\/b> target. Distributor compilations quote a minimum K<sub>Ic<\/sub> of <b>100 ksi\u221ain (110 MPa\u221am)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hardness \u00b7 by ageing temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>468 \u00b0C (875 \u00b0F): 54.5\u201355.5 HRC<\/b> \u00b7 <b>482 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F): 53.0\u201354.0 HRC<\/b> \u00b7 <b>496 \u00b0C (925 \u00b0F): 51.0\u201352.5 HRC<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Low-temperature toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">One distributor compilation states that approximately <b>41 J is retained at \u221273 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>single source, not verified against the producer datasheet<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Fatigue<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The producer publishes S-N curves showing the <b>effect of notch severity (K<sub>t<\/sub> = 1, 2 and 3)<\/b> out to 10\u2077 cycles. <b>Numerical endurance values must be read off those graphs and are not published on this page<\/b> \u2014 use MMPDS for design<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Modulus of elasticity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>28.2 \u00d7 10\u00b3 ksi<\/b> (producer value). <b>\u2248194 GPa<\/b> (converted) \u2014 <b>slightly below ordinary steel\u2019s ~205 GPa<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Independent research data \u2014 it confirms the producer table<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">An independent microstructural study reports, for AerMet 100 aged at <b>482 \u00b0C for 5\u20137 hours<\/b>, <b>yield 1727\u20131749 MPa<\/b>, <b>tensile 1949\u20131989 MPa<\/b> and <b>K<sub>Ic<\/sub> 116.5\u2013122 MPa\u221am<\/b>. <b>That agrees well with the producer\u2019s 1724 \/ 1965 MPa and 126 MPa\u221am<\/b> and shows the datasheet is not optimistic. The same study states explicitly that <b>the best strength-toughness balance lies in the 482 \u00b0C \/ 5\u20137 hour window<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Why fracture toughness matters so much<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Critical crack size scales roughly with <b>the square of K<sub>Ic<\/sub><\/b>. The gap between AerMet 100 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> in the producer comparison table \u2014 <b>120 against 50 ksi\u221ain at the same 287 ksi tensile<\/b> \u2014 means a <b>roughly sixfold larger tolerable crack<\/b>. <b>That directly changes inspection intervals, overhaul periods and the aircraft\u2019s ability to fly damaged.<\/b> It is the single technical reason landing gear design moved from 300M to AerMet 100.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">AerMet 100 Physical Properties<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Density<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>7.94 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> (0.287 lb\/in\u00b3) \u2014 producer value. Some distributor pages give <b>0.285 lb\/in\u00b3<\/b> \u2014 <b>a conflict<\/b>; the difference is small, but do not publish two values on the same page<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Modulus of elasticity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>28.2 \u00d7 10\u00b3 ksi<\/b> (\u2248194 GPa, converted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Electrical resistivity (21 \u00b0C)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>259 ohm\u00b7cmil\/ft<\/b> \u2014 producer value. <b>\u22480.43 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7m<\/b> (converted)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Coefficient of thermal expansion<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>24\u201393 \u00b0C (75\u2013200 \u00b0F): 5.49\u20135.55 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 in\/in\u00b7\u00b0F<\/b> \u00b7 <b>24\u2013482 \u00b0C (75\u2013900 \u00b0F): 6.29\u20136.34 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076<\/b> \u00b7 <b>24\u2013538 \u00b0C (75\u20131000 \u00b0F): 6.28\u20136.43 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076<\/b>. The producer publishes values for both the annealed and heat-treated conditions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Critical temperatures<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ac\u2081 = 574 \u00b0C (1065 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Ac\u2083 = 829 \u00b0C (1525 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>Ac\u2081 at 574 \u00b0C matters:<\/b> the 482 \u00b0C ageing temperature is below it, so the austenite that appears during ageing is a local enrichment effect rather than a bulk transformation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Magnetic properties \u00b7 overage annealed (677 \u00b0C \/ 16 h)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Maximum permeability <b>180<\/b> \u00b7 Remanence <b>11,600 G<\/b> \u00b7 Coercivity <b>52.0 Oe<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Magnetic properties \u00b7 solution treated and aged<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Maximum permeability <b>150<\/b> \u00b7 Remanence <b>10,100 G<\/b> \u00b7 Coercivity <b>39.5 Oe<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Thermal conductivity \u00b7 specific heat<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Not found in the producer datasheet<\/b> \u2014 do not publish these two values<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Maximum service temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>~427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 producer\/distributor statement. <b>This is not a code limit<\/b> (AerMet 100 has no code coverage); <b>it is a practical ceiling imposed by the need to stay below the 482 \u00b0C ageing temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment and the Secondary-Hardening Mechanism \u2014 the Complete Route<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:14px 12px 4px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;align-items:stretch;\">\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">1 \u00b7 SOLUTION TREATMENT<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">885 \u00b0C \u00b1 14 \u00b0C (1625 \u00b0F \u00b1 25 \u00b0F)<br \/>1 hour<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#c0392b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">2 \u00b7 COOL<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">Controlled cooling: from 885 \u00b0C to 66 \u00b0C (150 \u00b0F) in 1-2 hours. OIL above 50 mm (2 in) diameter or 25 mm (1 in) plate thickness; air is sufficient below that. WATER QUENCHING IS NOT RECOMMENDED (Carpenter).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#1b7f4b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">3 \u00b7 AGEING<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">see the table below<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 148\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><line x1=\"70\" y1=\"68\" x2=\"690\" y2=\"68\" stroke=\"#9fb0ba\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"70.0\" y1=\"68\" x2=\"75.5\" y2=\"42\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"70.0\" cy=\"68\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"75.5\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Standard aging (AMS\u2026<\/text><text x=\"75.5\" y=\"19\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">482 \u00b0C<\/text><line x1=\"70.0\" y1=\"68\" x2=\"73.8\" y2=\"94\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"70.0\" cy=\"68\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"73.8\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Longer aging measur\u2026<\/text><text x=\"73.8\" y=\"117\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">482 \u00b0C<\/text><text x=\"370\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Ageing temperature (\u00b0C)<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Solution treatment<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 \u00b7 SOLUTION TREATMENT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">885 \u00b0C \u00b1 14 \u00b0C (1625 \u00b0F \u00b1 25 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 hour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Controlled cooling: from 885 \u00b0C to 66 \u00b0C (150 \u00b0F) in 1-2 hours. OIL above 50 mm (2 in) diameter or 25 mm (1 in) plate thickness; air is sufficient below that. WATER QUENCHING IS NOT RECOMMENDED (Carpenter).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">As-quenched (unaged) 51.0-53.0 HRC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">2 \u00b7 CRYOGENIC TREATMENT (mandatory intermediate step)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2 \u00b7 CRYOGENIC TREATMENT (mandatory intermediate step)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u221273 \u00b0C \u00b1 8 \u00b0C (\u2212100 \u00b0F \u00b1 15 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 hour minimum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">air warm to room temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Carpenter requires this step &#8216;to obtain full toughness capability&#8217;. Skipping it leaves untransformed austenite.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Standard aging (AMS 6532 \/ AMS 6478 cycle)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Standard aging (AMS 6532 \/ AMS 6478 cycle)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">482 \u00b0C \u00b1 6 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F \u00b1 10 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">5 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">air<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">53.0-54.0 HRC (Carpenter and SSA) \u00b7 53-56 HRC (ZYTC) \u00b7 the AMS 6532 floor is 53 HRC minimum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Longer aging measured in a peer-reviewed study<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Longer aging measured in a peer-reviewed study<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">482 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">7 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">air<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Materials (MDPI) 2023: 1727 MPa yield, 1975-1989 MPa tensile, K_IC 119-122 MPa\u00b7m^0.5. The same study states that &#8216;the strength and toughness matching of AerMet 100 steel is achieved by tempering at 482 \u00b0C for 5~7 h&#8217;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">0a \u00b7 NORMALIZING<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0a \u00b7 NORMALIZING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Homogenises the structure after forging or rolling.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">899 \u00b0C (1650 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1 hour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">air cool to room temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No hardness figure was confirmed across four independent sources, so none is given.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">0b \u00b7 OVERAGE ANNEAL (machining condition)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0b \u00b7 OVERAGE ANNEAL (machining condition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Machining is done in this condition. Carpenter calls this step an &#8216;overage anneal&#8217;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">677 \u00b0C (1250 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">16 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">air<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">40 HRC maximum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">0c \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF (optional)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0c \u00b7 STRESS RELIEF (optional)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Applied before mechanical straightening or after rough machining.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">177-204 \u00b0C (350-400 \u00b0F) before straightening \u00b7 427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F) after rough machining<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">5 hours (177-204 \u00b0C) \u00b7 1-3 hours (427 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">air<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No hardness change is given.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">AGING LOWER LIMIT \u2014 468 \u00b0C (875 \u00b0F)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AGING LOWER LIMIT \u2014 468 \u00b0C (875 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">What happens<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The Carpenter data sheet states plainly: &#8216;Never be aged at temperature below 875 F (468 C)&#8217;. This is not an embrittlement band but a LOWER LIMIT: M2C precipitation does not complete and the target strength is not reached.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temper gevrekligi notu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">It could NOT be confirmed across four independent sources that the temper embrittlement band seen in low-alloy quench-and-temper steels (4340, 300M) also applies to AerMet 100. This alloy is in any case heat treated at 482 \u00b0C, which is the secondary hardening peak region. An unverified forbidden band is NOT written.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is NOT to scale. No published TTT\/CCT curve confirmed across four independent sources was used, so no curve is drawn. THIS ALLOY GENUINELY PRECIPITATION HARDENS: the SAE title record for AMS 6532 calls the material &#8216;Precipitation Hardenable&#8217;. But THE MECHANISM IS NOT MARAGING: the hardness comes from nanoscale M2C CARBIDES precipitated at 482 \u00b0C (Materials\/MDPI 2023 \u00b7 Vacuum \u00b7 Journal of Alloys and Compounds), not from intermetallic phases. The CRYOGENIC STEP between solution treatment and aging is mandatory and cannot be skipped. The cycle Carpenter gives is one piece: normalize \u2192 overage anneal (machining) \u2192 solution treat \u2192 cryogenic \u2192 age. No intermediate step may be skipped. The aging window is \u00b1 6 \u00b0C. That is a far tighter tolerance than 4340 or 300M tempering, and furnace calibration is a specification requirement. The 2023 Materials (MDPI) study used an oil quench; Carpenter quenches in air or oil according to section thickness. Both practices exclude water.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>AerMet 100\u2019s heat treatment is conceptually different from 300M\u2019s.<\/b> In 300M the quench <b>gives<\/b> strength and tempering <b>takes some back<\/b>. In AerMet 100 the quench <b>leaves a soft structure<\/b> and ageing <b>creates<\/b> the strength. That difference governs everything from machinability to weldability.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">AerMet 100 Heat Treatment Route \u00b7 Producer Requirement<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0 \u00b7 Normalize (if required)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>899 \u00b0C (1650 \u00b0F), 1 hour, air cool to room temperature.<\/b> To homogenise the structure after forging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>0b \u00b7 Overage anneal (for machinability)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>677 \u00b0C (1250 \u00b0F), 16 hours.<\/b> Result: <b>40 HRC maximum<\/b>. <b>Rough machining is done in this condition<\/b> \u2014 this is what \u201cNormalized and Overaged\u201d in the current AMS 6532 title refers to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1 \u00b7 Solution treatment (austenitize)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>885 \u00b1 14 \u00b0C (1625 \u00b1 25 \u00b0F), 1 hour.<\/b> <b>A neutral-atmosphere furnace, salt bath or vacuum is MANDATORY<\/b> \u2014 the producer states explicitly that AerMet 100 <b>is subject to decarburisation during hardening<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>2 \u00b7 Quench<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Cool from solution temperature to 66 \u00b0C (150 \u00b0F) in 1\u20132 hours.<\/b> <b>Sections over 50 mm (2 in) diameter and plate over 25 mm (1 in) are oil quenched<\/b>; smaller sections <b>may be air cooled<\/b>. <b>Water quenching is NOT recommended.<\/b> <b>The 1\u20132 hour window is a requirement, not a tolerance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>3 \u00b7 CRYOGENIC TREATMENT<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u221273 \u00b0C (\u2212100 \u00b0F), 1 hour.<\/b> Its purpose is to <b>transform the retained austenite left after quenching into martensite<\/b>. The producer specifies it <b>to maximise toughness<\/b>. One distributor compilation states that skipping it lowers toughness by <b>about 15 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>single source, not verified against the producer datasheet<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>4 \u00b7 AGEING<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>482 \u00b1 6 \u00b0C (900 \u00b1 10 \u00b0F), 5 hours.<\/b> <b>Never below 468 \u00b0C (875 \u00b0F).<\/b> M\u2082C precipitation occurs here and all of the strength comes from this step<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Result<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1965 MPa (285 ksi) tensile \u00b7 1724 MPa (250 ksi) yield \u00b7 14 % elongation \u00b7 65 % reduction of area \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> 126 MPa\u221am \u00b7 53.0\u201354.0 HRC<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress relief before straightening<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>177\/204 \u00b0C (350\/400 \u00b0F), 5 hours<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Stress relief after rough machining<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F), 1\u20133 hours<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The M\u2082C mechanism \u2014 what actually happens during ageing<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">An independent atomic-scale study measured, step by step, what happens at 482 \u00b0C \u2014 and that is the answer to the question <b>why exactly five hours<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>~1 hour:<\/b> after an incubation period of roughly an hour, needle-shaped <b>hexagonal M\u2082C<\/b> begins to nucleate <b>on the dislocations<\/b> inside the martensite, with a mean radius of the order of <b>0.2 nm<\/b>.<br \/><b>3 hours:<\/b> precipitate length grows to <b>3\u20135 nm<\/b>; the structure is still hexagonal.<br \/><b>5\u20137 hours:<\/b> the hexagonal M\u2082C <b>transforms to an orthorhombic structure<\/b> and <b>atomic-scale lamellar<\/b> precipitates appear. <b>This is the window where strength and toughness are jointly optimal.<\/b><br \/><b>8 hours and beyond:<\/b> <b>significant coarsening<\/b> sets in as the mechanism shifts from nucleation to growth. Tensile strength <b>falls sharply<\/b>, because the carbides coarsen and the dislocation density collapses at the same time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Reverted austenite \u2014 the second mechanism<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">A second thing happens during ageing: as the carbides form, <b>nickel and chromium diffuse into the neighbouring martensite<\/b> and create a locally <b>austenite-stabilising<\/b> composition. The result is <b>thin austenite films<\/b> along lath boundaries. Measured values: <b>~2.3 % by volume at 1 hour<\/b>, <b>~2.6 % at 5 hours<\/b>, <b>~2.9 % at 7 hours<\/b>, <b>~5.4 % at 20 hours<\/b>. Film thickness runs <b>5 nm at 1 hour<\/b>, <b>15 nm at 7 hours<\/b>, <b>~50 nm at 20 hours<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>These austenite films contribute to toughness<\/b> (they blunt the crack tip and absorb energy by transformation). But the same study gives a critical warning: <b>beyond 8 hours, even though austenite keeps increasing, the rate of K<sub>Ic<\/sub> improvement slows<\/b>, because the fall in dislocation density outweighs the toughening contribution. <b>So \u201cage longer and it gets tougher\u201d is not true.<\/b> <b>482 \u00b0C \/ 5 hours is an optimised point, not an arbitrary one.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The price of shifting the ageing temperature<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The producer publishes how hardness, strength and toughness change across the <b>468\u2013496 \u00b0C (875\u2013925 \u00b0F)<\/b> band: <b>54.5\u201355.5 HRC at 468 \u00b0C<\/b>, <b>53.0\u201354.0 HRC at 482 \u00b0C<\/b>, <b>51.0\u201352.5 HRC at 496 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>Strength falls as ageing temperature rises<\/b>, while fracture toughness and impact energy <b>peak around 482 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>The instruction never to go below 468 \u00b0C (875 \u00b0F) is explicit<\/b> \u2014 below that, M\u2082C does not form fully and the alloy ends up neither hard nor tough.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Decarburisation \u2014 the step that gets skipped<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The producer warns explicitly: AerMet 100 is subject to decarburisation during hardening.<\/b> In an alloy with 0.23 % carbon, losing carbon from the surface leaves <b>a soft layer that cannot form M\u2082C and therefore will not age<\/b> \u2014 and that layer is exactly the surface that governs fatigue life. <b>This is why solution treatment must be done in a neutral atmosphere, a salt bath or vacuum.<\/b> AerMet 100 processed in an open-atmosphere furnace may still meet the mechanical values on its certificate and still <b>underperform in fatigue<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding \u2014 AerMet 100 Is Weldable (and This Is Where It Parts Company With 300M)<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">COMPARISON<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">Three ultra-high-strength aerospace steels are compared on ONE question: how much fracture toughness remains at a yield strength around 1700 MPa, and what does it cost? Compositions come from SAE AMS title records and producer data sheets; strength values are given as specification minimum or producer typical, EACH NAMED WITH ITS SOURCE. THE THREE STEELS HARDEN BY DIFFERENT MECHANISMS and the table shows this on a separate row. NO AVERAGING WAS DONE.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Grade<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AMS<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Mechanism<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Anahtar element<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Carbon<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Typical yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Typical tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Toughness note<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Corrosion<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AISI 4340 (UNS G43400)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AMS 6415 (air melted) \u00b7 AMS 6414 (VAR)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Martensitic quench and temper: austenitise + oil quench + temper. It does not precipitation harden.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Ni 1.65-2.00% (deep hardening)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.38-0.43%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1035-1530 (depending on tempering temperature)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1140-1980 (depending on tempering temperature)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Varies with tempering temperature; the 250-450 \u00b0C band is not used.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Not stainless; protection is mandatory.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The reference point. Both 300M and AerMet 100 were developed to pass the limits of this grade.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">300M (4340M \u00b7 UNS K44220)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">AMS 6417 (C 0.38-0.43%) \u00b7 AMS 6419 (C 0.40-0.45%) \u00b7 AMS 6257 (normalized and tempered)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Martensitic quench and temper: austenitise + oil quench + DOUBLE TEMPER. It does not precipitation harden.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Si 1.45-1.80% + V 0.05-0.10%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.38-0.45% (depending on the AMS number)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1517 (AMS 6417 floor, 220 ksi) \u00b7 1586 (AMS 6419 floor, 230 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1862 (AMS 6417 floor, 270 ksi) \u00b7 1931 (AMS 6419 floor, 280 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Dynamic Metals reports fracture toughness in the 60-70 MPa\u00b7m^0.5 band (single source).<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Not stainless; protection is mandatory.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Silicon raises the tempering resistance; the embrittlement band of 4340 shifts to a higher temperature in 300M (Horn and Ritchie 1978; Metals\/MDPI 2021).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AerMet 100 (UNS K92580)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AMS 6532 (280 ksi) \u00b7 AMS 6478 (290 ksi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">SECONDARY HARDENING: solution treatment + cryogenic + 482 \u00b0C aging. It is a GENUINE precipitation hardening; the precipitating phase is the M2C CARBIDE, not an intermetallic.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Co 13.0-14.0% + Ni 11.0-12.0% + Mo 1.1-1.3%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.21-0.25% (0.23-0.25% in AMS 6532 K-2024)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1620 (AMS 6532 floor) \u00b7 1724 (Carpenter typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1931 (AMS 6532 floor) \u00b7 1965 (Carpenter typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">K_Ic 115-126 MPa\u00b7m^0.5 (common band of five sources; Carpenter 126, peer-reviewed measurement 116.5-120.5).<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Not stainless; Carpenter rates it &#8216;Humidity Restricted&#8217; and protection is mandatory. Stress corrosion cracking resistance is a separate property and it is high.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Dynamic Metals reports a cost 50-70% above 300M. It also imposes a narrow 482 \u00b0C \u00b1 6 \u00b0C aging window and a mandatory cryogenic step.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Mechanism difference<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THE THREE ARE NOT IN THE SAME CLASS. 4340 and 300M are QUENCH-AND-TEMPER steels: hardness comes from the quench and tempering takes it back. AerMet 100 is a SECONDARY HARDENING steel: at 51-53 HRC as quenched, its hardness RISES to 53-54 HRC when AGED at 482 \u00b0C. That is why the heat treatment of AerMet 100 is called aging, not tempering, and why the rule &#8216;higher tempering means lower strength&#8217;, valid for 4340 and 300M, does not apply to this alloy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Ortak sinir<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NONE OF THE THREE IS STAINLESS. All three require a coating, paint or other corrosion protection system; even AerMet 100, which has the highest chromium (3.1%), forms no passive film.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Secim kurali<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">If a toughness requirement is met by 60-70 MPa\u00b7m^0.5, 300M is the correct choice. If the specification calls for more than 115 MPa\u00b7m^0.5 at a yield above 1700 MPa, AerMet 100 is needed. 4340 is the reference grade with the lowest strength ceiling and the easiest supply and machining.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The 4340 values in the table are taken from the AISI 4340 card in this same card set and were verified with the same source discipline. Four independent sources could not be assembled for the 300M fracture toughness; because it rests on a single source the figure is given as &#8216;Dynamic Metals reports&#8217; and not as a settled value.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The producer\u2019s statement is unambiguous: AerMet 100 is weldable without preheating.<\/b> This is <b>the most concrete and least disputed difference<\/b> between it and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> or 4340, and it follows directly from the low carbon content.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Why It Welds \u2014 and What to Watch<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Low carbon<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.21\u20130.25 % C<\/b> against 300M\u2019s 0.40\u20130.45 %. The martensite formed in the heat-affected zone is <b>low-carbon lath martensite<\/b>, not a hard, brittle carbon martensite. <b>The risk of delayed cold cracking is far below the 300M class<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Preheat<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Producer statement: not required.<\/b> That removes the need for preheat equipment and process control even in heavy sections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Filler metal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The producer lists a <b>weld wire<\/b> product form, so <b>matching-chemistry filler exists<\/b>. <b>No AWS classification was found<\/b>; filler is ordered by the producer\u2019s product name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Post-weld processing \u2014 the critical point<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Weld metal and HAZ have been locally re-solutioned by the weld thermal cycle.<\/b> For full strength the logical route is <b>post-weld ageing (482 \u00b0C \/ 5 hours)<\/b>. <b>The producer datasheet does not separately define a post-weld heat treatment cycle<\/b> \u2014 that step is set by the programme or fabricator procedure, and <b>you should not invent a cycle on a web page<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Welding already-aged material<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">If an aged part is welded, an <b>overaged (softened) band<\/b> forms in the HAZ. <b>Without re-ageing the joint stays below parent strength.<\/b> Weld sequence has to be planned together with the design<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hydrogen<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Being weldable <b>does not mean being insensitive to hydrogen<\/b>. At the 285 ksi level, <b>low-hydrogen processes and consumables, dry shielding gas and clean surfaces<\/b> are mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>An honest caveat.<\/b> The word \u201cweldable\u201d comes from the producer and is correct, but it <b>does not mean landing gear may be welded freely<\/b>. In primary structure, welding is always subject to <b>programme approval, a qualified procedure and a post-weld heat-treatment plan<\/b>. <b>What AerMet 100 brings is that welding is metallurgically possible at all<\/b> \u2014 with 300M it is not.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining, Forging and Nitriding<\/h4>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining \u00b7 AerMet 100<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Machinability<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Producer statement: <b>somewhat more difficult to machine than 4340 at 38 HRC<\/b>. That follows directly from the cobalt content and the fine carbide structure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Tooling and cutting speed<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Carbide tools are recommended at 280\u2013350 SFM<\/b> (\u224885\u2013107 m\/min) \u2014 <b>the producer\u2019s own figure<\/b>. <b>This is one of the few points in this family where verified numerical data exists<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Condition for machining<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Roughing is done in the <b>overage annealed condition (677 \u00b0C \/ 16 hours, 40 HRC maximum)<\/b>. Finishing is done after ageing at <b>53\u201354 HRC<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress relief after rough machining<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F), 1\u20133 hours<\/b> \u2014 producer recommendation, for dimensional stability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Stress relief before straightening<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>177\/204 \u00b0C (350\/400 \u00b0F), 5 hours<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Grinding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>No detailed grinding parameters were found in the producer datasheet.<\/b> Nevertheless, as with 300M, grinding damage in ultra-high-strength steels (rehardening, overageing, residual tensile stress) is a real risk; <b>AMS 2649 governs etch inspection of high-strength steel parts<\/b> and applies here<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Forging<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Primary breakdown to a maximum of 1232 \u00b0C (2250 \u00b0F); finish below 899 \u00b0C (1650 \u00b0F).<\/b> These are the producer\u2019s own figures. Keeping the finishing temperature low is about <b>preserving the fine grain structure<\/b> \u2014 the alloy\u2019s toughness depends on it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Nitriding<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">AerMet 100 can be nitrided, which is an alternative to chromium plating for wear surfaces. An independent plasma nitriding study ran treatments at <b>440\u2013500 \u00b0C for 6 hours<\/b> and measured: hardened layer thickness of <b>~62 \u00b5m at 440 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>~105 \u00b5m at 500 \u00b0C<\/b>; phases of <b>\u03b1\u2032-Fe (nitrogen-containing martensite) and \u03b3\u2032-Fe\u2084N<\/b>, with weak <b>\u03b5-Fe\u2082\u208b\u2083N<\/b> peaks at 440 \u00b0C; and <b>volumetric wear rate reduced by more than 88 % at 460\u2013500 \u00b0C<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The critical metallurgical point:<\/b> the nitriding temperature range <b>overlaps the ageing temperature<\/b> (482 \u00b0C). The same study found that the specimen nitrided at <b>440 \u00b0C had a core hardness roughly 90 HV higher<\/b> than the one nitrided at 500 \u00b0C, and that it even <b>exceeded the hardness of the untreated as-quenched specimen<\/b> \u2014 meaning <b>nitriding is simultaneously an ageing cycle<\/b>. <b>The practical consequence:<\/b> nitriding temperature and time also set the core strength of the part; <b>it cannot be planned independently as a \u201csurface treatment\u201d and must be treated as part of the heat-treatment plan.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion, Stress Corrosion, Hydrogen Embrittlement and Plating<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Where it fails \u2014 say this first<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>AerMet 100 is NOT stainless.<\/b> Its <b>2.9\u20133.3 % chromium<\/b> is there as a constituent of the M\u2082C carbide; <b>it is not enough to form a passive film<\/b> (that takes roughly 11 % chromium, and a significant fraction of AerMet 100\u2019s chromium is already tied up in carbide). The producer rates the alloy <b>\u201chumidity restricted\u201d<\/b> on its own four-level corrosion scale and states that it <b>must be sealed (coated) if used in a moist environment<\/b>. <b>Bare AerMet 100 rusts.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the most commonly misunderstood point on this page.<\/b> Some distributor pages list AerMet 100 under a <b>\u201cstainless steel\u201d<\/b> heading \u2014 <b>that is wrong<\/b>. AerMet 100\u2019s advantage is <b>not general corrosion resistance but STRESS CORROSION CRACKING resistance<\/b>. <b>Those are two different things and must not be conflated.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The producer publishes a <b>K<sub>ISCC<\/sub> of about 66 ksi\u221ain (\u224872 MPa\u221am)<\/b> in 3.5 % NaCl (<b>read from a graph, single source<\/b>). <b>State what that number means:<\/b> the <b>total<\/b> K<sub>Ic<\/sub> for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> in the same producer\u2019s comparison table is <b>50 ksi\u221ain<\/b>. In other words, <b>the threshold at which AerMet 100 begins to crack in salt water is higher than 300M\u2019s total fracture toughness in dry air.<\/b> <b>That is the most honest and most striking way to frame the comparison.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Why it is so resistant.<\/b> In ultra-high-strength steels, SCC and hydrogen embrittlement are effectively the same mechanism: <b>hydrogen accumulating at grain boundaries and crack tips and lowering cohesion<\/b>. AerMet 100\u2019s advantage is twofold: <b>(1)<\/b> the fine, dense <b>M\u2082C precipitate dispersion provides a large population of reversible hydrogen traps<\/b>, so hydrogen is distributed rather than concentrated at critical sites; <b>(2)<\/b> the reverted austenite films blunt the crack tip. <b>This mechanistic explanation is the common reading in the literature; the producer datasheet does not phrase it that way.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Hydrogen embrittlement and plating<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Outstanding SCC resistance is not immunity to hydrogen.<\/b> At 1965 MPa (285 ksi) tensile, AerMet 100 sits well above the <b>~1380 MPa (200 ksi)<\/b> threshold above which industry treats steels as susceptible. <b>Every electrolytically plated AerMet 100 part requires a hydrogen relief bake.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Plating and Hydrogen Management in AerMet 100<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Why it is coated<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>It has no corrosion resistance.<\/b> The producer states it must be sealed if used in a moist environment. Coating is a requirement, not an option<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Typical coatings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">In landing gear practice: <b>cadmium<\/b> (the historic standard), <b>zinc-nickel<\/b> and <b>IVD aluminium<\/b>; <b>hard chromium<\/b> on wear surfaces. <b>No coating specification named by the producer specifically for AerMet 100 was verified<\/b> \u2014 the programme specification governs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The bake window \u2014 a critical constraint<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">General aerospace practice bakes after plating at <b>190\u2013205 \u00b0C (375\u2013400 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>AerMet 100\u2019s ageing temperature is 482 \u00b0C<\/b>, so the bake temperature is far below it and <b>does not affect strength<\/b>. <b>The constraint runs the other way: the bake temperature must never be allowed to approach the ageing temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Duration<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Set by part strength and section. <b>No verified duration figure specific to AerMet 100 was found<\/b>; the governing process specification must be used<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM F519 \u2014 and a specific problem for AerMet 100<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">F519 qualifies a process: a notched specimen is held at a defined percentage of its notched fracture strength under <b>sustained load for 200 hours<\/b>. <b>Standard specimens are made of 4340<\/b>, and the standard itself acknowledges that parts <b>above 260\u2013280 ksi may not be represented by that baseline<\/b>. <b>AerMet 100 is precisely above that band<\/b> \u2014 specimens made from the production material are recommended. <b>The practical difficulty:<\/b> according to practitioner sources, AerMet 100 specimens in F519 dimensions are not readily available commercially and generally have to be <b>machined in-house<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Governing documents<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AMS 2759\/9<\/b> (hydrogen embrittlement relief baking) \u00b7 <b>ASTM F519<\/b> (process evaluation) \u00b7 <b>SAE AMS-QQ-P-416<\/b> for cadmium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Service temperature<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The producer and distributors cite use to <b>~427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>The reason is the ageing temperature:<\/b> running a part aged 5 hours at 482 \u00b0C anywhere near that temperature means <b>overageing it in service<\/b> \u2014 M\u2082C carbides coarsen, reverted austenite increases, and strength falls permanently. <b>427 \u00b0C is not a code limit<\/b> (AerMet 100 has no ASME code coverage); <b>it is a metallurgical ceiling<\/b>. <b>Consider peak local temperature, not continuous service temperature.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">AerMet 100 vs 300M vs Maraging 250\/350 vs 4340 \u2014 an Honest Comparison<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The numbers in the table below come from <b>a single producer\u2019s own comparison study<\/b> and are therefore mutually consistent. <b>Note that the same producer\u2019s 300M product datasheet gives 60\u201370 ksi\u221ain for K<sub>Ic<\/sub> while this table says 50 ksi\u221ain \u2014 that is a conflict, and both values are published.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Strength and Fracture Toughness \u00b7 Producer Comparison Data<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AerMet 100 (482 \u00b0C age)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile <b>287 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>120 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AerMet 310<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile <b>315 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>65 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AerMet 340<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile <b>352 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>31.5 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Maraging 250 class<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile <b>258.6 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>91.5 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Maraging 300 class<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile <b>291.0 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>67.7 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Maraging 350<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile <b>343.6 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>38.5 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>4340<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile <b>269 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>70 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a><\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile <b>287 ksi<\/b> \u00b7 K<sub>Ic<\/sub> <b>50 ksi\u221ain<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Four Alloys \u00b7 The Other Differences That Drive the Buying Decision<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Welding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AerMet 100: weldable, no preheat required.<\/b> <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/\">Maraging<\/a>: weldable<\/b> (very low carbon). <b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> and 4340: not welded in primary structure<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Dimensional stability<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Maraging is the best<\/b> \u2014 no quench, and ageing shrinkage of the order of 0.05 % linear. <b>AerMet 100 is quenched<\/b>, so distortion is something to manage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Corrosion resistance<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>None of them is stainless; all four must be coated.<\/b> AerMet 100 is rated <b>\u201chumidity restricted\u201d<\/b> on the producer\u2019s scale<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Stress corrosion resistance<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AerMet 100 is clearly the best<\/b> (K<sub>ISCC<\/sub> \u224866 ksi\u221ain in 3.5 % NaCl). 300M and 4340, in the producer\u2019s own words, <b>must be protected with chromium or cadmium coating<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Cost and availability<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>4340 &lt; 300M &lt; Maraging &lt; AerMet 100.<\/b> A single-source distributor comparison puts AerMet 100 at <b>50\u201370 % more expensive<\/b> than 300M with <b>longer lead times<\/b>, because of <b>cobalt content and double vacuum melting<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Supplied condition<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AerMet 100 is normally supplied un-aged (machinable)<\/b> with final heat treatment at the customer. <b>300M<\/b> can be bought either heat treated or normalized and tempered<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Elevated temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AerMet 100 is cited to ~427 \u00b0C<\/b>; <b>300M\u2019s ceiling is below its own ~302 \u00b0C tempering temperature<\/b>. <b>Neither is a genuine high-temperature material<\/b> \u2014 above 500 \u00b0C move to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-718\/\">alloy 718<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/waspaloy\/\">Waspaloy<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Three honest conclusions from the table.<\/b><br \/><b>1 \u00b7 AerMet 100\u2019s advantage is not strength but the strength-toughness COMBINATION.<\/b> Maraging 350 is stronger (343.6 ksi) but far more brittle (38.5 ksi\u221ain). AerMet 340 is stronger still (352 ksi) and more brittle still (31.5 ksi\u221ain).<br \/><b>2 \u00b7 Maraging 250 offers nearly comparable toughness at a lower strength level<\/b> (258.6 ksi \/ 91.5 ksi\u221ain). If the strength class can be relaxed, <b>maraging is a serious alternative<\/b> and is superior on dimensional stability.<br \/><b>3 \u00b7 The producer\u2019s claim of \u201cthree times the fracture toughness of 300M\u201d does not quite match its own data.<\/b> Its comparison table gives 120 against 50 ksi\u221ain (<b>2.4\u00d7<\/b>), while its own 300M product datasheet gives 60\u201370 ksi\u221ain (<b>1.6\u20131.9\u00d7<\/b>). <b>Publish the numbers, not the marketing sentence.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b12\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">A customer asks for \u201cAerMet 100 plate to AMS 6532\u201d. Can we supply it?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Be careful \u2014 the request contains a contradiction.<\/b><br \/><b>The scope of AMS 6532 is bars, forgings and (in later revisions) forging stock.<\/b> The title is explicit: \u201cSteel, <b>Bars and Forgings, and Forging Stock<\/b>\u2026\u201d. <b>Plate is not within AMS 6532\u2019s scope.<\/b> The same is true of <b>sheet, strip, wire and weld wire<\/b> \u2014 the producer makes and sells all of these forms, <b>and none of them has an AMS specification<\/b>.<br \/><b>The honest answer has three parts:<\/b> <b>(1)<\/b> chemistry can be certified to the AMS 6532 band (3.1Cr \u2013 11.5Ni \u2013 13.5Co \u2013 1.2Mo, C 0.21\u20130.25 %); <b>(2)<\/b> melting is still <b>vacuum melting<\/b> and that does not change; <b>(3)<\/b> but <b>product-form tolerances, mechanical acceptance values and inspection scope are by agreement<\/b> and <b>that belongs in the order acknowledgement<\/b>.<br \/><b>What you must not do<\/b> is issue a certificate stamped \u201cAMS 6532\u201d on plate. Such a document claims specification compliance for a product form outside the specification\u2019s scope and is <b>indefensible in a dispute.<\/b> The correct wording is: \u201cChemistry conforms to AMS 6532 Table 1; product form is outside the specification\u2019s scope.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Can we skip the cryogenic step? Our furnace has no \u221273 \u00b0C capability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Do not skip it \u2014 and the reason is metallurgical, not procedural.<\/b><br \/>When AerMet 100 is quenched from 885 \u00b0C, not all of the structure transforms to martensite; <b>some retained austenite remains<\/b>. That austenite <b>cannot precipitate carbide<\/b> during the subsequent ageing step \u2014 so that volume contributes nothing to strength. Worse, unstable retained austenite <b>can transform to martensite in service under load<\/b>, leaving behind an <b>untempered, un-aged, brittle<\/b> volume.<br \/><b>The cryogenic step exists solely to convert that austenite to martensite BEFORE ageing:<\/b> <b>\u221273 \u00b0C (\u2212100 \u00b0F) for 1 hour<\/b>. The producer specifies it <b>to maximise toughness<\/b>. A single-source distributor compilation states that skipping the step lowers toughness by <b>about 15 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>that figure was not verified against the producer datasheet<\/b>, but the direction is not in dispute.<br \/><b>The practical answer:<\/b> \u221273 \u00b0C is easily reached with a mechanical chiller or a dry ice \/ alcohol bath; liquid nitrogen is not needed. <b>If you do not have the capability, send the heat treatment out.<\/b> <b>An AerMet 100 part with the cryogenic step skipped is 300M performance bought at AerMet 100 prices.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Is AerMet 100 stainless? Can we use it uncoated in a marine environment?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>No and no. This is the most common misunderstanding on this page.<\/b><br \/><b>AerMet 100 is not stainless.<\/b> Its <b>2.9\u20133.3 % chromium<\/b> is not enough to form a passive film \u2014 a self-passivating stainless needs roughly <b>11 % free chromium<\/b>, and much of AerMet 100\u2019s chromium is already <b>tied up in M\u2082C carbide<\/b>. The producer rates the alloy <b>\u201chumidity restricted\u201d<\/b> on its own corrosion scale and states it <b>must be sealed in a moist environment<\/b>. <b>Bare AerMet 100 rusts.<\/b><br \/><b>What gets conflated is this:<\/b> AerMet 100\u2019s advantage is <b>not general corrosion resistance but stress corrosion cracking resistance<\/b>. In 3.5 % NaCl, <b>K<sub>ISCC<\/sub> \u224866 ksi\u221ain (\u224872 MPa\u221am)<\/b> \u2014 it begins to crack under stress in salt water only at a <b>very high threshold<\/b>. <b>But it still corrodes<\/b>, and every corrosion pit in a 285 ksi material is a <b>fatigue crack initiation site<\/b>.<br \/><b>Correct practice:<\/b> in marine or humid service AerMet 100 is <b>always coated<\/b> (cadmium, zinc-nickel, IVD aluminium; hard chromium on wear surfaces), and after electrolytic plating a <b>hydrogen relief bake<\/b> is applied. <b>If a genuinely stainless ultra-high-strength material is needed<\/b>, look at precipitation-hardening stainless steels such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/17-4ph-1-4542-aisi-630\/\">17-4 PH<\/a> \u2014 <b>but the strength class is far lower, and that is a trade, not an upgrade.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Does moving from 300M to AerMet 100 justify the cost?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>It depends on what sizes your part \u2014 and do not decide before you have settled that question.<\/b><br \/><b>When it does not justify it:<\/b> if the part is sized by <b>strength<\/b>, meaning stress level is limited by yield strength and flaws are managed by inspection, <b>there is no meaningful strength difference between AerMet 100 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a><\/b> (both around 285 ksi). Per a single-source comparison you would pay <b>50\u201370 % more with longer lead times<\/b> for nothing.<br \/><b>When it does justify it:<\/b> if the part is sized by <b>damage tolerance<\/b>. Critical crack size scales with the square of K<sub>Ic<\/sub>; the producer comparison table\u2019s <b>120 against 50 ksi\u221ain<\/b> means a <b>roughly sixfold larger tolerable crack<\/b>. That translates directly into <b>longer inspection intervals, fewer overhauls, less scrap<\/b> and <b>lower life-cycle cost<\/b>.<br \/><b>Three further reasons:<\/b> <b>(1)<\/b> AerMet 100 is <b>weldable<\/b>, 300M is not \u2014 repair and manufacturing flexibility differ. <b>(2)<\/b> In salt environments its <b>K<sub>ISCC<\/sub> \u224866 ksi\u221ain<\/b> is of the same order as 300M\u2019s total K<sub>Ic<\/sub>. <b>(3)<\/b> The transverse toughness penalty is small (115 longitudinal \/ 100 transverse ksi\u221ain), which matters in large forgings.<br \/><b>The honest summary:<\/b> AerMet 100 is not a <b>material upgrade<\/b>; it is a <b>RISK upgrade<\/b>. Price the risk, not the alloy.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b13\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Common Datasheet Errors \u2014 Check Before You Order<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1 \u00b7 \u201cAerMet 100 is a stainless steel\u201d \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> More than one distributor page files the alloy under a <b>\u201cstainless steel\u201d<\/b> heading. <b>2.9\u20133.3 % chromium forms no passive film<\/b>, and the producer rates it <b>\u201chumidity restricted\u201d<\/b> and requires it to be <b>sealed in moist environments<\/b>.<br \/><b>2 \u00b7 Unit conversion error: \u201c285 ksi = 2069 MPa\u201d.<\/b> <b>285 ksi = 1965 MPa<\/b>; <b>2069 MPa = 300 ksi<\/b>. This error appears <b>in the producer\u2019s own blog article<\/b> and has been copied into many pages from there. <b>Treat any page giving the tensile strength as 2069 MPa with suspicion.<\/b><br \/><b>3 \u00b7 \u201cThree times the fracture toughness of 300M\u201d \u2014 does not match its own data.<\/b> The producer\u2019s own comparison table gives <b>120 against 50 ksi\u221ain<\/b> (2.4\u00d7), while its own 300M product datasheet gives <b>60\u201370 ksi\u221ain<\/b> (1.6\u20131.9\u00d7). <b>Publish the number, not the multiplier.<\/b><br \/><b>4 \u00b7 \u201cAMS 6532 covers plate\/sheet\/wire\u201d \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> The title reads <b>\u201cBars and Forgings, and Forging Stock\u201d<\/b>. <b>There is no AMS specification for plate, sheet, strip, wire or weld wire<\/b>, even though the producer sells those forms.<br \/><b>5 \u00b7 Treating AMS 6532 and AMS 6478 as the same document.<\/b> <b>AMS 6532 \u2192 the 280 ksi class<\/b>, <b>AMS 6478 \u2192 the 290 ksi class<\/b>. Same chemistry, different strength target. <b>State which one governs in the order text.<\/b><br \/><b>6 \u00b7 The revision trap.<\/b> AMS 6532\u2019s title changed across revisions: earlier revisions say <b>\u201cAnnealed, Heat Treatable to 280 ksi\u201d<\/b>, later ones say <b>\u201cNormalized and Overaged, Precipitation Hardenable\u201d<\/b>. <b>The alloy is the same; the description of the supplied condition changed.<\/b> An auditor comparing an old drawing against a new certificate will stop here.<br \/><b>7 \u00b7 Showing the cryogenic step as \u201coptional\u201d.<\/b> <b>\u221273 \u00b0C for 1 hour<\/b> is part of the producer\u2019s standard cycle and exists to transform retained austenite. <b>Write the cycle as three steps (solution + cryogenic + age).<\/b><br \/><b>8 \u00b7 Writing \u201cwater quenched\u201d.<\/b> The producer <b>does NOT recommend water quenching<\/b>. The correct statement is: <b>cool from solution temperature to 66 \u00b0C in 1\u20132 hours<\/b>; <b>oil above 50 mm section<\/b>, <b>air cool<\/b> for smaller sections.<br \/><b>9 \u00b7 Omitting the decarburisation warning.<\/b> The producer states explicitly that the alloy <b>decarburises during hardening<\/b> and requires a <b>neutral atmosphere, salt bath or vacuum<\/b>. A datasheet without that line is incomplete.<br \/><b>10 \u00b7 Calling the ageing step an \u201canneal\u201d.<\/b> <b>482 \u00b0C \/ 5 hours is not an ANNEAL but a PRECIPITATION HARDENING step<\/b> and it <b>increases<\/b> strength. <b>677 \u00b0C \/ 16 hours<\/b> is a genuine <b>overage anneal<\/b> and <b>softens<\/b> the material to <b>40 HRC maximum<\/b>. <b>Datasheets that confuse the two are common.<\/b><br \/><b>11 \u00b7 Density conflict.<\/b> The producer gives <b>0.287 lb\/in\u00b3 (7.94 g\/cm\u00b3)<\/b>; some distributors give <b>0.285 lb\/in\u00b3<\/b>. The difference is small, but <b>do not publish two values on the same page<\/b>.<br \/><b>12 \u00b7 Using \u201cAerMet 100 = A100 = Alloy 100\u201d without explanation.<\/b> These names point to the same UNS number (<b>K92580<\/b>), but <b>AerMet is a registered trade name<\/b>. Writing the specification and UNS number is always safer.<br \/><b>13 \u00b7 Inventing a code temperature.<\/b> <b>AerMet 100 has NO ASME code coverage<\/b> \u2014 it does not appear in Section I, Section VIII, B31.1 or B31.3. The cited <b>~427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F)<\/b> is a <b>metallurgical ceiling<\/b> (the need to stay below the ageing temperature), <b>not a code limit<\/b>. <b>Keep the two apart.<\/b><br \/><b>14 \u00b7 Planning nitriding independently of heat treatment.<\/b> The published plasma nitriding study uses <b>440\u2013500 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>a band that overlaps the ageing temperature<\/b> \u2014 and the same study measured <b>core hardness changing with nitriding temperature<\/b>. <b>Nitriding is not just a surface treatment; it is also an ageing cycle.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-4340\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 4340<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">300M<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-300\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Maraging 300<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">H11<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/alloy-steels\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All alloy steels \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"AerMet 100\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aermet-100\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"AerMet 100 (UNS K92580, specified as AMS 6532, and called A100 or Alloy 100 in some programme documents) is a nickel-cobalt-molybdenum, secondary-hardening, ultra-high-strength martensitic steel.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"AerMet 100\",\"description\":\"AerMet 100 (UNS K92580, specified as AMS 6532, and called A100 or Alloy 100 in some programme documents) is a nickel-cobalt-molybdenum, secondary-hardening, ultra-high-strength martensitic steel.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS K92580\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"K92580\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>AerMet 100 \/ UNS K92580 \/ AMS 6478 \/ AMS 6532 DEFENCE METAL AerMet 100 UNS K92580 \u00b7 a Carpenter Technology alloy (AerMet 100) \u00b7 NO verified W.Nr.\/EN number exists; order against UNS K92580 and an AMS number. NOMINAL COMPOSITION (Carpenter): C 0.23% \u2013 Ni 11.10% \u2013 Co 13.40% \u2013 Cr 3.10% \u2013 Mo 1.20% &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aermet-100\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;AerMet 100&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"AERMET 100 \/ UNS K92580 \/ AMS 6478 \/ AMS 6532 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"AerMet 100 (UNS K92580) \u2014 AMS 6478 \/ AMS 6532. Cobalt-nickel ultra high strength steel above 1931 MPa with exceptional fracture toughness.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,9],"class_list":["post-3561","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>AERMET 100 \/ UNS K92580 \/ AMS 6478 \/ AMS 6532 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"AerMet 100 (UNS K92580) \u2014 AMS 6478 \/ AMS 6532. 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