{"id":3557,"date":"2026-09-16T11:00:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T08:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:30:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:30:43","slug":"h11","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/","title":{"rendered":"H11"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">H11 \/ AMS 6487 \/ AMS 6437<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">H11<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS T20811 \u00b7 W.Nr. 1.2343 \u00b7 EN ISO 4957 X37CrMoV5-1 (former DIN name X38CrMoV5-1) \u00b7 JIS SKD6 \u00b7 BS BH11 \u00b7 ~5% Cr &#8211; 1.3% Mo &#8211; 0.4% V &#8211; C ~0.37%. THIS IS A 5% CHROMIUM HOT WORK TOOL STEEL. EN ISO 4957 band (1.2343): C 0.33-0.41% &#8211; Si 0.80-1.20% &#8211; Mn 0.25-0.50% &#8211; Cr 4.80-5.50% &#8211; Mo 1.10-1.50% &#8211; V 0.30-0.50% &#8211; P 0.030% max &#8211; S 0.020% max. The ASTM A681 \/ AISI H11 band is NOT THE SAME: C 0.33-0.43% &#8211; Mn 0.20-0.50\/0.60% &#8211; Si 0.80-1.20\/1.25% &#8211; Cr 4.75-5.50% &#8211; Mo 1.10-1.60% &#8211; V 0.30-0.60%. The two bands do not overlap at the carbon ceiling (EN 0.41%, ASTM 0.43%) or the vanadium ceiling (EN 0.50%, ASTM 0.60%); material certified to 1.2343 is therefore not automatically acceptable against an ASTM A681 H11 order. AEROSPACE H-11 (AMS 6487 \/ 6437) IS A THIRD BAND: C 0.38-0.43%, nominally 5.0Cr &#8211; 1.3Mo &#8211; 0.50V; AMS 6487 additionally requires CONSUMABLE ELECTRODE VACUUM RE-MELTING (CEVM\/VAR). IT IS NOT STAINLESS. It does NOT precipitation harden; there is NO ageing step of the H900 \/ H1025 \/ H1150 type. The hardening route is: austenitise &#8211; harden in air, oil or a salt bath &#8211; DOUBLE (preferably TRIPLE) TEMPER. The tempering curve shows SECONDARY HARDENING: hardness rises again around 450-510 \u00b0C.<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/aisi-4140-h11-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 4140<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">It is bought for two distinct jobs, and one material quality does not serve both. (1) HOT WORK TOOLING: die casting dies, forging dies, extrusion tooling (liners, stems, container mantles, pressure pads, mandrels, die holders), hot shear blades, hot punches and plastic injection moulds &#8211; work in\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar \u00b7 plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 pipe\/tube \u00b7 forgings. All forms are supplied to order. NOTE: AMS coverage splits by form &#8211; AMS 6487 covers bars, forgings and forging stock only, AMS 6437 covers sheet, strip and plate only, and no verified H-11 AMS number was found for tube (see the standards map).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">AMS (ACTIVE, verified one by one): 6487 &#8211; &#8216;Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock 5.0Cr &#8211; 1.3Mo &#8211; 0.50V (0.38 &#8211; 0.43C) (H-11) Consumable Electrode Vacuum Re-Melted&#8217;, premium aircraft quality, current revision M\/2021 (revision N is work in progress at SAE) \u00b7 6437 &#8211; &#8216;Steel, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 5.0Cr &#8211; 1.3Mo &#8211; 0.50V (0.38 &#8211; 0.43C) (H-11), Aircraft Quality&#8217;, current revision L\/2025 (previous K\/2020). AMS (CANCELLED &#8211; NOT TO BE PUT ON AN ORDER): 6485H\/1989 &#8216;Steel Bars and Forgings, 5.0Cr 1.3Mo 0.50V (0.38-0.43C)&#8217; &#8211; CANCELLED October 2006, superseded by <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6487<\/b> \u00b7 6488H &#8216;Steel, Bars and Forgings 5.0Cr 1.3Mo 0.50V (0.38-0.43C)&#8217; (premium quality) &#8211; CANCELLED January 2008; the ANSI record carries the note that &#8216;similar but not necessarily identical products are covered in <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6487<\/b>&#8216;. ASTM: A681 &#8211; &#8216;Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy&#8217;; its scope covers hot or cold finished bar, plate, sheet, strip, rod, wire and forgings. EN \/ ISO: EN ISO 4957:2018 &#8216;Tool steels&#8217; (ISO 4957:2018, 3rd edition, 2018-06) &#8211; 1.2343 \/ X37CrMoV5-1. OTHER NATIONAL: JIS G4404 SKD6 \u00b7 BS 4659 BH11. INDUSTRY: NADCA #207 acceptance and heat treat criteria (the B\u00d6HLER W300 ISOBLOC page carries the NADCA D1830 \/ #207 designation).<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">TOOL STEEL H11 AND AEROSPACE H-11 ARE NOT THE SAME THING. The difference sits at three points:<br \/>\n1) CARBON BAND. The ASTM A681 H11 band is C 0.33-0.43%; the band in the AMS 6487 and AMS 6437 titles is C 0.38-0.43%.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Its single most important practical advantage is SECONDARY HARDENING: as the tempering temperature rises, hardness first falls and then RISES AGAIN. The curve Lucefin measured on a specimen oil quenched from 1020 \u00b0C is: 52 HRC at 250 \u00b0C, 53.5 HRC at 350 \u00b0C, 55.5 HRC at 450 \u00b0C and 56 HRC at 510 \u00b0C.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">IT IS WELDABLE, BUT A HIGH PREHEAT IS MANDATORY, and the delivery condition of the part governs the welding decision. PREHEAT: the B\u00d6HLER tool welding handbook gives 350-400 \u00b0C for the 1.2343 \/ W300 class in the soft annealed condition and 400-450 \u00b0C in the hardened condition.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">1) IT IS NOT STAINLESS. Chromium is 4.75-5.50%, which is not enough to form a passive layer. Without oil, plating or another protective measure it rusts in damp air; it is not suitable for marine or chloride-bearing environments.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/alloy-steels\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All alloy steels &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What AISI H11 Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">H11 versus H13<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Code Acceptance and Temperature Ceilings<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Premium Aircraft Quality H11 (AMS 6487)<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Thermal Fatigue (Heat Checking) Resistance<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b12\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining and EDM<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b13\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion and WHERE IT FAILS<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b14\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nH11 is a medium-alloy chromium steel that comes from the hot-work tool steel class but is used for aerospace structural parts. Within the alloy steel group it stands out for retaining its strength at high temperature; its UNS designation is T20811.<\/p>\n<p>The defining property of this material is that it retains most of its strength of approximately 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C. The 5% chromium provides hot hardness and scaling resistance, while the 1.3% molybdenum and 0.5% vanadium provide temper resistance and fine grain. Limiting the carbon content to 0.40% helps preserve toughness at this strength level.<\/p>\n<p>Heat treatment: austenitise at 1010 \u00b0C for 15-45 minutes and air cool, then temper in three stages of 2-3 hours each at 538 \u00b0C and above, air cooling between stages. Tempering three times completes the transformation of retained austenite and so gives dimensional stability.<\/p>\n<p>It is used in aircraft structural parts, particularly landing gear components. It is supplied as round bar.<\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-tablo\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 H11<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">C \u2014 Carbon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mn \u2014 Manganese<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Si \u2014 Silicon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cr \u2014 Chromium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">5.00%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Mo \u2014 Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">1.30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">V \u2014 Vanadium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fe \u2014 Iron<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-mekanik\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties \u00b7 H11<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile strength R<sub>m<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">1793 MPa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Yield strength R<sub>p0.2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">1482 MPa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Reduction of area<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 H11<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">H11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">6485 \u00b7 6487<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-ic-baglanti\" style=\"margin:28px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\"><span style=\"color:#DD3333;font-weight:700;\">\u2192<\/span> Contact us for H11 stock availability, sizes and AMS 6487 \/ AMS 6437 certified supply.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;padding:9px 16px;text-decoration:none;\">Request a quote<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What AISI H11 Is \u2014 and Why It Has Two Separate Lives<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">AISI <b>H11<\/b> (UNS <b>T20811<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>1.2343<\/b> \/ EN <b>X37CrMoV5-1<\/b>) is a <b>5 % chromium, air-hardening hot-work tool steel<\/b>: nominally <b>0.38 C \u2013 5.0 Cr \u2013 1.3 Mo \u2013 0.4 V \u2013 1.0 Si<\/b>. Medium carbon plus high chromium plus molybdenum delivers three things at once: <b>deep air hardening<\/b>, <b>secondary hardening<\/b> (hardness rising again during tempering) and <b>strength retention at elevated temperature<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The one number that defines H11 is vanadium: 0.30\u20130.60 %.<\/b> In its sibling H13 the same band is <b>0.80\u20131.20 %<\/b>. Everything else \u2014 carbon, chromium, molybdenum, silicon \u2014 is effectively identical. <b>That half-point of vanadium turns two steels into two different commercial products<\/b>, and that is the most important section on this page.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>H11&#8217;s little-known second life is this:<\/b> the same steel, bought to <b>AMS 6487<\/b> premium aircraft quality, is used not as a tool steel but as an <b>ultra-high-strength STRUCTURAL steel<\/b> \u2014 landing gear, rocket motor cases, critical fasteners. Carpenter&#8217;s own wording is explicit: <b>strength in excess of 260,000 psi<\/b> and <b>high creep and rupture strength between 427 and 649 \u00b0C (800\u20131200 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>Same chemistry, same heat-treatment logic, entirely different purchasing specification and entirely different inspection regime.<\/b> It is opened up in its own section below.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Honest Positioning Inside the Hot-Work Tool Steel Family<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AISI H11<\/b><br \/>(T20811 \/ 1.2343 \/ X37CrMoV5-1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">5 Cr \u2013 1.3 Mo \u2013 <b>0.4 V<\/b>. <b>The family&#8217;s TOUGHNESS grade.<\/b> Low vanadium = fewer hard carbides = fewer crack initiators = <b>better toughness and better heat-checking (thermal fatigue) resistance<\/b>. The price: <b>lower wear resistance<\/b>. Its near-1 % silicon also gives it <b>good resistance to wetting and soldering by molten aluminium<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AISI H13<\/b><br \/>(T20813 \/ 1.2344 \/ X40CrMoV5-1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">5 Cr \u2013 1.4 Mo \u2013 <b>1.0 V<\/b>. <b>The family&#8217;s WEAR grade and the world standard.<\/b> Vanadium carbides raise hardness and wear resistance and improve hot hardness somewhat. The price: <b>lower transverse toughness<\/b> and a little more sensitivity to heat checking. <b>It is the de facto default for aluminium die casting<\/b> and it sits at the centre of the NADCA acceptance criteria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AISI H10<\/b><br \/>(1.2365 \/ 32CrMoV12-28)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Lower chromium (~3 %), higher molybdenum (~2.8 %), with cobalt-bearing derivatives. <b>Higher hot strength<\/b>, but a different balance of toughness and heat checking. Used on brass and copper extrusion dies and in hot forging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AISI H21<\/b><br \/>(1.2581 \/ X30WCrV9-3)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>A tungsten-based hot-work steel.<\/b> A different chemistry from the chromium-molybdenum family. <b>Much higher hot hardness<\/b>, but <b>much lower toughness and heat-checking resistance<\/b>, and <b>it cannot be water cooled<\/b>. Hot extrusion mandrels, brass dies, high-temperature but low-thermal-shock work<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u201cPremium\u201d \/ \u201cSuperior\u201d H13<\/b><br \/>(NADCA classes)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Not a different chemistry but a <b>different CLEANLINESS and heat-treatment regime<\/b>: VAR production, sulphur down to about 0.001 %, tight grain size, an annealed hardness ceiling and a <b>mandatory impact toughness test<\/b>. <b>Same ASTM grade, completely different product<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Modified H11, e.g. the Uddeholm Vidar Superior type<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Nominally <b>0.36 C \u2013 0.3 Si \u2013 0.3 Mn \u2013 5.0 Cr \u2013 1.3 Mo \u2013 0.5 V<\/b>. <b>Note: silicon has been cut from 1.0 to 0.3<\/b> \u2014 this is a different steel from classic 1.2343, and the producer describes it openly as offering \u201csignificant improvements in impact toughness compared to material of the H11 (1.2343) type\u201d. <b>Its room-temperature Charpy V is of the order of 80\u2013100 J<\/b> \u2014 set that against the 13.6\u201333.9 J published for classic H11 and the size of the gap becomes clear. <b>Saying \u201cI bought H11\u201d does not say which H11 you bought<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 6487 H11<\/b><br \/>(premium aircraft quality)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The same ASTM family, but with the <b>carbon band narrowed to 0.38\u20130.43<\/b> and <b>vacuum consumable electrode remelting (VAR) made mandatory<\/b>. <b>Sold as a structural steel, not as a die steel.<\/b> See the dedicated section below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">H11 versus H13 \u2014 Vanadium at 0.4 % against 1.0 %<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the most important section on an H11 page, and almost no distributor page gets it right.<\/b> The difference is concentrated in one element and one band, and once the mechanism is understood the commercial consequence follows on its own.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">One Difference, Three Consequences<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The chemical difference<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Vanadium: 0.30\u20130.60 % in H11, 0.80\u20131.20 % in H13.<\/b> The carbon, chromium, molybdenum and silicon bands effectively overlap. <b>The whole family splits in two on the doubling of a single element<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The mechanism<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">During tempering, vanadium precipitates <b>very fine, very hard MC-type vanadium carbides<\/b>. They do three things: <b>(1)<\/b> they raise the secondary hardening peak; <b>(2)<\/b> they pin austenite grains and suppress grain growth; <b>(3)<\/b> they create <b>hard, brittle, angular second-phase particles<\/b> inside the matrix. <b>The first two are what you want; the third is what you pay<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Consequence 1 \u00b7 Wear<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>H13 wins.<\/b> MC carbides are far harder than the matrix; abrasive and erosive wear resistance comes straight from them. <b>Erosion by molten aluminium, die-orifice wear in hot extrusion, dimensional loss in hot forging \u2014 H13 is better at all of them<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Consequence 2 \u00b7 Toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>H11 wins.<\/b> Every hard carbide is a stress raiser and a potential crack initiator. Halve the vanadium and the carbide volume fraction drops; <b>fracture toughness, and above all TRANSVERSE toughness, rises<\/b>. <b>In heavy sections and shock-loaded applications that difference is decisive<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Consequence 3 \u00b7 Heat checking (thermal fatigue)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>This is the commercially MOST important consequence, and the sources DIVERGE here.<\/b> <b>The classic tool-steel position:<\/b> a thermal fatigue crack starts at a stress raiser on the surface; with low carbide volume fraction and high toughness, H11 resists both initiation and propagation better \u2014 <b>which is why H11 is preferred on water-cooled dies and under severe thermal shock<\/b>. <b>The counter-position:<\/b> some current commercial sources argue that H13&#8217;s higher hot hardness and surface yield strength make it more thermal-fatigue resistant. <b>Both cannot be true at once, and no single peer-reviewed dataset measuring the two side by side was found in this study.<\/b> <b>The honest statement is:<\/b> low vanadium \u2192 high toughness \u2192 resistance to crack <b>INITIATION and PROPAGATION<\/b>; high vanadium \u2192 high hot hardness \u2192 resistance to <b>plastic flow at the surface<\/b>. <b>Which one wins depends on how your die is dying<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Consequence 4 \u00b7 Annealability and machinability<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Fewer hard carbides means <b>a less abrasive material from the cutting tool&#8217;s point of view<\/b>. <b>H11 is a little kinder than H13 in roughing<\/b> \u2014 but both sit in the published <b>75\u201380 %<\/b> band (relative to 1 % carbon steel) and the difference is small in practice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The buyer&#8217;s decision rule<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>If the die is dying by a network of heat-check cracks (fine crazing, water cooled, severe cycling) \u2192 go toward H11.<\/b> <b>If the die is dying by wear (dimensional loss, rounded edges, erosive washout) \u2192 go toward H13.<\/b> <b>If the die is dying by breaking in one go (large crack, corner break-out) \u2192 you have a toughness problem: H11 plus a lower working hardness plus a better cleanliness class.<\/b> <b>Changing grade without reading the failure mode is paying the same money twice<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar \u00b7 flat bar<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6487<\/b> (bars, forgings and forging stock; H-11; CONSUMABLE ELECTRODE VACUUM RE-MELTED; premium aircraft quality; current revision M\/2021) \u00b7 ASTM A681 &#8216;Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy&#8217; \u00b7 EN ISO 4957:2018 (1.2343 \/ X37CrMoV5-1) \u00b7 JIS G4404 SKD6 \u00b7 BS 4659 BH11. CANCELLED, NOT TO BE PUT ON AN ORDER: <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6485<\/b> (cancelled October 2006) and <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6488<\/b> (cancelled January 2008).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Forgings \u00b7 forging stock<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6487<\/b> (bars, forgings and forging stock; CEVM\/VAR required) \u00b7 ASTM A681 (forgings are within scope) \u00b7 EN ISO 4957:2018 (1.2343).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6437<\/b> (sheet, strip and plate; H-11; AIRCRAFT QUALITY; current revision L\/2025, previous K\/2020) \u00b7 ASTM A681 (plate, sheet and strip are within scope) \u00b7 EN ISO 4957:2018 (1.2343). NOTE: the <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6437<\/b> title says &#8216;Aircraft Quality&#8217; but DOES NOT say &#8216;Consumable Electrode Vacuum Re-Melted&#8217;; it DOES NOT carry the melting requirement of 6487.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Wire rod \u00b7 wire<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ASTM A681 (rod and wire are within scope) \u00b7 EN ISO 4957:2018 (1.2343). Carpenter also lists H11 in wire form in its own product list. NO VERIFIED AMS NUMBER WAS FOUND FOR H11 WIRE.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Pipe \/ tube<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Ordered to the ASTM A681 and EN ISO 4957 chemistry. NO VERIFIED H-11 AMS NUMBER WAS FOUND FOR THIS FORM, and the ASTM A681 scope text does not list tube either (scope: bar, plate, sheet, strip, rod, wire, forgings).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Die casting dies (acceptance and heat treatment)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NADCA #207 &#8211; &#8216;Special Quality Die Steel &#038; Heat Treatment Acceptance Criteria for Die Casting Dies&#8217;. Its requirements: austenitise at 1030 \u00b1 5 \u00b0C \u00b7 minimum 28 \u00b0C\/minute cooling between 1030 and 540 \u00b0C \u00b7 A MINIMUM OF TWO tempering cycles, the first at 565 \u00b0C minimum for at least 2 hours \u00b7 1 hour per 25.4 mm with a 2 hour minimum in each cycle \u00b7 no pearlite, retained austenite, decarburization, carburization or excessive intergranular precipitation in the hardened microstructure. The B\u00d6HLER W300 ISOBLOC product carries the NADCA D1830 \/ #207 designation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding filler metal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">NO VERIFIED AMS WELDING WIRE NUMBER WAS FOUND FOR H11. The B\u00d6HLER tool welding handbook lists UTP 73 G2 \/ 73 G3 \/ 73 G4 for the 1.2343 class; the general rule is that the filler should approximate the chemistry and hardness of the base metal (Ellwood, Total Materia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding procedure group<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">NO ASME SECTION IX P-NUMBER IS STATED: H11 is not listed as an ASME BPVC base metal and no P-Number could be verified across four independent sources.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">THE AMS NUMBERS SPLIT BY PRODUCT FORM AND DO NOT SUBSTITUTE FOR ONE ANOTHER. AMS 6487 covers bars, forgings and forging stock only; AMS 6437 covers sheet, strip and plate only. AMS 6487 AND AMS 6437 DO NOT CARRY THE SAME CLEANLINESS REQUIREMENT. The 6487 title says &#8216;Consumable Electrode Vacuum Re-Melted&#8217; and the ANSI record describes the material as &#8216;premium aircraft-quality&#8217;; the 6437 title says only &#8216;Aircraft Quality&#8217;. AMS 6485 AND AMS 6488 HAVE BEEN CANCELLED (October 2006 and January 2008 respectively). Those numbers still appear on distributor pages; they are not a basis for ordering. The ANSI record says AMS 6485 is superseded by AMS 6487, and for AMS 6488 that &#8216;similar but not necessarily identical products are covered in AMS 6487&#8217;. ASTM A681 AND EN ISO 4957 IMPOSE NO MELTING PRACTICE. ESR (electroslag remelted) quality is not a requirement of those standards but a producer&#8217;s commercial upgrade (BGH, ROVALMA, Marks and Saglam Metal all offer 1.2343 ESR\/ESU). The VAR\/CEVM requirement asked for in aerospace work exists only in AMS 6487.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>H11&#8217;s standards map is split in two and the split matters on the order line:<\/b> the <b>tooling side<\/b> (ASTM A681, EN ISO 4957, NADCA) and the <b>aerospace structural side<\/b> (AMS). Same steel, two acceptance regimes. Each row below states which world it belongs to.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 AISI H11 (T20811 \/ 1.2343)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bar \u00b7 flats \u00b7 squares \u00b7 blocks \u00b7 forgings \u2014 tooling side<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM A681<\/b> \u2014 <i>Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy<\/i>. H11 sits in the hot-work (H series) section. <b>It defines composition and general requirements; it imposes no cleanliness class and no impact toughness requirement<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Europe \u00b7 tool steels<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>EN ISO 4957<\/b> \u2014 tool steels. The relevant grade is <b>1.2343 \/ X37CrMoV5-1<\/b>. <b>Its composition band OVERLAPS ASTM A681 H11 BUT IS NOT IDENTICAL TO IT<\/b> \u2014 see the chemistry section<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bar \u00b7 forgings \u00b7 forging stock \u2014 aerospace, VAR mandatory<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 6487<\/b> \u2014 full title: <i>Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock, 5.0Cr \u2013 1.3Mo \u2013 0.50V (0.38 \u2013 0.43C) (H-11), Consumable Electrode Vacuum Re-Melted<\/i> (current revision <b>AMS 6487M, 2021<\/b>). <b>This is the ONLY valid specification for H11&#8217;s aerospace structural use<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>AMS 6485 \u2014 CAUTION<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><i>Steel Bars and Forgings, 5.0Cr \u2013 1.3Mo \u2013 0.50V (0.38\u20130.43C)<\/i>. <b>This specification has been CANCELLED (rev. H, 1989; cancelled October 2006).<\/b> It is still listed as live on dozens of datasheets. <b>Do not cite it on a new order<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 6488 \u2014 CAUTION<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><i>Steel, Bars and Forgings 5.0Cr \u2013 1.3Mo \u2013 0.50V (0.38\u20130.43C)<\/i>. <b>This one has been CANCELLED too (rev. H, 1998; cancelled January 2008).<\/b> <b>A datasheet still listing AMS 6485 and 6488 has not been updated in at least fifteen years<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Die-casting acceptance criteria<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NADCA #207<\/b> \u2014 <i>Special Quality Die Steel &amp; Heat Treatment Acceptance Criteria for Die Casting Dies<\/i>. <b>This is not a material specification but an ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA document<\/b>: annealed hardness ceiling, microcleanliness, annealed microstructure, grain size, a <b>mandatory impact toughness test<\/b> and heat-treatment requirements. <b>H13 sits at its centre<\/b>; alternative and premium grades are covered in <b>NADCA #229<\/b>. <b>H11&#8217;s exact standing in those documents could not be independently verified in this study<\/b> \u2014 one producer page uses the designation <b>NADCA D1830<\/b> for 1.2343\/H11, but that is <b>single-sourced<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Other national designations<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">JIS <b>SKD6<\/b> \u00b7 BS <b>BH11<\/b> \u00b7 GOST grades of the <b>4Kh5MFS<\/b> type. <i>(One source gives the DIN equivalent as <b>X38CrMoV5-1<\/b> \u2014 that usually circulates as an older or alternative designation of 1.2343; <b>X37CrMoV5-1 is the current EN name<\/b>)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Welding consumables<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is NO AWS classification in H11 chemistry.<\/b> Die repair welding uses either <b>matching wire drawn to the base metal chemistry<\/b> or, in non-critical areas, <b>a more ductile nickel\/stainless-based wire<\/b> \u2014 both to the producer&#8217;s procedure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME Section IX P\/F-No.<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">H11 is a <b>tool steel<\/b>; it is not listed as a pressure-boundary material in the ASME boiler and pressure vessel world. <b>No P-No. assignment could be verified in this study; do not publish a P number<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 pipe \u00b7 fittings \u00b7 flanges<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>None, and none should be expected.<\/b> H11 is not a vessel material<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Code Acceptance and Temperature Ceilings \u2014 the Honest Answer<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">1 \u00b7 HOT WORKING \/ FORGING<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 \u00b7 HOT WORKING \/ FORGING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Not a heat treatment but a precondition: the forging finish temperature and the cooling that follows decide whether a soft anneal is needed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The sources diverge. AZoM (ASM-derived) gives 1121 \u00b0C (2050 \u00b0F) and states that forging below 899 \u00b0C is inadvisable. No single numerical band was confirmed across four independent sources, so NO BINDING BAND IS STATED.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Until the whole section is at temperature. No numerical time was found across four independent sources, so none is stated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Slow cooling after forging, followed by a soft anneal, is recommended.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No binding hardness is stated for this step.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">2 \u00b7 SOFT ANNEALING (+A)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2 \u00b7 SOFT ANNEALING (+A)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Sets the delivery condition and machinability. Used before hardening and for repair work after welding.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EUROPEAN PRACTICE 750-820 \u00b0C: B\u00d6HLER 750-800 \u00b0C \u00b7 D\u00f6rrenberg 750-790 \u00b0C \u00b7 Stauberstahl 760-780 \u00b0C \u00b7 ABRAMS 750-800 \u00b0C \u00b7 Lucefin 800-810 \u00b0C \u00b7 Marks 800-820 \u00b0C. DIVERGING SOURCES: BGH 820-880 \u00b0C; US practice is higher &#8211; Carpenter 843-871 \u00b0C (1550-1600 \u00b0F), AZoM and SteelPRO 871 \u00b0C (1600 \u00b0F). NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">B\u00d6HLER 6-8 hours \u00b7 Stauberstahl 4-6 hours \u00b7 ABRAMS and Marks about 4 hours. No single numerical time was confirmed across four independent sources, so no binding time is stated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">CONTROLLED SLOW FURNACE COOLING. B\u00d6HLER 10-20 \u00b0C\/h down to 600 \u00b0C, then air \u00b7 Lucefin 20-25 \u00b0C\/h down to 600 \u00b0C, then air \u00b7 Marks and ABRAMS furnace cool to 500 \u00b0C, then air \u00b7 Carpenter 20 \u00b0F\/h maximum \u00b7 AZoM and SteelPRO 4.4 \u00b0C\/h.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">229 HBW MAXIMUM. B\u00d6HLER, D\u00f6rrenberg, Lucefin, Stauberstahl, BGH, ABRAMS and Virgamet all give the same figure (seven sources). DIVERGING SOURCE: Carpenter gives 241 HB maximum (US practice).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">3 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEVING (+SR)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3 \u00b7 STRESS RELIEVING (+SR)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Carried out after rough machining and BEFORE hardening; it reduces distortion. It does not replace the hardening step.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">600-670 \u00b0C. B\u00d6HLER 600-670 \u00b0C \u00b7 D\u00f6rrenberg 600-650 \u00b0C \u00b7 Stauberstahl 600-650 \u00b0C \u00b7 Saglam Metal 600-650 \u00b0C \u00b7 ABRAMS 600-650 \u00b0C \u00b7 Marks 650 \u00b0C \u00b7 Thermodur 2343 EFS 649 \u00b0C (1200 \u00b0F). Seven sources sit in the same band.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">B\u00d6HLER 2-6 hours (by tool size) \u00b7 Stauberstahl 2-3 hours \u00b7 Marks 2 hours \u00b7 ABRAMS at least 4 hours \u00b7 Thermodur 2 hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">SLOW FURNACE COOLING in a neutral atmosphere (B\u00d6HLER, D\u00f6rrenberg, Stauberstahl, Marks, ABRAMS).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">This step has no hardness target; the soft annealed hardness is retained.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">4 \u00b7 PREHEATING STAGES (before hardening)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">4 \u00b7 PREHEATING STAGES (before hardening)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">A 5% Cr hot work steel is NOT taken straight up to the austenitising temperature; staged preheating reduces distortion and the risk of cracking.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THE SOURCES GIVE DIFFERENT SCHEMES; NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN. ROVALMA gives a two-stage scheme: room temperature to 650 \u00b0C (2 h), hold at 650 \u00b0C for 2 h, 650 \u00b0C to 850 \u00b0C (2 h), hold at 850 \u00b0C for 2 h. AZoM and SteelPRO give a single stage: 816 \u00b0C (1500 \u00b0F). Aobo Steel gives 760-815 \u00b0C. Shahnaz Bright Steel gives a 310-370 \u00b0C preheat for a hardfacing cycle &#8211; THAT IS A DIFFERENT OPERATION, not a hardening preheat, and must not be confused with it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">ROVALMA gives a 2-hour hold at each stage. The other sources give no numerical hold time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">No cooling; the preheat runs straight on into the austenitising temperature.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">This step produces no hardness.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">5 \u00b7 AUSTENITISING + QUENCH (hardening)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">5 \u00b7 AUSTENITISING + QUENCH (hardening)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">This is the step that produces the hardness. Carbon and alloying elements go into solid solution and the rapid cool turns the structure to martensite.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">CORE BAND 1000-1030 \u00b0C. B\u00d6HLER W300 ISOBLOC and ISODISC 1000-1030 \u00b0C (1000-1010 \u00b0C for die casting) \u00b7 Stauberstahl 1010-1030 \u00b0C \u00b7 Stahlwerk Augustfehn 1010-1030 \u00b0C \u00b7 Lucefin 1020 \u00b0C \u00b7 Akrostal 1020 \u00b0C \u00b7 NADCA #207 (for H13) 1030 \u00b0C \u00b1 5 \u00b0C. SOURCES THAT RAISE THE UPPER LIMIT: ROVALMA and ABRAMS 1000-1040 \u00b0C \u00b7 D\u00f6rrenberg and Saglam Metal 1000-1050 \u00b0C \u00b7 BGH 1010-1050 \u00b0C \u00b7 Virgamet 980-1050 \u00b0C. DIVERGING LOWER BAND: Aobo Steel 995-1025 \u00b0C \u00b7 AZoM 1010 \u00b0C. A study published in the Journal of Materials Processing Technology measures the HIGHEST fracture toughness (KIc) and hardness in H11 at a 1020 \u00b0C austenitising temperature. NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">B\u00d6HLER 15-30 minutes after temperature equalisation \u00b7 ROVALMA 30 minutes \u00b7 AZoM, SteelPRO and Tech Steel 15-40 minutes \u00b7 Carpenter 20 minutes plus 5 minutes per 25 mm. No single numerical time was confirmed across four independent sources, so no binding time is stated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AIR \u00b7 OIL \u00b7 SALT BATH (500-550 \u00b0C) \u00b7 VACUUM \/ PRESSURISED GAS. B\u00d6HLER: oil, 500-550 \u00b0C salt bath, air, vacuum \u00b7 D\u00f6rrenberg and Saglam Metal: oil, pressurised gas (N2), air, hot bath \u00b7 BGH: nitrogen at 5 bar minimum, oil, polymer, salt bath \u00b7 Lucefin: oil, polymer, 450-500 \u00b0C salt bath \u00b7 ABRAMS: air, oil, 500-550 \u00b0C hot bath \u00b7 ROVALMA: oil, 500 \u00b0C salt bath, air \u00b7 Carpenter: air or oil. A WATER QUENCH IS PROHIBITED (Aobo Steel states this explicitly). COOLING RATE REQUIREMENT: NADCA #207 requires a minimum of 28 \u00b0C\/minute (50 \u00b0F\/minute) between 1030 \u00b0C and 540 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The as-quenched (untempered) hardness lies in the 54-56 HRC band and the sources do not fully agree: Lucefin measures 54 HRC at a 50 \u00b0C temper (so the as-quenched value is just above that) \u00b7 Stahlwerk Augustfehn 54.2 HRC \u00b7 Aobo Steel about 56 HRC \u00b7 Shahnaz 54 HRC. B\u00d6HLER gives a 40-55 HRC band for heat treated delivery. NO SINGLE VALUE IS STATED. In this condition the material is brittle and IS NOT USED WITHOUT TEMPERING.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">6 \u00b7 FIRST TEMPER &#8211; ABOVE THE SECONDARY HARDNESS PEAK<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">6 \u00b7 FIRST TEMPER &#8211; ABOVE THE SECONDARY HARDNESS PEAK<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Carried out IMMEDIATELY after quenching. The temperature is taken from ABOVE the secondary hardness peak, never from below it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The B\u00d6HLER rule: the first temper sits about 30 \u00b0C ABOVE MAXIMUM SECONDARY HARDNESS. NADCA #207: first temper at 565 \u00b0C minimum for at least 2 hours. Aircraft Materials (aerospace H-11): at a temperature NOT LOWER THAN 538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F). Aobo Steel: above 510 \u00b0C for optimum toughness. As producer bands, D\u00f6rrenberg and Saglam Metal give 500-550 \u00b0C, Stahlwerk Augustfehn 540-560 \u00b0C and Virgamet 450-550 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">B\u00d6HLER: 1 hour in the furnace for each 20 mm of workpiece thickness, BUT AT LEAST 2 HOURS \u00b7 ROVALMA: 2.5 minutes per millimetre of thickness, minimum 1 hour \u00b7 NADCA #207: 1 hour per 25.4 mm, minimum 2 hours \u00b7 Stauberstahl: 2 hours.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">IN AIR TO ROOM TEMPERATURE. During this cooling the retained austenite turns into fresh (untempered) martensite; that is the reason for the second temper.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">See the tempering table. The hardness after the first temper is above the final hardness reached after the second temper.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">7 \u00b7 SECOND TEMPER (MANDATORY) AND THIRD TEMPER (RECOMMENDED)<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">7 \u00b7 SECOND TEMPER (MANDATORY) AND THIRD TEMPER (RECOMMENDED)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Summary<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">THE SECOND TEMPER IS NOT OPTIONAL. The fresh martensite formed while cooling from the first temper is tempered only by the second temper.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">B\u00d6HLER: the second temper is chosen for the DESIRED WORKING HARDNESS; a third temper may be carried out for stress relief at 30-50 \u00b0C (86-122 \u00b0F) BELOW the highest tempering temperature. Aircraft Materials keeps all three tempers for aerospace H-11 at or above 538 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The B\u00d6HLER rule applies to each temper (1 hour per 20 mm, minimum 2 hours). Aircraft Materials gives 2-3 hours for each of the three tempers. Stauberstahl says &#8216;twice, 2 hours each&#8217;. ROVALMA gives 2-3 cycles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">FULL COOL TO ROOM TEMPERATURE IN AIR AFTER EVERY TEMPER. Uddeholm: &#8216;Tool steels should always be at least double tempered. The second tempering takes care of the newly formed martensite during cooling after the first tempering.&#8217;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">WORKING HARDNESS: ABRAMS 50-54 HRC \u00b7 Saglam Metal 46-54 HRC (52-54 HRC maximum after austenitising at 1000-1050 \u00b0C and tempering at 500-550 \u00b0C) \u00b7 B\u00d6HLER heat treated delivery 40-55 HRC \u00b7 Marks: 44-47 HRC for hot work, 48-53 HRC for plastic moulds \u00b7 Stauberstahl target 53-54 HRC \u00b7 Stahlwerk Augustfehn about 52 HRC at a 540-560 \u00b0C temper.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Tempering table<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The table shows the relationship between tempering temperature and hardness, and EVERY ROW IS GIVEN WITH ITS SOURCE. The Lucefin and Akrostal rows are curves MEASURED on specimens OIL quenched from 1020 \u00b0C. HOW TO READ IT: hardness falls to about 52 HRC at 200-300 \u00b0C, then RISES AGAIN and PEAKS at about 56 HRC between 450 and 510 \u00b0C, after which it drops sharply beyond 550 \u00b0C. This table is not an ordering specification; the working hardness is taken from the falling branch to the RIGHT of the peak.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">SECONDARY HARDNESS PEAK &#8211; around 450-510 \u00b0C<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">SECONDARY HARDNESS PEAK &#8211; around 450-510 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Mechanism<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The peak has two sources. (a) PRECIPITATION OF FINELY DISPERSED ALLOY CARBIDES: a study of H13 published in Materials (MDPI, 2025) measures Mo2C and VC carbides precipitating in a &#8216;finely dispersed&#8217; form at a single 520 \u00b0C temper, giving a &#8216;dispersion strengthening effect&#8217;, while at 580 \u00b0C those carbides coarsen into Cr7C3 and Fe3M3C phases &#8211; the coarsening explains the falling branch. (b) TRANSFORMATION OF RETAINED AUSTENITE: Uddeholm states that on cooling after tempering most of the retained austenite transforms to new (untempered) martensite, and that &#8216;precipitated secondary (newly formed) carbides and newly formed martensite can increase hardness during high temperature tempering&#8217;, which is what is called secondary hardening.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">What happens<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">As the tempering temperature is raised, hardness first falls to about 52 HRC near 200-250 \u00b0C, then RISES AGAIN and peaks at about 56 HRC between 450 and 510 \u00b0C. Past the peak it drops sharply: 46 HRC at 600 \u00b0C and 39 HRC at 650 \u00b0C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">As named in the source<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Lucefin (1020 \u00b0C oil, measured curve): 52 HRC at 250 \u00b0C, 53.5 HRC at 350 \u00b0C, 55.5 HRC at 450 \u00b0C, 56 HRC at 510 \u00b0C &#8211; PEAK. Akrostal (1020 \u00b0C oil): 53.5 HRC at 350 \u00b0C, 54.5 HRC at 400 \u00b0C, 55.5 HRC at 450 \u00b0C, 56 HRC at 500 \u00b0C &#8211; PEAK. Stauberstahl: 55 \u00b1 1 HRC at 400 \u00b0C, 56 \u00b1 1 HRC at 450 \u00b0C, 56 \u00b1 1 HRC at 500 \u00b0C &#8211; PEAK. Virgamet: 55.9-56.2 HRC at 450 \u00b0C, 56.3 HRC at 500 \u00b0C &#8211; PEAK. Materials (MDPI, 2025) describes 520 \u00b0C as &#8216;a typical secondary hardening temperature for H13 steel&#8217; and measures 590.83 HV after a single 520 \u00b0C temper.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Contrary evidence<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The Schmolz + Bickenbach Thermodur 2343 EFS data sheet gives 54 HRC at 400 \u00b0C, 52 HRC at 500 \u00b0C and 52 HRC at 550 \u00b0C; the 450-510 \u00b0C peak DOES NOT APPEAR in that table. This divergence is recorded and no peak value was taken from that source. The height of the peak is sensitive to the austenitising temperature, the section size and where the measurement is taken.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Reason<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Two reasons. (1) RETAINED AUSTENITE IS NOT TRANSFORMED: in a part tempered below the peak, part of the retained austenite survives as it is; the part stays brittle and its dimensions move in service. (2) THE TOOL HARDENS BY ITSELF IN SERVICE AND THEN SOFTENS: a die whose surface reaches 500 \u00b0C but which was tempered at 400 \u00b0C passes through the peak temperature in service &#8211; it first hardens, then softens, so hardness and dimensions change in service. THE WORKING HARDNESS IS THEREFORE TAKEN FROM THE FALLING BRANCH TO THE RIGHT OF THE PEAK. Sources that set this as a requirement: B\u00d6HLER (first temper about 30 \u00b0C above maximum secondary hardness) \u00b7 NADCA #207 (first temper at 565 \u00b0C minimum for at least 2 hours) \u00b7 Aircraft Materials (none of the three tempers for aerospace H-11 may go below 538 \u00b0C) \u00b7 Aobo Steel (above 510 \u00b0C for optimum toughness).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">WHY DOUBLE TEMPERING IS MANDATORY &#8211; TRANSFORMATION OF RETAINED AUSTENITE<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">WHY DOUBLE TEMPERING IS MANDATORY &#8211; TRANSFORMATION OF RETAINED AUSTENITE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Result<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">A single temper IS NOT ACCEPTABLE for H11. Three tempers are standard practice for aerospace H-11 and for die casting dies. After every temper the part is cooled ALL THE WAY TO ROOM TEMPERATURE; leaving it hot between two tempers defeats the purpose of the second temper.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Mechanism<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The structure after quenching is not entirely martensite; some austenite remains untransformed (retained austenite). During the first temper that retained austenite becomes unstable and, ON COOLING AFTER THE TEMPER, turns into fresh martensite. That fresh martensite IS UNTEMPERED: it is hard, brittle and carries internal stress. The second temper tempers it. A part left with a single temper contains untempered martensite, so it is brittle and dimensionally unstable.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">As named in the source<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Uddeholm (voestalpine), &#8216;Heat Treatment of Uddeholm Tool Steels&#8217;: &#8216;Tool steels should always be at least double tempered. The second tempering takes care of the newly formed martensite during cooling after the first tempering.&#8217; The same booklet recommends THREE tempers for &#8216;high speed steel with high carbon content&#8217; and for &#8216;complex hot work tools, especially in the case of die casting dies&#8217;. B\u00d6HLER W300 ISOBLOC and W300 ISODISC: &#8216;it is recommended to temper at least twice&#8217;; the first temper about 30 \u00b0C above maximum secondary hardness, the second to the desired working hardness, the third for stress relief. Carpenter Technology (CarTech No. 882 \/ H11): &#8216;Double and even triple tempering is suggested to produce optimum mechanical properties, particularly those associated with ductility.&#8217; NADCA #207: &#8216;A minimum of two tempering cycles are required before finishing operations.&#8217; Lucefin: &#8216;Two tempers are advised.&#8217; ROVALMA: 2-3 tempering cycles immediately after hardening. Stauberstahl and Grimm: &#8216;twice, 2 hours each&#8217;. Aircraft Materials (aerospace H-11 \/ DYNAFLEX VAC-ARC): &#8216;temper three times for 2-3 hours at a temperature not lower than 1000 \u00b0F (538 \u00b0C) and air cool&#8217;. Materials (MDPI, 2025): double tempering &#8216;promotes the complete transformation of residual retained austenite&#8217; and gives a toughness level unattainable with a single temper, at a cost of a 1.7% drop in hardness.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is NOT to scale. No TTT\/CCT curve numerically confirmed across four independent sources was used, so no curve is drawn. THIS ALLOY IS A 5% CHROMIUM HOT WORK TOOL STEEL: it hardens by austenitising, quenching in air, oil or a salt bath, and DOUBLE &#8211; preferably TRIPLE &#8211; TEMPERING. It does NOT precipitation harden; there is NO AGEING STEP of the H900 \/ H1025 \/ H1150 type. The tempering curve has a SECONDARY HARDNESS PEAK; see the tempering table and the secondary hardening box below. The seven steps below were each verified separately. This is a CYCLE DIAGRAM, not a TTT\/CCT curve. The time axis is not to scale. H11 DOES NOT PRECIPITATION HARDEN. The terms &#8216;ageing&#8217;, &#8216;H900&#8217; and &#8216;solution treatment&#8217; DO NOT APPLY to this alloy. It hardens by austenitising, quenching and multiple tempering. A SINGLE TEMPER IS NOT ACCEPTABLE. Double tempering is the minimum requirement and triple tempering is standard in aerospace and die casting work. The tempering temperature is never taken from BELOW the secondary hardness peak; the working hardness comes from the falling branch to the right of the peak. The figures in the tempering table were measured on small specimens of the order of \u00d810 mm. In heavy die blocks the centre cools more slowly and THE SAME tempering temperature gives LOWER hardness. The quench rate requirement (NADCA #207: at least 28 \u00b0C\/minute between 1030 and 540 \u00b0C) is a toughness requirement, not a hardness requirement; slow cooling produces grain boundary carbide precipitation and pearlite and lowers the Charpy value.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The expected ASME table is EMPTY here too<\/b>, and for the same reason: H11 is not a pressure-equipment material. But H11 does have <b>a real and very important temperature discussion<\/b> \u2014 on the metallurgical side rather than the code side.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">What Sets H11&#8217;s Temperature Limit<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The tempering temperature \u2014 the absolute rule<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Service temperature must stay BELOW the tempering temperature used.<\/b> Above it, the part goes on tempering itself in service: <b>hardness falls, dimensions move, and none of it is reversible<\/b>. On the aerospace route tempering is done at <b>\u2265538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F)<\/b>; on a die it is chosen to suit the working hardness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The published \u201cresistance to softening\u201d figure<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The wording published for the aerospace side is: <b>resists softening up to 1000 \u00b0F (538 \u00b0C)<\/b>. Carpenter additionally reports <b>high creep and rupture strength between 427 and 649 \u00b0C (800\u20131200 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>These two are not the same claim:<\/b> the first is about <b>hardness retention<\/b>, the second about <b>carrying load for a short to medium term<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Above 600 \u00b0C \u2014 WHERE IT FAILS<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Above 600 \u00b0C, H11 softens fast.<\/b> A published tempering table, for specimens oil quenched from 1020 \u00b0C, gives <b>46 HRC at 550 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>30 HRC at 650 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>sixteen HRC points in a hundred degrees<\/b>. <b>H11 is NOT a high-temperature alloy<\/b>, and an application carrying continuous load above 600 \u00b0C needs a nickel-base alloy or something in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-x\/\">Hastelloy X<\/a> class<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Hot yield strength<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">For 1.2343 tempered to 48 HRC the producer reports Rm <b>1620 MPa<\/b> and Rp <b>1380 MPa<\/b> at room temperature, and a <b>hot yield strength of 600 MPa at 600 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>So it loses well over half its strength at 600 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 yet is still close to the room-temperature strength of many steels. <b>That sums up what H11 is: an exceptional hot steel, but still a STEEL<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The fall of modulus with temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>210,000 MPa at 20 \u00b0C \u2192 180,000 MPa at 400 \u00b0C \u2192 140,000 MPa at 600 \u00b0C.<\/b> <b>Using the room-temperature modulus in a hot die stiffness calculation is an error of up to 33 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The code side<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is no ASME acceptance and none should be sought.<\/b> H11&#8217;s acceptance regime is <b>NADCA<\/b> in tooling and <b>AMS plus OEM<\/b> in aerospace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Most Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the section your sales engineers should memorise.<\/b> H11&#8217;s coverage is limited to <b>tool-steel product forms<\/b> on the ASTM A681 side, and to <b>bar, forgings and forging stock only<\/b> on the AMS side.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Gaps for T20811<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Plate \u00b7 sheet \u00b7 strip<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is NO plate\/sheet specification for H11.<\/b> As a flat tooling product it is sold as <b>plate cut from a block<\/b>, which is not a rolled-plate specification. Size, tolerance and inspection are <b>by agreement<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Seamless pipe \/ tube<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is NO tubular product specification for H11.<\/b> Where a bore is needed it is <b>machined or gun-drilled from bar or block<\/b>. Extrusion containers, mandrels and similar hollow parts are made that way. <b>AMS 6487 does not cover tubing either<\/b> \u2014 only bar, forgings and forging stock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>One producer lists H11 in wire form<\/b>, but <b>no wire product specification was found<\/b>. Annealed wire and above all <b>matching wire drawn for weld filler<\/b> do exist commercially, but are sold <b>to company specification<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is NO standardised cast equivalent of H11.<\/b> A hot-work die is machined from a <b>forged block<\/b>, not cast \u2014 and there is a technical reason: <b>forging is what gives the directionality and internal soundness that set die life<\/b>. A cast hot-work die <b>does not substitute for a forged one in heat checking or internal soundness<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bolts \u00b7 nuts \u00b7 fasteners<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>An interesting exception:<\/b> H11 <b>genuinely is<\/b> used as a high-strength aerospace fastener material \u2014 but <b>not under the name H11; under a fastener specification calling out AMS 6487 material<\/b>. <b>When an \u201cH11 bolt\u201d is requested, the real question is which fastener specification applies<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Covered electrodes \/ welding wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is NO AWS classification in H11 chemistry.<\/b> Die repair welding is done with <b>matching wire drawn to the base metal<\/b> or with proprietary branded fillers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Flanges \u00b7 fittings \u00b7 valves<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>None, and there should be none.<\/b> H11 is not a pressure-equipment material<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Powder metallurgy \/ additive manufacturing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">H11\/1.2343 powder is commercially available and laser metal deposition is used in die repair. <b>No published AM product specification was found in this study<\/b>; additively manufactured H11 has <b>different residual stress, porosity and tempering behaviour<\/b> from the wrought equivalent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Three different composition bands circulate under the name H11, and all three are called \u201cH11\u201d.<\/b> The differences look small, but <b>the width of the carbon band is hardness scatter in disguise<\/b> \u2014 and the aerospace band has been narrowed deliberately.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 ASTM A681 H11 \u2014 weight %<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Carbon (C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.33 \u2013 0.43<\/b> \u2014 <i>[D] one secondary source gives the band as <b>0.35\u20130.45<\/b>. <b>The majority and ASTM position is 0.33\u20130.43<\/b>; confirm from the specification before ordering<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>0.20 \u2013 0.50<\/b> \u2014 <i>[D] one source gives 0.20\u20130.60<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Silicon (Si)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.80 \u2013 1.20<\/b> \u2014 <i>[D] one source gives 0.80\u20131.25<\/i>. <b>That high silicon is not accidental:<\/b> it improves resistance to wetting and soldering by molten aluminium, and resistance to scaling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Chromium (Cr)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>4.75 \u2013 5.50<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Molybdenum (Mo)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1.10 \u2013 1.60<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Vanadium (V)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>0.30 \u2013 0.60<\/b> \u2014 <b>the ONLY element separating H11 from H13 (0.80\u20131.20)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Phosphorus (P) \u00b7 Sulphur (S)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>typically \u22640.030 \u00b7 \u22640.030<\/b> (standard quality). <b>In premium\/NADCA classes sulphur is taken down to about 0.001 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 EN ISO 4957 \u00b7 1.2343 X37CrMoV5-1 \u2014 weight %<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Carbon (C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.33 \u2013 0.41<\/b> \u2014 <b>NARROWER than ASTM&#8217;s 0.33\u20130.43<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Silicon (Si)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>0.80 \u2013 1.20<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.25 \u2013 0.50<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Chromium (Cr)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>4.80 \u2013 5.50<\/b> \u2014 <b>a higher lower limit than ASTM&#8217;s<\/b> (ASTM: 4.75)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Molybdenum (Mo)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1.10 \u2013 1.50<\/b> \u2014 <b>a lower upper limit than ASTM&#8217;s<\/b> (ASTM: 1.60)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Vanadium (V)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>0.30 \u2013 0.50<\/b> \u2014 <b>a lower upper limit than ASTM&#8217;s<\/b> (ASTM: 0.60)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Phosphorus (P)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u22640.030<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Sulphur (S)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u22640.020<\/b> \u2014 <b>tighter than ASTM&#8217;s typical \u22640.030<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1.2343 sits INSIDE ASTM A681 H11 but is not IDENTICAL to it.<\/b> Every 1.2343 is an H11; not every H11 is a 1.2343. <b>Material bought to the European specification meets the American one; the reverse is not always true<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 AMS 6487 (premium aircraft quality, VAR) \u2014 weight %<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Carbon (C)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.38 \u2013 0.43<\/b> \u2014 <b>narrowed to the UPPER HALF ONLY of ASTM&#8217;s 0.33\u20130.43 band.<\/b> The reason is plain: structural use targets <b>strength above 260 ksi<\/b>, and that cannot be hit with carbon at the bottom of the band. <b>It also narrows the post-heat-treatment hardness scatter<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Chromium \u00b7 Molybdenum \u00b7 Vanadium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">The nominal in the specification title: <b>5.0 Cr \u2013 1.3 Mo \u2013 0.50 V<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Melt route<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Consumable Electrode Vacuum Re-Melted \u2014 VAR is mandatory.<\/b> This condition governs more than the chemistry does<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The sentence worth publishing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AMS 6487 is not \u201ca better H11\u201d; it is a NARROWER and CLEANER H11.<\/b> For a die shop that difference is usually money wasted. For a landing-gear manufacturer it is not negotiable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Producer Nominals \u2014 All of Them Sold as \u201cH11\u201d<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Carpenter H11<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">C <b>0.40<\/b> \u00b7 Cr <b>5.00<\/b> \u00b7 Mo <b>1.35<\/b> \u00b7 V <b>0.45<\/b> \u00b7 Si \u22640.90 \u00b7 Mn \u22640.35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">B\u00f6hler W300 (1.2343)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">C <b>0.38<\/b> \u00b7 Si <b>1.10<\/b> \u00b7 Mn <b>0.40<\/b> \u00b7 Cr <b>5.00<\/b> \u00b7 Mo <b>1.20<\/b> \u00b7 V <b>0.40<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Uddeholm Vidar 1 ESR<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">C <b>0.38<\/b> \u00b7 Si <b>1.0<\/b> \u00b7 Mn <b>0.4<\/b> \u00b7 Cr <b>5.0<\/b> \u00b7 Mo <b>1.3<\/b> \u00b7 V <b>0.4<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Uddeholm Vidar Superior<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">C <b>0.36<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Si 0.3<\/b> \u00b7 Mn <b>0.3<\/b> \u00b7 Cr <b>5.0<\/b> \u00b7 Mo <b>1.3<\/b> \u00b7 V <b>0.5<\/b>. <b>Silicon at 0.3 instead of 1.0 \u2014 this is a different steel from classic 1.2343<\/b>, and the producer attributes its toughness gain to exactly that<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Aerospace VAR quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">C <b>0.40<\/b> \u00b7 Mn <b>0.30<\/b> \u00b7 Si <b>0.90<\/b> \u00b7 Cr <b>5.00<\/b> \u00b7 Mo <b>1.30<\/b> \u00b7 V <b>0.50<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>What to read from this<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Five nominals, five different steels.<\/b> Carbon ranges between 0.36 and 0.40, silicon between 0.3 and 1.1, vanadium between 0.40 and 0.50. <b>In a die-life argument, the sentence \u201cwe used the same material\u201d means nothing without a producer name<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment \u2014 All of H11 Is Here<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Buying H11 is the easy part.<\/b> This steel&#8217;s entire character \u2014 hardness, toughness, dimensional stability and heat-checking resistance \u2014 is decided in the chain of <b>preheat, austenitize, quench rate and DOUBLE (or even triple) tempering<\/b>. <b>And the most frequently skipped link in that chain is the number of tempers.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment Temperatures \u00b7 H11 \/ 1.2343<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hot working (forging)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Forged at about 1121 \u00b0C; forging is not continued below 899 \u00b0C.<\/b> <b>Annealing after forging is mandatory<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Soft annealing \u2014 THE SOURCES DIVERGE [D]<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>B\u00f6hler: 750\u2013800 \u00b0C<\/b>, 6\u20138 hours, furnace cool at 10\u201320 \u00b0C\/h to 600 \u00b0C, then air. <b>Uddeholm: 850 \u00b0C<\/b>, furnace cool at 10 \u00b0C\/h to 650 \u00b0C, then air. <b>One European publisher: 800\u2013810 \u00b0C<\/b>, 20\u201325 \u00b0C\/h to 600 \u00b0C. <b>US sources: 871 \u00b0C<\/b>, furnace cool at 4.4 \u00b0C\/h. <b>Do not average them.<\/b> The outcome criterion is common to all: <b>annealed hardness \u2264229 HB<\/b> (in premium\/NADCA classes the ceiling is around <b>235 HBW<\/b>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Stress relieving \u2014 TWO DIFFERENT OPERATIONS, CONSTANTLY CONFLATED [D]<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>(a) BEFORE hardening, after rough machining:<\/b> one source gives <b>350 \u00b0C<\/b>, another <b>600\u2013670 \u00b0C for 2\u20136 hours<\/b>, another <b>650 \u00b0C for 2 hours<\/b>. <b>(b) AFTER hardening, after grinding or EDM:<\/b> <b>28\u201342 \u00b0C BELOW<\/b> the final tempering temperature. <b>These are not the same operation, and confusing them softens a hardened part.<\/b> Always state which stage you are at<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Preheating (before hardening)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>It must be stepped.<\/b> Published practice: one or two steps between <b>600 and 850 \u00b0C<\/b>; one producer recommends two steps at <b>600\u2013650 \u00b0C and 820\u2013900 \u00b0C<\/b>; a US source gives a single step at <b>816 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>The purpose is to avoid thermal stress and cracking in a steel with low thermal conductivity (~25 W\/m\u00b7K)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Austenitizing (hardening)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1000 \u2013 1030 \u00b0C<\/b> (B\u00f6hler) \u00b7 <b>990 \u2013 1010 \u00b0C<\/b> (Uddeholm Vidar 1, typically 990\u20131000) \u00b7 <b>980 \u2013 1000 \u00b0C<\/b> (Vidar Superior) \u00b7 <b>1000 \u2013 1040 \u00b0C<\/b> into oil (one European publisher) \u00b7 <b>982 \u2013 1038 \u00b0C<\/b> and <b>1010 \u00b0C<\/b> (US sources). <b>Soak 15\u201345 minutes.<\/b> <b>The common ground is around 1000 \u00b0C.<\/b> <b>At the high end, hardness and hot strength rise, grain coarsens and TOUGHNESS FALLS<\/b> \u2014 that trade must be made consciously in H11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Decarburization<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>A protective atmosphere or vacuum is MANDATORY at 1000 \u00b0C.<\/b> A decarburized surface leaves <b>a soft layer, open to heat checking<\/b>, on the die face \u2014 and that layer is precisely where thermal fatigue begins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Quenching<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>H11 is AIR HARDENING<\/b> \u2014 and that is the fundamental reason it is a die steel: large blocks harden without distorting. Practicable routes: <b>high-speed gas (vacuum furnace), oil, salt bath or air<\/b>. <b>Martempering baths: 500\u2013550 \u00b0C or 180\u2013220 \u00b0C.<\/b> <b>But air hardening does not mean slow cooling is permitted<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Quench RATE \u2014 the most overlooked variable<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>If cooling is too slow, carbides precipitate on the grain boundaries and TOUGHNESS COLLAPSES.<\/b> A hardness test will not show it \u2014 the part passes the hardness check and breaks in service. <b>That is exactly why the die-casting world imposes a minimum cooling rate requirement.<\/b> <b>Practical rule: the fastest cooling compatible with acceptable distortion<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Moving to tempering<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The part goes to tempering IMMEDIATELY once it reaches 50\u201370 \u00b0C.<\/b> As-quenched H11 left standing at room temperature <b>will crack on its own<\/b>. <b>This is the most common and most easily prevented failure in H11<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Double \u2014 or triple \u2014 tempering: why it is not negotiable<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>H11 carries appreciable RETAINED AUSTENITE after quenching.<\/b> 5 % chromium, 1.3 % molybdenum and 0.4 % carbon push M<sub>s<\/sub>\/M<sub>f<\/sub> down far enough that part of the structure is still austenite when the quench ends.<br \/><b>The first temper does two things:<\/b> it tempers the martensite already present <b>and<\/b> it <b>destabilises<\/b> the retained austenite. On cooling from that temper, the austenite <b>transforms to fresh, untempered martensite<\/b>. <b>So at the end of the first temper, your part contains brittle, hard, completely untempered martensite.<\/b><br \/><b>The second temper is what tempers that fresh martensite.<\/b> This is why <b>\u201ctemper twice\u201d is not advice but a metallurgical necessity<\/b>, and why <b>the part must be cooled to room temperature between the two cycles<\/b> \u2014 otherwise the transformation does not complete.<br \/><b>When is a third temper needed?<\/b> <b>It is standard in aerospace structural use:<\/b> the published route is <b>austenitize at 1010 \u00b0C for 15\u201345 minutes, air cool, then temper THREE times for 2\u20133 hours at a temperature not lower than 538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F), air cooling after each<\/b>. In heavy sections, at high working hardness and on critical parts, the third cycle is <b>a margin against any remaining retained austenite<\/b>.<br \/><b>Each temper cycle is held for at least 2 hours<\/b>, extended with section thickness \u2014 and <b>it is the PART reaching temperature that counts, not the furnace<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The secondary hardening peak \u2014 and where the sources diverge<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>H11 does not soften monotonically as it is tempered.<\/b> At low temperature the martensite tempers and hardness falls a little; then <b>fine molybdenum and vanadium carbides begin to precipitate<\/b> and <b>hardness RISES AGAIN<\/b>. This is secondary hardening, and it is why H11 is a hot-work steel at all.<br \/><b>The published data diverge on where the peak sits [D]:<\/b><br \/><b>One European publisher&#8217;s table<\/b> (oil from 1020 \u00b0C, \u00f820 mm specimen): <b>200 \u00b0C \u2192 52 HRC (1880 MPa)<\/b>, <b>300 \u00b0C \u2192 52.5 HRC (1915 MPa)<\/b>, <b>400 \u00b0C \u2192 54.5 HRC (2040 MPa)<\/b>, <b>550 \u00b0C \u2192 46 HRC (1520 MPa)<\/b>, <b>650 \u00b0C \u2192 30 HRC (950 MPa)<\/b> \u2014 on that table the peak is around <b>400 \u00b0C<\/b>.<br \/><b>A producer&#8217;s tempering graph<\/b>, by contrast, shows roughly 53 HRC at 200 \u00b0C, 51 at 400 \u00b0C, 47 at 600 \u00b0C and 45 at 650 \u00b0C \u2014 that is <b>a far flatter curve and markedly higher hardness at 600 \u00b0C<\/b>.<br \/><b>Do not ignore the discrepancy; its explanation is the austenitizing temperature.<\/b> A higher austenitizing temperature dissolves more chromium, molybdenum and vanadium into the matrix, and the secondary hardening peak both <b>rises<\/b> and <b>shifts to a higher tempering temperature<\/b>. <b>There is therefore no such thing as \u201cthe tempering curve of H11\u201d.<\/b> <b>Whenever you publish one, state the austenitizing temperature, the specimen diameter and the number of cycles<\/b> \u2014 without them the table is unusable.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Choosing the Tempering Band \u00b7 Practical Guide<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The band to AVOID for toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>425 \u2013 550 \u00b0C.<\/b> One producer explicitly marks this range as one <b>to be avoided<\/b> for toughness. <b>That it coincides with the secondary hardening region is no accident:<\/b> the band that gives the highest hardness also gives the lowest toughness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Aluminium die casting dies<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Working hardness is typically held around <b>46 \u2013 50 HRC<\/b> \u2014 <i>single-sourced; it varies with die size and cast alloy<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Copper alloy die casting dies<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Lower: <b>41 \u2013 46 HRC<\/b> \u2014 <i>single-sourced<\/i>. A higher casting temperature means more severe thermal shock, and hardness is given up in favour of toughness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Aerospace structural (AMS 6487)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Temper at \u2265538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F), three times, 2\u20133 hours.<\/b> The target is not maximum hardness but <b>around 260 ksi strength with acceptable toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The rule not to break<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Service temperature must stay below the chosen tempering temperature.<\/b> That single sentence sums up the whole temperature discussion for H11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Dimensional Change and Distortion<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Machining allowance<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>An allowance of 0.2 % of the dimension in length, width and thickness is recommended<\/b> \u2014 to absorb the change produced by transformation and thermal stresses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The advantage of air hardening<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>This is the single most important reason H11 is a die steel.<\/b> In an oil- or water-quenched steel a large block inevitably distorts and cracks; because H11 hardens in air, <b>large sections harden with acceptable distortion<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The dimensional effect of retained austenite<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The austenite \u2192 martensite transformation is a VOLUME INCREASE.<\/b> In an under-tempered part that transformation happens in service and <b>the die grows on its own<\/b>. <b>Double\/triple tempering is also a dimensional stability measure<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>When to finish grind<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AFTER every tempering cycle is complete.<\/b> If a cycle remains, the ground dimension will move in it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Balanced machining<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Removing metal asymmetrically from a large block produces asymmetric distortion in heat treatment. <b>Stress relief after rough machining is not negotiable on a precision die<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Premium Aircraft Quality H11 (AMS 6487) \u2014 H11&#8217;s Little-Known Second Life<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Filing H11 away as a tool steel misses half of it.<\/b> The same chemistry, <b>vacuum melted and with the carbon band narrowed<\/b>, is used in aerospace and defence as an <b>ultra-high-strength structural steel<\/b> \u2014 on the same shelf as 4340, 300M and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/\">maraging 250<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Why H11 Is Used as a Structural Steel<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Strength level<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Producer wording: <b>strength in excess of 260,000 psi (1793 MPa)<\/b>. Published typical longitudinal values: <b>Rm 1793 MPa (260 ksi) \u00b7 Rp0.2 1482 MPa (215 ksi) \u00b7 Elongation 8 % \u00b7 Reduction of area 30 %<\/b>. One source reports that <b>ductility and toughness are retained even at about 275 ksi (1896 MPa)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Resistance to softening<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>It resists softening up to 538 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F).<\/b> <b>That is what 4340 and 300M cannot do:<\/b> those steels are tempered far lower and lose their strength in a structure that heats up. <b>In a structural part seeing aerodynamic heating, engine proximity or brake heat, H11 is a genuine advantage<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Creep and rupture strength<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Carpenter: <b>high creep and rupture strength between 427 and 649 \u00b0C (800\u20131200 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>An unusual claim for a structural steel<\/b>, and it comes directly from the secondary hardening carbides<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Air hardening = low distortion<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">In a heavy landing-gear forging, <b>hardening in air removes the distortion and cracking risk of an oil quench<\/b>. On large, complex, thick-section structural forgings that alone can justify the selection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Applications<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Landing gear components<\/b>, <b>aircraft and missile structural parts<\/b>, high-strength aerospace fasteners, rocket motor case components. <b>It has also been adapted to COLD work applications where toughness matters more than wear resistance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Approvals<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">One American mill produces H11 by an <b>AOD + VAR<\/b> route and cites <b>AMS 6485 \/ 6487 \/ 6488<\/b> and <b>EMS-642<\/b> (Allied Signal \/ Garrett) plus <b>Pratt &amp; Whitney and Bombardier approvals<\/b>. <i>(Remember that AMS 6485 and 6488 have been cancelled \u2014 that list shows historical scope)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Why doesn&#8217;t everyone use it?<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Three reasons.<\/b> <b>(1) Price:<\/b> VAR melting and three tempering cycles are expensive. <b>(2) Ductility:<\/b> 8 % elongation and 30 % reduction of area are low against quenched and tempered 4340 \u2014 <b>a constraint in damage-tolerant design<\/b>. <b>(3) Hydrogen sensitivity:<\/b> like every steel in the 1793 MPa class, H11 is <b>susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement<\/b> and a post-plating bake is mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH VALUES<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 410\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Soft annealed (+A) delivery condition<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"271.4\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"294.4\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">770<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"90\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Double tempered \u00b7 52 HRC (2 h at 550 \u00b0C)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"96\" width=\"630.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"653.9\" y=\"108\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1790<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"136\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tempered \u00b7 52 HRC (ESR quality, 300 K)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"142\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"154\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1850<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"160\" width=\"553.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"576.3\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1570<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tempered \u00b7 48 HRC (2 h at 600 \u00b0C)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"206\" width=\"553.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"576.3\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1570<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"246\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tempered \u00b7 about 46 HRC (ESU\/ESR quality)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"252\" width=\"528.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"551.6\" y=\"264\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1500<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"270\" width=\"447.6\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"470.6\" y=\"282\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1270<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"310\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tempered \u00b7 31 HRC (2 h at 700 \u00b0C)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"316\" width=\"422.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"445.9\" y=\"328\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1200<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"356\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">AEROSPACE H-11 (vacuum remelted, longitudinal specimen)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"362\" width=\"631.9\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"654.9\" y=\"374\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1793<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"380\" width=\"522.3\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"545.3\" y=\"392\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1482<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Soft annealed (+A) delivery condition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">229 HBW maximum (B\u00d6HLER, D\u00f6rrenberg, Lucefin, Stauberstahl, BGH, ABRAMS, Virgamet). DIVERGING: Carpenter 241 HB maximum<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">about 770 (ABRAMS, single source)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">As quenched, untempered (1020 \u00b0C oil)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">54-56 HRC (Lucefin 54 \u00b7 Stahlwerk Augustfehn 54.2 \u00b7 Shahnaz 54 \u00b7 Aobo Steel about 56)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Double tempered \u00b7 52 HRC (2 h at 550 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">52 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1790<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tempered \u00b7 52 HRC (ESR quality, 300 K)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">52 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1570<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1850<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">10.7%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tempered \u00b7 48 HRC (2 h at 600 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">48 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1570<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tempered \u00b7 about 46 HRC (ESU\/ESR quality)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">about 46 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">about 1270<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">about 1500<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">13%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tempered \u00b7 44 HRC (impact)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">44 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Tempered \u00b7 31 HRC (2 h at 700 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">31 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AEROSPACE H-11 (vacuum remelted, longitudinal specimen)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1482<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1793<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">NADCA #207 acceptance criterion (die casting dies)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Physical constants<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">THERE ARE NO SPECIFICATION MINIMA IN THIS TABLE. ASTM A681 and EN ISO 4957 do not give tensile or yield minima for tool steels; both work through chemistry and an annealed hardness ceiling. The AMS 6487 and 6437 texts are paid documents and their mechanical minima could not be verified across four independent sources (see the omissions list). Every figure in the table is a PRODUCER TYPICAL VALUE and is given with its source. Hardness and strength are paired WITHIN A SINGLE SOURCE; hardness and strength figures from different sources have NOT been placed side by side. Fracture toughness falls as hardness rises. Marks gives KIc of about 75 MPa\u00b7m^0.5 at 46 HRC; Thermodur gives a notched Charpy of 13.6-16.3 J at 44 HRC. Hardness alone is not a sufficient acceptance criterion when buying a die, which is why NADCA #207 imposes a Charpy requirement. The aerospace H-11 row CANNOT be compared with the tool steel rows: it belongs to vacuum remelted material and to the AMS heat treatment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Publishing a single table of mechanical properties for H11 is wrong<\/b>, because the same steel can sit <b>anywhere between 30 HRC and 55 HRC<\/b> depending on the tempering temperature chosen. Every row below states which heat-treated condition it belongs to.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Hardness and Strength \u00b7 H11 \/ 1.2343<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Annealed (as supplied)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u2264229 HB<\/b> (European publisher). In premium\/NADCA classes the ceiling is given as around <b>235 HBW<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>As quenched, untempered<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>56 HRC after air cooling from 1010 \u00b0C.<\/b> Varies between <b>52.5 and 57 HRC<\/b> depending on the austenitizing temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Post-tempering band<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>54 \u2192 38 HRC across tempering at 538 \u2013 649 \u00b0C (1000\u20131200 \u00b0F).<\/b> <b>That is H11&#8217;s entire working range<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Tempering table (oil from 1020 \u00b0C, \u00f820)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>200 \u00b0C \u2192 52 HRC \/ 1880 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 <b>300 \u00b0C \u2192 52.5 HRC \/ 1915 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 <b>400 \u00b0C \u2192 54.5 HRC \/ 2040 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 <b>550 \u00b0C \u2192 46 HRC \/ 1520 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 <b>650 \u00b0C \u2192 30 HRC \/ 950 MPa<\/b>. <b>[Single-sourced; a producer&#8217;s graph shows a flatter curve \u2014 see the secondary hardening section]<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Tensile properties at 48 HRC<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Rm 1620 MPa \u00b7 Rp 1380 MPa<\/b> (producer data)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Aerospace structural condition (VAR, longitudinal)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Rm 1793 MPa (260 ksi) \u00b7 Rp0.2 1482 MPa (215 ksi) \u00b7 Elongation 8 % \u00b7 Reduction of area 30 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hot yield strength at 600 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>600 MPa<\/b> (material tempered to 48 HRC, producer data)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Modulus of elasticity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>20 \u00b0C: 210,000 MPa<\/b> \u2192 <b>400 \u00b0C: 180,000 MPa<\/b> \u2192 <b>600 \u00b0C: 140,000 MPa<\/b>. <i>[D] Another producer gives <b>215 GPa<\/b> at room temperature and two US sources give <b>207 GPa<\/b>. <b>The spread is small; use the 207\u2013215 GPa band<\/b>]<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Toughness \u2014 the Sources Diverge Badly [D]<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Classic H11 (US sources)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Charpy V-notch 13.6 \u2013 33.9 J<\/b>, depending on tempering temperature. <b>33.9 J (25 ft-lb) at a 370 \u00b0C temper<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Modified H11 (Vidar Superior type)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Charpy V at room temperature \u2248 80 \u2013 100 J.<\/b> The producer describes this openly as <b>\u201csignificant improvements in impact toughness compared to material of the 1.2343 type\u201d<\/b> and achieves it by <b>cutting silicon from 1.0 % to 0.3 %<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>What that gap means<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Three to seven times.<\/b> <b>These are two different products inside one ASTM grade.<\/b> If a die is breaking from insufficient toughness, <b>moving to a MODIFIED H11 may buy more than moving from H13 to classic H11 does<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>How toughness relates to hardness<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>In any one steel, toughness falls as hardness rises.<\/b> One producer reports that its improved toughness allows a tool to run at <b>2 HRC higher working hardness without loss of toughness<\/b>, and that this <b>limits the formation of thermal fatigue cracks<\/b> \u2014 <b>the clearest published statement of the link between toughness and heat-checking resistance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>When publishing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Do not publish a bare Charpy figure.<\/b> State the scale (V-notch), the hardness, the tempering temperature, the specimen orientation (longitudinal\/transverse) and the quality class. <b>Without those, a toughness number is not information but noise<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Two numbers among H11&#8217;s physical properties are commercially decisive:<\/b> its <b>low thermal conductivity<\/b> (about 25 W\/m\u00b7K \u2014 less than half that of plain carbon steel) and its <b>relatively high thermal expansion<\/b>. Together they explain why heat checking is the number one failure mode of a hot-work die.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties \u00b7 H11 \/ 1.2343<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>7.8 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> at 20 \u00b0C. With temperature: <b>7.70 at 400 \u00b0C<\/b> \u00b7 <b>7.60 g\/cm\u00b3 at 600 \u00b0C<\/b>. <i>US sources give 7.81 g\/cm\u00b3 \u2014 effectively the same<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Modulus of elasticity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>210 GPa<\/b> (20 \u00b0C) \u2192 <b>180 GPa<\/b> (400 \u00b0C) \u2192 <b>140 GPa<\/b> (600 \u00b0C). <i>[D] One producer gives 215 GPa at 20 \u00b0C, two US sources give 207 GPa<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Thermal conductivity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u224825 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> (20 \u00b0C) \u2192 <b>29 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> (400 \u00b0C) \u2192 <b>30 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> (600 \u00b0C). <b>[D] IMPORTANT CONFLICT:<\/b> one US secondary source gives <b>42.2 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> at 100 \u00b0C. <b>That value is inconsistent with the 24.9\u201325 W\/m\u00b7K published by two independent European producers and appears to be an outlier. Use the 25 W\/m\u00b7K band<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Mean thermal expansion<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>11.5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/K<\/b> (20\u2013100 \u00b0C) \u2192 <b>12.6 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076<\/b> (to 400 \u00b0C) \u2192 <b>13.2 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076<\/b> (to 600\u2013700 \u00b0C). <i>One US source gives 11.9 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 for 20\u2013100 \u00b0C \u2014 inside the band<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Specific heat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u2248460 J\/kg\u00b7K<\/b> (0.46 kJ\/kg\u00b7K at 20 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Electrical resistivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u22480.52 \u03a9\u00b7mm\u00b2\/m<\/b> (52 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7cm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Melting point<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u22481427 \u00b0C (2600 \u00b0F)<\/b> \u2014 <i>single-sourced; it is given as a single value rather than a range, so no liquidus\/solidus distinction is made<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Magnetic behaviour<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Ferromagnetic.<\/b> Magnetic particle inspection is possible and is standard on the aerospace side<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Why those two numbers explain heat checking<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Low thermal conductivity<\/b> means the die face heats and cools very fast each cycle while the body stays cold \u2014 that is, <b>a large temperature difference between face and body<\/b>. <b>High thermal expansion<\/b> means that temperature difference becomes a large difference in expansion. The result is a <b>compression\u2013tension stress cycle<\/b> repeated at the surface on every shot. <b>That is heat checking, and it is not a material defect but an inevitability of physics<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Thermal Fatigue (Heat Checking) Resistance<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The number one cause of death of a hot-work die is not wear but heat checking.<\/b> A fine crack network appears on the surface, invisible at first; it deepens a little each cycle; eventually it prints onto the casting surface and the die is scrapped.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Checking \u00b7 Mechanism and Where H11 Sits<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The mechanism<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">On each cycle the die face heats rapidly; it wants to expand but is restrained by the cold body \u2192 <b>compressive stress and plastic flow at the surface<\/b>. Then the face cools rapidly; it wants to contract but has already deformed plastically \u2192 <b>TENSILE residual stress at the surface<\/b>. <b>One tension\u2013compression cycle per shot; low-cycle thermal fatigue over tens of thousands of shots<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Where H11&#8217;s advantage comes from<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Low vanadium \u2192 low carbide volume fraction \u2192 fewer crack initiators and higher fracture toughness.<\/b> The crack both <b>starts later<\/b> and <b>runs slower<\/b>. <b>Classic tool-steel practice therefore prefers H11 on water-cooled dies and under severe thermal shock<\/b> \u2014 one US source states explicitly for H11 that it <i>\u201cpermits water cooling in service\u201d<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The counter-view \u2014 stated honestly<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Some current commercial sources argue that <b>H13&#8217;s higher hot hardness makes it more resistant to plastic flow at the surface and therefore superior in thermal fatigue<\/b>. <b>No single peer-reviewed dataset measuring the two grades on the same rig was found in this study. Publish both claims; do not pick one and hide the other<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The toughness \u2194 heat checking link<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is a numerical piece of evidence:<\/b> one producer reports that improved toughness lets the tool be run at <b>2 HRC higher working hardness without loss of toughness<\/b>, and that this <b>limits the formation of thermal fatigue cracks<\/b>. <b>In other words, the toughness gain is cashed in directly as the ability to run harder and check less<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>What to do BEFORE changing material<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1. Die preheat.<\/b> Shooting hot metal into a cold die produces the most severe thermal shock of the whole campaign in the first shots. <b>2. Cooling channel design.<\/b> A channel too close to the face widens the gradient. <b>3. Surface quality.<\/b> EDM white layer, grinding marks and sharp corners are crack initiators. <b>4. Decarburization control.<\/b> A soft surface layer accelerates heat checking. <b>Changing grade before fixing these is wasted money<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Surface treatments<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Nitriding raises wear and soldering resistance <b>but creates a hard, brittle surface layer<\/b>; its effect on heat checking is <b>contested and application-dependent<\/b>. <b>Do not publish a general claim that nitriding improves heat-checking resistance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding \u2014 Repair Welding Above All<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>H11 is weldable, but welding here is not a manufacturing method \u2014 it is a REPAIR method.<\/b> Filling a worn area of a hardened die, restoring a broken corner, recovering a pocket that has gone oversize. <b>And a repair weld done wrong finishes the die completely.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Repair Welding Procedure \u00b7 H11 \/ H13 hot-work steels<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1. Preparation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The crack is ground out COMPLETELY.<\/b> A crack left half removed simply keeps running beneath the weld. The joint is opened <b>to take at least two passes<\/b>. The surface is cleaned of oil, of aluminium left from casting, and of oxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>2. Preheat \u2014 MANDATORY<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>327 \u2013 371 \u00b0C (620\u2013700 \u00b0F)<\/b> per one US source. <b>One European producer gives a minimum of 325 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 <b>the two corroborate each other<\/b>. It must be <b>uniform across the whole part<\/b>, by torch, furnace or heating blanket; local preheat creates fresh stress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>3. Interpass temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Maximum 477 \u00b0C (890 \u00b0F).<\/b> Going above that ceiling puts the part through an unintended tempering cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>4. Filler metal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>In critical areas: a consumable matching the base metal in chemistry and hardness.<\/b> <b>In non-critical areas:<\/b> a lower-strength, more ductile <b>nickel-bearing stainless wire<\/b> may be used \u2014 <b>but that area can never be brought back to base metal hardness<\/b>. <b>TIG wire must be cleaned with light emery before welding<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>5. Consumable storage<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Opened packs of covered electrodes must be kept in a <b>drying cabinet at 49\u2013149 \u00b0C (120\u2013300 \u00b0F)<\/b>. <b>Hydrogen is the primary cause of delayed cracking in a hardenable steel<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>6. Post-weld cooling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Very slow: 19\u201328 \u00b0C per hour (35\u201350 \u00b0F\/h).<\/b> Rapid cooling leaves untempered martensite in the weld metal and the HAZ<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>7. Post-weld tempering \u2014 THE CRITICAL RULE<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The part is heated to 28\u201342 \u00b0C (50\u201375 \u00b0F) BELOW the previous tempering temperature, held 2 hours, cooled slowly to 427 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F), then air cooled.<\/b> <b>The previous tempering temperature is NEVER exceeded<\/b> \u2014 the moment it is, the whole die softens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>What to avoid<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Welding without preheat<\/b> (immediate cracking) \u00b7 <b>skipping the post-weld temper<\/b> (delayed cracking, days later) \u00b7 <b>exceeding the previous tempering temperature<\/b> (the whole die softens) \u00b7 <b>excessive heat input per pass<\/b> (wide HAZ, large distortion)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b12\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining and EDM<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>H11 machines well in the annealed condition<\/b> \u2014 published machinability is <b>75\u201380 % of 1 % carbon steel<\/b>. In the hardened condition (46\u201352 HRC) the work moves to <b>hard turning\/milling, grinding and EDM<\/b>. <b>And EDM is the finishing method that does the most damage in H11.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining \u00b7 Starting Parameters<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Condition to machine in<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Annealed (\u2264229 HB).<\/b> Roughing always before heat treatment; <b>stress relief<\/b> after roughing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Machinability<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>75\u201380 % of 1 % C steel.<\/b> <b>Its lower vanadium makes it a little kinder than H13<\/b>, though the difference is small in practice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Turning (carbide, annealed)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Roughing: 200\u2013250 m\/min<\/b> \u00b7 <b>Finishing: 250\u2013300 m\/min<\/b> (producer data)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Drilling (HSS)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>16\u201318 m\/min<\/b> (producer data)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hard machining (46\u201352 HRC)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">CBN or coated ceramic\/carbide, <b>negative geometry<\/b>, light depth of cut, rigid clamping. <b>No published numerical hard-machining parameters were found in this study<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Polishability<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u201cGood\u201d in the as-supplied condition<\/b> (producer). <b>A low-sulphur, homogeneous quality is excellent for photo-etching and surface texturing<\/b> \u2014 in a plastic injection mould that is itself a reason to select the material<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Grinding<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>After every tempering cycle is complete.<\/b> Over-aggressive grinding leaves <b>tensile residual stress and grinding burn<\/b> at the surface \u2014 which accelerates heat checking<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">EDM and the White Layer (Recast Layer) \u2014 the Step Not to Skip<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>What forms<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">EDM cuts by locally <b>melting and re-solidifying<\/b> the material. What is left at the surface is <b>re-melted metal that has picked up carbon from the dielectric, quenched, and UNTEMPERED martensite<\/b> \u2014 the <b>white layer \/ recast layer<\/b> of the literature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Why it is dangerous<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>It is very hard, very brittle and under TENSILE residual stress.<\/b> Beneath it lies <b>a second, over-tempered and softened layer<\/b>. <b>That pair is a perfect starting point for heat checking<\/b> \u2014 and once the die goes into service the first cracks appear precisely on the EDM surfaces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The correct route \u2014 two steps, both mandatory<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>(1) Remove the white layer MECHANICALLY<\/b> \u2014 grinding, stoning, blasting, or a series of light finishing EDM passes followed by mechanical cleaning. <b>(2) RE-TEMPER the part<\/b> \u2014 just below the final tempering temperature. <b>The producer&#8217;s wording is unambiguous: after EDM, the recast layer must be removed AND the part must be re-tempered<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The common mistake<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Doing only one of the two.<\/b> Removing the white layer but skipping the re-temper leaves the heat-affected zone beneath it untempered. Re-tempering but leaving the white layer keeps the brittle layer in place<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Re-tempering temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>It must stay below the final tempering temperature<\/b> \u2014 otherwise the whole die softens. This is the same rule as in repair welding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b13\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion and WHERE IT FAILS<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">COMPARISON<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">CRITERION: CHEMICAL BANDS READ FROM THE SAME STANDARD TEXT. The band in each column is taken from THE STANDARD THAT COLUMN BELONGS TO (ASTM A681 for H11 and H13, EN ISO 4957 for 1.2344), so the vanadium difference is read under one specification logic. HARDNESS AND STRENGTH FIGURES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES HAVE NOT BEEN PLACED SIDE BY SIDE; the toughness and wear rows are given in the rating language of one producer (voestalpine B\u00d6HLER) across two pages of the same product family (W300 = 1.2343\/H11, W302 = 1.2344\/H13). THE MAIN FINDING OF THE TABLE IS THIS: &#8216;H13&#8217; and &#8216;1.2344&#8217; are two names for THE SAME STEEL under two different standards, but THEIR BANDS ARE NOT IDENTICAL; H11 and H13, by contrast, ARE GENUINELY TWO DIFFERENT GRADES, and the element that makes the difference is VANADIUM.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Grade<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">UNS<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">W.-Nr.<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Carbon<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Chromium<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Molybdenum<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Vanadium<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Silicon<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Secondary hardening<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Toughness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Typical use<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AISI H11 (ASTM A681)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">T20811<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">EN counterpart 1.2343 \/ X37CrMoV5-1 &#8211; CLOSE EQUIVALENT, THE BANDS ARE NOT IDENTICAL (EN band C 0.33-0.41%, V 0.30-0.50%; ASTM band C 0.33-0.43%, V 0.30-0.60%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.33-0.43% (AZoM\/ASM, SteelPRO, Shahnaz, Aobo Steel). DIVERGING SOURCES: Otai 0.35-0.45% \u00b7 Virat Steels 0.30-0.40% &#8211; NO AVERAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">4.75-5.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1.10-1.60%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.30-0.60%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.80-1.20% (AZoM, Shahnaz) \u00b7 0.80-1.25% (Aobo Steel, Otai)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Secondary hardness peak of about 56 HRC at 450-510 \u00b0C (Lucefin, Akrostal, Stauberstahl, Virgamet). Working hardness 40-55 HRC.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The B\u00d6HLER W300 (1.2343) page states &#8216;very high hot toughness&#8217;, &#8216;very good resistance against heat-checkings&#8217; and &#8216;good&#8217; hot hardness.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Chosen where TOUGHNESS and THERMAL SHOCK resistance, not wear, govern. In aerospace it is used as a high strength structural material under AMS 6487 (CEVM\/VAR).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">AISI H13 (ASTM A681)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">T20813<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">EN counterpart 1.2344 \/ X40CrMoV5-1 &#8211; CLOSE EQUIVALENT, THE BANDS ARE NOT IDENTICAL (see the next row)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.32-0.45% (AZoM\/ASM and Otai agree)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">4.75-5.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1.10-1.75%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.80-1.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.80-1.20% (AZoM) \u00b7 0.80-1.25% (Otai)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">It belongs to the same 5% Cr family; its hardening band is higher than H11&#8217;s: B\u00d6HLER gives 1020-1080 \u00b0C for W302 (1020-1030 \u00b0C for die casting) against 1000-1030 \u00b0C for H11.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">The B\u00d6HLER W302 (1.2344) page states &#8216;very high hot toughness&#8217; AND &#8216;VERY HIGH HOT HARDNESS&#8217; with &#8216;high&#8217; wear resistance. On the H11 page hot hardness is rated only &#8216;good&#8217;.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Tech Steel states the difference as follows: H11 contains &#8216;less vanadium than the commonly used H13&#8217;, which gives &#8216;higher toughness, with some reduction in wear resistance and temper resistance&#8217;. SteelPRO gives the same difference as &#8216;H11 provides higher impact resistance than H13 but lower wear resistance&#8217;; Grimm\/Stauberstahl state that 1.2343 has &#8216;higher toughness than 1.2344&#8217;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">X40CrMoV5-1 \/ 1.2344 (EN ISO 4957)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">T20813 (the AISI H13 counterpart)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1.2344<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.35-0.42% (SteelNumber and Otai agree) &#8211; INSIDE the ASTM H13 band (0.32-0.45%) but NARROWER than it<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">4.80-5.50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1.20-1.50% (SteelNumber) \u00b7 1.10-1.50% (Otai) &#8211; THE SOURCES DIVERGE. The ASTM H13 ceiling is 1.75%, so the EN band is narrower.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.85-1.15% (SteelNumber, Otai and Virgamet agree) &#8211; NARROWER than the ASTM H13 band (0.80-1.20%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.80-1.20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">D\u00f6rrenberg gives 1020-1060 \u00b0C hardening and 500-550 \u00b0C tempering for 1.2344; the same producer gives 1000-1050 \u00b0C hardening and 500-550 \u00b0C tempering for 1.2343.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">D\u00f6rrenberg describes 1.2344 as offering &#8216;high strength at elevated temperatures, high hot wear resistance, good toughness&#8217;; the same producer describes 1.2343 as offering &#8216;excellent toughness combined with high thermal stability, high resistance to thermal shocks, good thermal conductivity&#8217;.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1.2344 AND ASTM H13 ARE NOT WRITTEN AS EQUIVALENT: the EN band is narrower than the ASTM band on carbon, molybdenum and vanadium. Material certified to 1.2344 may satisfy an ASTM H13 order; THE REVERSE IS NOT ALWAYS TRUE.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Additional information<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Vanadium difference<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">THE DECIDING DIFFERENCE IS VANADIUM. In the ASTM A681 band H11 carries 0.30-0.60% and H13 0.80-1.20%; in the EN ISO 4957 band 1.2343 carries 0.30-0.50% and 1.2344 0.85-1.15%. H13 therefore carries about TWICE the vanadium of H11. The producers&#8217; nominal values point the same way: B\u00d6HLER W300 (H11) 0.45% and 0.40%, B\u00d6HLER W302 (H13) 0.95%; D\u00f6rrenberg 1.2343 0.40%, 1.2344 1.00%; Carpenter H11 0.45%. Vanadium forms hard, stable VC carbide: it raises wear resistance and tempering resistance and lowers toughness and thermal conductivity. IN PRACTICE: H11 is chosen where impact and thermal shock arrive together (forging dies, hot shear blades, large extrusion tooling, aerospace structure), and H13 where high volume die casting or wear governs. The chromium, molybdenum and silicon bands are almost identical in the two grades; the difference is therefore not &#8216;more alloyed versus less alloyed&#8217; but a direct VANADIUM-FOR-TOUGHNESS TRADE.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Melting practice difference<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">THERE IS A THIRD AXIS AND IT DOES NOT APPEAR IN THE TABLE: MELTING PRACTICE. None of the three columns imposes a melting practice; ASTM A681 and EN ISO 4957 give only chemistry and an annealed hardness ceiling. The REQUIREMENT asked for in aerospace work sits in AMS 6487: &#8216;Consumable Electrode Vacuum Re-Melted&#8217; (CEVM\/VAR) and &#8216;premium aircraft-quality&#8217;. On the producer side, ESR (electroslag remelting) is offered as a commercial upgrade (BGH 1.2343 ESR, ROVALMA 1.2343 ESR, Marks 1.2343 ESU, Schmolz + Bickenbach Thermodur 2343 EFS &#8216;extra fine structure&#8217;); BGH states that &#8216;best toughness properties, that match requirements of modern and filigree tools are achieved by electro slag remelting (ESR)&#8217;. ESR AND VAR ARE NOT THE SAME THING, and an ESR certificate does not satisfy the AMS 6487 requirement.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Ortak sinir<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">ALL THREE ARE HOT WORK TOOL STEELS AND NONE OF THEM IS STAINLESS. Five percent chromium does not form a passive layer. In all three the governing failure mechanism is thermal fatigue (heat checking); in all three a single temper is unacceptable; and in all three, if the quench rate is insufficient, grain boundary carbide precipitation and pearlite form and the Charpy value falls. Choosing the grade solves none of these three problems; it only moves the trade-off point between toughness and wear.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">&#8216;H13&#8217; AND &#8216;1.2344&#8217; ARE NOT TWO DIFFERENT STEELS; they are the same steel named in two standards. They are nevertheless shown as SEPARATE COLUMNS because their bands are not identical &#8211; acceptance is decided by looking at the heat analysis. THE TABLE DOES NOT COMPARE HARDNESS OR TENSILE FIGURES, because the maximum hardness the two grades can reach is similar (both are of the order of 54-56 HRC as quenched). The difference is not in the hardness but in how far up in temperature that hardness is held, and at what cost in toughness. The rating language of the B\u00d6HLER W300 and W302 pages (good \/ high \/ very high) is ONE PRODUCER&#8217;S SINGLE SCALE, which is why it was used for the comparison. Ratings from different producers have NOT been placed side by side.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>H11&#8217;s 5 % chromium is the number people get wrong most often.<\/b> The stainless threshold is <b>around 10.5 % Cr<\/b>; H11 is at half of it. <b>H11 is not stainless, is not corrosion resistant and does rust.<\/b> The chromium is there for <b>hardenability and hot strength<\/b>, not for corrosion.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Where H11 Fails<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Corrosion \u2014 none at all<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>5 % Cr forms no passive film.<\/b> H11 rusts in damp storage, inside water cooling channels and in salt environments. <b>Corrosion inside the cooling channels of a water-cooled die is a real failure mechanism<\/b> \u2014 and <b>a corrosion pit is a starting point for heat checking<\/b>. <b>Water chemistry and channel cleanliness can matter more than the material choice<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Wear resistance \u2014 the weak one in its class<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Vanadium at 0.30\u20130.60 % is about half of H13&#8217;s 0.80\u20131.20 %.<\/b> With fewer MC-type vanadium carbides, <b>abrasive and erosive wear resistance sits below H13&#8217;s<\/b>. <b>If the die is dying by wear, H11 is the wrong choice<\/b> \u2014 go to H13, to a surface treatment, or to a coating<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Above 600 \u00b0C \u2014 rapid softening<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">The published table: <b>46 HRC at a 550 \u00b0C temper, 30 HRC at 650 \u00b0C.<\/b> <b>Sixteen HRC points in a hundred degrees.<\/b> <b>H11 is not a high-temperature alloy<\/b>, and an application carrying continuous load above 600 \u00b0C belongs in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/hastelloy-x\/\">Hastelloy X<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/inconel-718\/\">alloy 718<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/waspaloy\/\">Waspaloy<\/a> class<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Service temperature > tempering temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>The absolute rule, and the one most often broken.<\/b> The part tempers itself in service; hardness falls, dimensions move, and there is no way back<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Hydrogen embrittlement<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>A real risk in structural H11 at the 1793 MPa level.<\/b> Acid cleaning, electroplating and cathodic protection all charge hydrogen in. <b>A post-plating hydrogen bake-out is mandatory in aerospace specifications<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Letting a quenched part stand<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>An H11 part that has come down to 50\u201370 \u00b0C and is then left untempered will crack on its own.<\/b> That is not a material defect but a <b>shop discipline<\/b> problem \u2014 and it is the most common failure in H11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Slow quenching<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>It passes the hardness test and breaks in service.<\/b> Slow cooling precipitates carbides on the grain boundaries and destroys toughness; the hardness check will not show it. <b>Every shop that treats hardness as the acceptance criterion falls into this trap<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>A single temper<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Once-tempered H11 contains untempered martensite.<\/b> It is brittle and dimensionally unstable. <b>Double tempering is not advice but a requirement<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b14\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Our die is dying from a heat-check network. Should we move from H13 to H11?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Check four things before you move; in most cases the problem is not the material.<\/b><br \/><b>1. Is the die being preheated?<\/b> Shooting hot metal into a cold die produces the most severe thermal shock seen in the field and burns a substantial share of the die&#8217;s life in the first hundred shots. <b>2. Was the white layer removed from the EDM surfaces and was the part re-tempered?<\/b> If that step was skipped, your die surface carries <b>an untempered, brittle martensite layer under tensile stress<\/b>, and the first cracks will start there. <b>3. Was the quench fast enough?<\/b> A slowly cooled block passes the hardness test but is low in toughness \u2014 and toughness is heat-checking resistance. <b>4. Is there decarburization?<\/b> Heat treating without a protective atmosphere leaves a soft surface layer, and thermal fatigue starts exactly there.<br \/><b>If all four are clean, the material discussion becomes meaningful.<\/b> <b>Classic tool-steel practice points to H11:<\/b> halve the vanadium and the carbide volume fraction drops, fracture toughness rises, and the crack both starts later and runs slower. <b>But let us be honest:<\/b> some current commercial sources argue the exact opposite \u2014 that H13&#8217;s higher hot hardness makes it superior \u2014 and <b>we could not find a peer-reviewed dataset measuring the two on the same rig<\/b>.<br \/><b>Our suggestion points elsewhere:<\/b> instead of going from H13 to classic H11, look at a <b>MODIFIED H11<\/b>. A silicon-reduced, VAR- or ESR-melted, premium-class 1.2343 derivative can deliver <b>80\u2013100 J Charpy V<\/b> at room temperature \u2014 against the <b>13.6\u201333.9 J<\/b> published for classic H11. <b>Three to seven times the toughness is a far bigger prize than half a point of vanadium.<\/b> And the producer reports that this toughness lets the tool run at <b>2 HRC higher working hardness without loss of toughness<\/b>, which <b>limits the formation of thermal fatigue cracks<\/b>. <b>Upgrade the class, not the grade.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The heat treater&#8217;s report says 52 HRC and the die broke anyway. How?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Because hardness is NOT an acceptance criterion in H11. Toughness is, and hardness does not measure it.<\/b><br \/>There are at least three ways of arriving at the right hardness by the <b>wrong route<\/b>, and all three pass a hardness test:<br \/><b>1. Slow quenching.<\/b> If cooling is too slow, <b>carbides precipitate on the grain boundaries<\/b> on the way down from austenite. The matrix still hardens \u2014 the hardness holds \u2014 but the grain boundaries have been weakened. <b>Fracture then comes along the grain boundaries, without warning.<\/b> That is exactly why the die-casting world imposes a minimum cooling rate.<br \/><b>2. A single temper.<\/b> H11 carries appreciable <b>retained austenite<\/b> after quenching. The first temper destabilises it and, on cooling, converts it to <b>fresh, untempered martensite<\/b>. <b>The part leaves the furnace carrying brittle, never-tempered martensite inside it<\/b> \u2014 and its hardness reads correctly for exactly that reason. <b>The second temper exists to temper that fresh martensite and cannot be skipped.<\/b><br \/><b>3. Austenitizing too high.<\/b> At 1030\u20131040 \u00b0C hardness and hot strength rise, <b>but the austenite grain coarsens and toughness falls<\/b>. None of that appears on a hardness report.<br \/><b>And there is a fourth, very insidious possibility:<\/b> the part may have been left standing at room temperature before tempering. <b>As-quenched H11 must go to tempering immediately once it reaches 50\u201370 \u00b0C<\/b>; left standing, it cracks on its own, and that crack can be too fine to see.<br \/><b>What to ask for:<\/b> not a hardness report but <b>(a) the cooling curve or a record of the minimum cooling rate, (b) the number of tempering cycles with the time and temperature of each, (c) confirmation that intermediate cooling went all the way to room temperature, (d) the austenitizing temperature and (e) a Charpy specimen where possible.<\/b> <b>Do not have a critical die treated by a heat treater who will not supply these.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Our aerospace customer wants AMS 6487 and we hold ASTM A681 H11. Can we use it?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>No \u2014 and the reason comes in three layers.<\/b><br \/><b>First layer: the carbon band.<\/b> In ASTM A681 H11 carbon is <b>0.33\u20130.43 %<\/b>. In AMS 6487 it is <b>0.38\u20130.43 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>the upper half of that band only<\/b>. If your material came in at 0.34 % carbon it is fully compliant with ASTM and <b>outside AMS 6487<\/b>. And that is not an academic detail: structural use targets <b>strength above 260 ksi (1793 MPa)<\/b>, which cannot be reliably reached with carbon at the bottom of the band.<br \/><b>Second layer: the melt route.<\/b> AMS 6487 says <b>Consumable Electrode Vacuum Re-Melted<\/b> \u2014 <b>VAR is mandatory<\/b>. ASTM A681 imposes no melt route at all. <b>That condition governs more than the chemistry does<\/b>: in a structural steel at the 1793 MPa level, an inclusion is a direct fatigue crack initiator and heat treatment cannot remove it.<br \/><b>Third layer: the inspection and traceability regime.<\/b> Aerospace material arrives with heat number traceability, an inspection level and release documentation. <b>A block on a die shop&#8217;s rack does not carry that chain, however identical its chemistry.<\/b><br \/><b>Watch the reverse direction too:<\/b> AMS 6487 material <b>can<\/b> be used in place of ASTM A681 H11 (it is narrower and cleaner) \u2014 but doing so is almost always <b>money wasted<\/b>. An aluminium die casting die gains nothing from VAR melting; what it needs is <b>NADCA-class cleanliness and verified toughness<\/b>, not aerospace traceability. <b>Keep the two worlds apart: AMS is for aerospace, NADCA is for tooling, and ASTM A681 is the common floor beneath both.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The price gap between H11 and H13 is small. Why not just always buy H13?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>For most work you genuinely can \u2014 and most of the sector already does.<\/b> H13 is the world standard for aluminium die casting, it has the widest availability, it sits at the centre of the NADCA acceptance criteria and its heat-treatment window is the best understood of any grade. <b>For a job you do not know, the default should be H13.<\/b><br \/><b>There are four situations where you should specifically look for H11:<\/b><br \/><b>1. Very heavy section.<\/b> As section grows, cooling rate falls and toughness gives way. Low-vanadium H11 is tougher than H13 at the same section. <b>On large forging dies and heavy blocks H11 is still preferred.<\/b><br \/><b>2. Severe thermal shock and\/or water cooling.<\/b> Classic tool-steel practice points to H11 here, and one US source states explicitly for H11 that it <i>\u201cpermits water cooling in service\u201d<\/i>.<br \/><b>3. The die is dying by breaking in one go.<\/b> A large crack, a corner breaking out, a full separation \u2014 <b>these are toughness failures, not wear failures<\/b>, and the answer is to reduce H13&#8217;s vanadium, not to increase it.<br \/><b>4. Aerospace structural use.<\/b> That sits outside this argument altogether: there the choice is not H13 but <b>AMS 6487 H11<\/b>, and it has no alternative.<br \/><b>Conversely, the case where you should NOT reach for H11 is just as clear:<\/b> if the die is dying by wear (dimensional loss, rounded edges, erosive washout), <b>H11&#8217;s lower vanadium takes you further in the wrong direction<\/b>. <b>The decision criterion is not the price gap but the way the die dies<\/b> \u2014 and you read that off the surface of the die you just scrapped.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Common datasheet errors \u2014 check before you order<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. AMS 6485 and AMS 6488 listed as if still current.<\/b> <b>AMS 6485H was CANCELLED in October 2006; AMS 6488H in January 2008.<\/b> The current H11 aerospace specification is <b>AMS 6487<\/b> (rev. M, 2021). <b>A datasheet listing those two has not been updated in at least fifteen years \u2014 treat everything else on it with the same suspicion.<\/b><br \/><b>2. The sentence \u201cH11 and H13 are effectively the same steel\u201d.<\/b> <b>WRONG.<\/b> Vanadium is <b>0.30\u20130.60 % against 0.80\u20131.20 %<\/b> \u2014 <b>roughly double<\/b>. That is the only difference and it changes the whole balance of wear, toughness and heat checking.<br \/><b>3. Thermal conductivity given as 42.2 W\/m\u00b7K.<\/b> <b>It is an outlier.<\/b> Two independent European producers publish <b>24.9\u201325 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b> at 20 \u00b0C. <b>Do not use 42.2<\/b> \u2014 and it is a large enough error to double your die cooling calculation.<br \/><b>4. Publishing a single \u201ctempering curve\u201d.<\/b> H11&#8217;s hardness\u2013tempering curve <b>shifts with the austenitizing temperature<\/b>. One source puts the secondary hardening peak at about <b>400 \u00b0C<\/b>; another shows a far flatter curve still at about 47 HRC at 600 \u00b0C. <b>A tempering table that does not state the austenitizing temperature, the specimen diameter and the number of cycles is unusable.<\/b><br \/><b>5. Writing \u201cdouble tempering is recommended\u201d.<\/b> <b>It is not recommended, it is REQUIRED.<\/b> The first temper converts retained austenite into fresh, untempered martensite; the second temper exists to temper it. <b>On the aerospace route the number of cycles is THREE.<\/b><br \/><b>6. Conflating the stress-relief temperatures.<\/b> Stress relief <b>before hardening<\/b> (350 \u00b0C up to 600\u2013670 \u00b0C depending on the source) and stress relief <b>after hardening<\/b> (28\u201342 \u00b0C below the final tempering temperature) <b>are not the same operation<\/b>. Confusing them softens a hardened part.<br \/><b>7. Giving a single soft-annealing temperature.<\/b> Published values scatter across <b>750\u2013800, 800\u2013810, 850 and 871 \u00b0C<\/b>. <b>Do not average them<\/b>; follow the sheet of the producer you are actually buying from. <b>The common acceptance criterion is the outcome: annealed hardness \u2264229 HB.<\/b><br \/><b>8. Publishing a Charpy value without qualification.<\/b> The band published for classic H11 is <b>13.6\u201333.9 J<\/b>; for a modified\/premium H11 it is <b>about 80\u2013100 J<\/b>. <b>Three to seven times.<\/b> Without the hardness, the tempering temperature, the specimen orientation and the quality class, a toughness number is meaningless.<br \/><b>9. The sentence \u201cit contains 5 % chromium, so it is corrosion resistant\u201d.<\/b> <b>WRONG.<\/b> The stainless threshold is <b>around 10.5 % Cr<\/b>. <b>H11 rusts.<\/b> The chromium is there for hardenability and hot strength.<br \/><b>10. Skipping the post-EDM step.<\/b> The white (recast) layer must <b>both be removed mechanically AND be followed by re-tempering<\/b>. Doing one and skipping the other leaves half the damage in place.<br \/><b>11. Reading \u201cair hardening\u201d as \u201ccan be cooled slowly\u201d.<\/b> <b>A dangerous misreading.<\/b> H11 hardens in air, but <b>slow cooling precipitates grain-boundary carbides and destroys toughness<\/b> \u2014 and the hardness test will not show it.<br \/><b>12. Assuming it is harmless to let a quenched part stand.<\/b> <b>An H11 part that has reached 50\u201370 \u00b0C must go straight to tempering<\/b>; left standing, it cracks on its own.<br \/><b>13. Treating ASTM A681 and AMS 6487 as equivalent.<\/b> AMS 6487 <b>narrows carbon to 0.38\u20130.43 %<\/b> and <b>mandates VAR<\/b>. <b>Every AMS 6487 is an A681 H11; not every A681 H11 is an AMS 6487.<\/b><br \/><b>14. Confusing the EN designation.<\/b> The current EN name is <b>X37CrMoV5-1<\/b>. <b>X38CrMoV5-1<\/b> circulates as an older or alternative designation; <b>X40CrMoV5-1 is 1.2344, that is H13<\/b> \u2014 a completely different grade.<br \/><b>15. Mistaking a producer nominal for the standard band.<\/b> Five producers, all selling \u201cH11\u201d, publish carbon between <b>0.36 and 0.40<\/b>, silicon between <b>0.3 and 1.1<\/b> and vanadium between <b>0.40 and 0.50<\/b>. <b>In a die-life comparison, a claim of \u201cthe same material\u201d without a producer name is meaningless.<\/b><br \/><b>16. Leaving the temperature claims unlabelled.<\/b> <b>538 \u00b0C<\/b> is a <b>resistance-to-softening<\/b> figure; <b>427\u2013649 \u00b0C<\/b> is a <b>creep and rupture strength<\/b> range; and the <b>service temperature limit<\/b> is whatever <b>tempering temperature<\/b> you chose. <b>Three different numbers, three different meanings \u2014 label each one.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">300M<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aermet-100\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AerMet 100<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-4340\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 4340<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-350\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Maraging 350<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/alloy-steels\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All alloy steels \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"H11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"AISI H11 (UNS T20811 \/ W.Nr. 1.2343 \/ EN X37CrMoV5-1) is a 5 % chromium, air-hardening hot-work tool steel: nominally 0.38 C \u2013 5.0 Cr \u2013 1.3 Mo \u2013 0.4 V \u2013 1.0 Si.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"H11\",\"description\":\"AISI H11 (UNS T20811 \/ W.Nr. 1.2343 \/ EN X37CrMoV5-1) is a 5 % chromium, air-hardening hot-work tool steel: nominally 0.38 C \u2013 5.0 Cr \u2013 1.3 Mo \u2013 0.4 V \u2013 1.0 Si.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS T20811\",\"W.Nr. 1.2343\",\"X37CrMoV5-1\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"T20811\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"1.2343\"}],\"additionalProperty\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"name\":\"DIN \/ EN designation\",\"value\":\"X37CrMoV5-1\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H11 \/ AMS 6487 \/ AMS 6437 DEFENCE METAL H11 UNS T20811 \u00b7 W.Nr. 1.2343 \u00b7 EN ISO 4957 X37CrMoV5-1 (former DIN name X38CrMoV5-1) \u00b7 JIS SKD6 \u00b7 BS BH11 \u00b7 ~5% Cr &#8211; 1.3% Mo &#8211; 0.4% V &#8211; C ~0.37%. THIS IS A 5% CHROMIUM HOT WORK TOOL STEEL. EN ISO 4957 band &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;H11&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H11 \/ AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H11 (UNS T20811) \u2014 AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487. Chromium hot-work steel holding about 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C, used for landing gear parts.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,9],"class_list":["post-3557","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>H11 \/ AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H11 (UNS T20811) \u2014 AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487. Chromium hot-work steel holding about 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C, used for landing gear parts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"H11 \/ AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487 | Defence Metal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"H11 (UNS T20811) \u2014 AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487. Chromium hot-work steel holding about 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C, used for landing gear parts.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Defence Metal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-25T13:30:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"67 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/index.php\\\/en\\\/h11\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/index.php\\\/en\\\/h11\\\/\",\"name\":\"H11 \\\/ AMS 6485 \\\/ AMS 6487 | Defence Metal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-16T08:00:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T13:30:43+00:00\",\"description\":\"H11 (UNS T20811) \u2014 AMS 6485 \\\/ AMS 6487. Chromium hot-work steel holding about 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C, used for landing gear parts.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/index.php\\\/en\\\/h11\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/index.php\\\/en\\\/h11\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/index.php\\\/en\\\/h11\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/index.php\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"H11\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"description\":\"for better produce !\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/cropped-logopngson.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/cropped-logopngson.png\",\"width\":3846,\"height\":649,\"caption\":\"Defence Metal\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.defencemetal.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/defencemetal\"],\"description\":\"Havac\u0131l\u0131k, savunma, enerji ve makine sekt\u00f6rleri i\u00e7in paslanmaz \u00e7elik, nikel ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, titanyum, al\u00fcminyum ve ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik tedarik eden \u00f6zel ala\u015f\u0131m tedarik\u00e7isi.\",\"email\":\"info@defencemetal.com\",\"telephone\":\"+90 216 709 74 41\",\"legalName\":\"Defence Metal\",\"address\":{\"@type\":\"PostalAddress\",\"streetAddress\":\"Cevizli Mah. Mustafa Kemal Cad. Hukuk\u00e7ular Towers A Blok No:66A \u0130\u00e7 Kap\u0131 No:111\",\"addressLocality\":\"Kartal\",\"addressRegion\":\"\u0130stanbul\",\"postalCode\":\"34865\",\"addressCountry\":\"TR\"},\"contactPoint\":{\"@type\":\"ContactPoint\",\"contactType\":\"sales\",\"telephone\":\"+90 216 709 74 41\",\"email\":\"info@defencemetal.com\",\"areaServed\":\"TR\",\"availableLanguage\":[\"Turkish\",\"English\"]}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"H11 \/ AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487 | Defence Metal","description":"H11 (UNS T20811) \u2014 AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487. Chromium hot-work steel holding about 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C, used for landing gear parts.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"H11 \/ AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487 | Defence Metal","og_description":"H11 (UNS T20811) \u2014 AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487. Chromium hot-work steel holding about 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C, used for landing gear parts.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/","og_site_name":"Defence Metal","article_modified_time":"2026-09-25T13:30:43+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"67 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/","url":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/","name":"H11 \/ AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487 | Defence Metal","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-09-16T08:00:01+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-25T13:30:43+00:00","description":"H11 (UNS T20811) \u2014 AMS 6485 \/ AMS 6487. Chromium hot-work steel holding about 1900 MPa up to 538 \u00b0C, used for landing gear parts.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/h11\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"H11"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/","name":"Defence Metal","description":"for better produce !","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/#organization","name":"Defence Metal","url":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/cropped-logopngson.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/cropped-logopngson.png","width":3846,"height":649,"caption":"Defence Metal"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/defencemetal"],"description":"Havac\u0131l\u0131k, savunma, enerji ve makine sekt\u00f6rleri i\u00e7in paslanmaz \u00e7elik, nikel ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, titanyum, al\u00fcminyum ve ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik tedarik eden \u00f6zel ala\u015f\u0131m tedarik\u00e7isi.","email":"info@defencemetal.com","telephone":"+90 216 709 74 41","legalName":"Defence Metal","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"Cevizli Mah. Mustafa Kemal Cad. Hukuk\u00e7ular Towers A Blok No:66A \u0130\u00e7 Kap\u0131 No:111","addressLocality":"Kartal","addressRegion":"\u0130stanbul","postalCode":"34865","addressCountry":"TR"},"contactPoint":{"@type":"ContactPoint","contactType":"sales","telephone":"+90 216 709 74 41","email":"info@defencemetal.com","areaServed":"TR","availableLanguage":["Turkish","English"]}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3557"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6191,"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3557\/revisions\/6191"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3526"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"dm_sektor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dm_sektor?post=3557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}