{"id":3553,"date":"2026-09-16T10:59:09","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T07:59:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T16:30:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T13:30:50","slug":"maraging-250","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/","title":{"rendered":"Maraging 250"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- dm-hap --><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"dm-ust-baslik\" style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif !important;text-transform:none !important;font-size:27px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;margin:0 0 10px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\">Maraging 250 \/ (1.6359) \/ UNS K92890 \/ AMS 6512<\/h1>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;padding:14px 16px 12px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;line-height:1.25;\">Maraging 250<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;font-size:12.5px;color:#b9cfdb;line-height:1.5;margin-top:5px;word-wrap:break-word;\">UNS K92890 \u00b7 W.Nr. 1.6359 \u00b7 X2NiCoMo18-8-5 \u00b7 18Ni(250) \/ C250 \u00b7 BS S162 \u00b7 17.0-19.0% Ni \u2013 7.0-8.5% Co \u2013 4.6-5.2% Mo \u2013 0.30-0.50% Ti \u2013 0.05-0.15% Al \u2013 C \u2264 0.03%<\/div>\n<div data-dmkars-blok=\"1\" style=\"border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);margin-top:13px;padding-top:11px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7f9fb0;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px;\">Not to be confused with<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/15\/maraging-250-maraging-300-difference\/\" data-dmkars=\"1\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:4px 11px;border:1px solid rgba(36,190,229,.45);background:rgba(36,190,229,.12);border-radius:99px;margin:0 6px 6px 0;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;color:#9fe2f7;text-decoration:none;\">Maraging 300<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">For what<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">An essentially carbon-free iron-nickel martensitic precipitation-hardening steel; it hardens by intermetallic precipitation, not by carbides.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Forms<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Standards<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6512<\/b> (bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, rings, forging stock \u2014 consumable electrode vacuum melted, annealed) \u00b7 <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6520<\/b> (sheet, strip, plate \u2014 consumable electrode melted, solution heat treated) \u00b7 MIL-S-46850 (250 ksi class; bar, plate, sheet, strip, forgings, extrusions) \u00b7 ASTM A538 Grade B (MAR-18-250, pressure vessel plate \u2014 the standard is no longer active) \u00b7 W.Nr. 1.6359 \/ X2NiCoMo18-8-5 \u00b7 BS S162 \u00b7 DTD 5212<br \/><span style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:#7b8f9b;line-height:1.6;display:inline-block;margin-top:6px;\">The AMS numbers have been verified against the grade, because they are frequently confused in the trade. The nominal compositions in the SAE title records are: AMS 6512 = 18Ni-7.8Co-4.9Mo-0.40Ti (Maraging 250), AMS 6514 = 18.5Ni-9.0Co-4.9Mo-0.65Ti (Maraging\u2026<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Advantage<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">The part is machined to finished size soft, then hardened, and its dimensions barely move. In the solution annealed condition it is 28-35 HRC and is machined in that state; 3-6 hours at 480-510 \u00b0C raises it to 48-52 HRC with no quench.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#F7FAFB;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Welding<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;\">Filler metal: maraging wire of approximately the same composition as the base metal; for Maraging 300 the verified AMS number is <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6463<\/b> (18.5Ni-8.5Co-5.2Mo-0.72Ti-0.10Al, vacuum melted).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\n<div style=\"flex:0 0 118px;padding:11px 14px;background:#fdeceb;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#c0392b;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;\">Limits<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 230px;min-width:0;padding:11px 14px;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d5260;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;background:#fdeceb;\">It is not stainless. It contains no chromium and does not exhibit passive behaviour in 3% NaCl; it rusts like carbon steel in the atmosphere and in marine environments and must be protected (cadmium plating, phosphating, paint or similar). Carpenter data sheets classify its corrosion resistance as &#8216;Humidity Restricted&#8217;;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;background:#dd3333;color:#ffffff;\">REQUEST A QUOTE<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/alloy-steels\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;font-weight:600;border:1px solid #12303f;color:#12303f;\">All alloy steels &rarr;<\/a><span data-dm=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 6px 0;border:1px solid #dd3333;color:#dd3333;\">TECHNICAL DETAILS &darr;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:9px 14px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-size:11.5px;color:#8a9aa4;line-height:1.5;\">Compiled from manufacturer data sheets \u00b7 confirm against the current specification before ordering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-hap --><!-- dm-nav --><\/p>\n<style>h4[id^=\"dm-b\"]{scroll-margin-top:120px}#dm-teknik{scroll-margin-top:120px}<\/style>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 22px;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6b8091;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:9px;\">On this page &middot; click to jump<\/div>\n<div><span data-dm=\"dm-b0\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">What Maraging 250 Is<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b1\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Standards by Product Form<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b2\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">ASME Code Acceptance and Pressure-Equipment Status<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b3\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Product Forms With NO Standard<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b4\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Chemical Composition<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b5\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Mechanical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b6\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Physical Properties<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b7\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b8\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Welding<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b9\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Machining<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b10\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Corrosion<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b11\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><span data-dm=\"dm-b12\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;padding:5px 11px;border:1px solid #dfe6ea;background:#F7FAFB;margin:0 6px 7px 0;font-size:13px;color:#12303f;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Traps<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){function go(id){var e=document.getElementById(id);if(e){var s=document.scrollingElement||document.documentElement;var y=e.getBoundingClientRect().top+s.scrollTop-118;if(y-0-0-0-0!==y){y=0;}window.scrollTo(0,y);}}function bind(el){el.addEventListener(\"click\",function(ev){ev.preventDefault();go(el.getAttribute(\"data-dm\"));});}function init(){var l=document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-dm]\");Array.prototype.forEach.call(l,bind);if(location.hash){if(location.hash.indexOf(\"#dm-\")===0){try{history.replaceState(null,\"\",location.pathname+location.search);}catch(e){}window.scrollTo(0,0);setTimeout(function(){window.scrollTo(0,0);},80);}}}if(document.readyState===\"loading\"){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",init);}else{init();}})();<\/script><!-- \/dm-nav --><br \/>\n<span id=\"dm-teknik\" style=\"display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;\"><\/span><br \/>\nMaraging 250 is the C250 class of an iron-nickel based, age-hardened family of ultra high strength steels. Within the alloy steel group it belongs to a special set in which strength comes not from carbon but from intermetallic precipitates; its UNS designation is K92890 and its material number 1.6359. It is also known as Udimar 250 and Vascomax C250.<\/p>\n<p>The distinguishing feature of maraging steels is that they machine easily in the solution treated (soft) condition and are then taken above 1750 MPa by a simple low temperature ageing treatment. Because ageing is carried out at around 480 \u00b0C, distortion and dimensional change are very low, which is a major advantage in parts held to tight tolerances.<\/p>\n<p>Strength comes from the fine intermetallic precipitates formed by 17-19% nickel together with 7-8.5% cobalt and 4.6-5.2% molybdenum. The carbon content is held below 0.03%. The material shows high resistance to crack propagation and its transverse properties are also good.<\/p>\n<p>It is used in missile and launch systems, in wing slat tracks and in drive shafts. It is supplied as bar, billet, forging stock and in powder metallurgy forms.<\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-tablo\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 Maraging 250<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ni \u2014 Nickel<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">17.0-19.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Co \u2014 Cobalt<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">7.0-8.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Mo \u2014 Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">4.6-5.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Ti \u2014 Titanium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">0.3-0.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Al \u2014 Aluminium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">0.05-0.15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Cr \u2014 Chromium<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cu \u2014 Copper<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Mn \u2014 Manganese<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Si \u2014 Silicon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">C \u2014 Carbon<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">max 0.03%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">P \/ S<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">max 0.010%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fe \u2014 Iron<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-mekanik\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties \u00b7 Maraging 250<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Condition<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">480 \u00b0C after ageing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Tensile strength R<sub>m<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">min 1758 MPa (255 ksi)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield strength R<sub>p0.2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">min 1724 MPa (250 ksi)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Elongation (4D)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">min 6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u2265 48 HRC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-std\" style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards and Equivalents \u00b7 Maraging 250<\/div>\n<div data-dmtw=\"1\" style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;overflow-x:auto;\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Trade name<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Maraging 250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">UNS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">K92890<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">W.Nr (DIN\/EN)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">1.6359<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">AMS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">6512<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Available forms<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Round bar \u00b7 Flat bar \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Sheet \u00b7 Tube \u00b7 Forgings<br \/><span style=\"font-size:13px;color:#6b7a84;\">All forms are supplied to order.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-ic-baglanti\" style=\"margin:28px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\"><span style=\"color:#DD3333;font-weight:700;\">\u2192<\/span> Contact us for Maraging 250 stock availability, sizes and AMS 6512 certified supply.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/contact\/\" style=\"display:inline-block;background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;padding:9px 16px;text-decoration:none;\">Request a quote<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b0\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">What Maraging 250 Is \u2014 and Exactly Where It Sits in the 18Ni Family<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-kars --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">COMPARISON<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:10px 14px 0;font-size:12.5px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;\">The three grades are compared along one heat treatment route: solution annealing at 815-820 \u00b0C with air cooling, followed by aging at 480-510 \u00b0C with air cooling. Composition bands are taken from the nominal compositions in the AMS 6512 \/ 6514 \/ 6515 title records together with producer and specification bands; aged strength and hardness are given as the enclosing range of the values published by several independent sources for the same condition (solution annealed plus aged). No single producer&#8217;s typical table is used on its own, and the scatter between sources is left visible as a range. The molybdenum band is the same in all three grades; what changes is cobalt and titanium.<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Grade<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">AMS<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Cobalt<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Molybdenum<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Titanium<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Carbon<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Melting practice<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Aged yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Aged tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness HRC<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Maraging 250 (18Ni-250 \u00b7 UNS K92890 \u00b7 1.6359)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AMS 6512 (bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, rings) \u00b7 AMS 6520 (sheet, strip, plate)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">7.0-8.5% (AMS nominal 7.8%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">4.6-5.2% (AMS nominal 4.9%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.30-0.50% (AMS nominal 0.40%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.03% max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Consumable electrode vacuum melted (VIM + VAR)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1700-1760<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1760-1860<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">48-52<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">6-11%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">The toughest of the three grades; highest fracture toughness and best stress corrosion behaviour.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Maraging 300 (18Ni-300 \u00b7 UNS K93120 \u00b7 1.6358)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">AMS 6514 (bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, rings) \u00b7 AMS 6521 (sheet, strip, plate) \u00b7 AMS 6463 (welding wire)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">8.5-9.5% (AMS nominal 9.0%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">4.6-5.2% (AMS nominal 4.9%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.50-0.80% (AMS nominal 0.65%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">0.03% max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Consumable electrode vacuum melted (VIM + VAR)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1930-2135<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">2000-2170<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">50-55<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">7-11%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">Cobalt and titanium are raised relative to grade 250; yield strength rises by roughly 300 MPa while elongation falls.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Maraging 350 (18Ni-350 \u00b7 UNS K93160)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">AMS 6515 (bars, forgings, tubing, rings \u2014 double vacuum melted)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">11.5-12.5% (AMS nominal 12.0%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">4.6-5.2% (AMS nominal 4.9%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1.30-1.60% (AMS nominal 1.40%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">0.03% max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Double vacuum melted (required by AMS 6515)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2275-2320<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">2310-2415<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">53-58<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">6-8%<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Titanium is about 3.5 times that of grade 250. It is the grade most susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (NASA report); there is no verified AMS number for sheet or plate.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">Raising cobalt from 7.8% to 12.0% and titanium from 0.40% to 1.40% lifts the aged yield strength from about 1700 MPa to over 2300 MPa and hardness from 48 HRC to around 55 HRC. The molybdenum band is 4.6-5.2% in all three grades; what raises strength is not the molybdenum level but the density of intermetallic precipitates produced by the higher cobalt and titanium. The cost: elongation falls from about 11% to 6%, reduction of area for grade 350 is quoted as low as 25%, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking rises with strength (the NASA report ranks grade 350 as the most susceptible), and the alloy cost rises with cobalt content. The strength and hardness figures in a row are not the minimums of a single specification; they are the enclosing range of values published by independent sources for the same heat treatment condition. Order to the specification minimum. Sources give the aged hardness of grade 350 between 53 HRC (Dynamic Metals) and 55-60 HRC (SSA Corp); the table therefore shows a range rather than a single number.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-kars --><!-- dm-diy-sert --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STRENGTH BY AGEING CONDITION<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 98\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"34\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Yield (MPa)<\/text><rect x=\"146\" y=\"6\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Tensile (MPa)<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Solution annealed + aged (480-510 \u00b0C \/ 3-6 h \/ air)<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"50\" width=\"652.0\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#7fa8bd\"\/><text x=\"675.0\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1760<\/text><rect x=\"16\" y=\"68\" width=\"629.8\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"652.8\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">1700<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Condition<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Hardness<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Tensile MPa<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Elongation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Solution annealed (815-820 \u00b0C \/ air) \u2014 as-delivered<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">34 max<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Solution annealed + aged (480-510 \u00b0C \/ 3-6 h \/ air)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">48-52<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1700-1760<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">1760-1860<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">6-11%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\"><b style=\"color:#12303f;\">The rows are NOT the minimums of a single specification. They are the enclosing range of values published by several independent sources (producer data sheets, specification title records, government laboratory reports) for the same heat treatment condition. Order to the specification minimum.<\/b> In the chart, a value given as a range is drawn at its lower bound; the full range is in the table. The hardness and strength band shifts within itself with aging temperature and time; the order specification must state the aging condition. No strength values are given for the solution annealed condition: a common yield\/tensile band confirmed by 4 independent sources could not be established for that condition, only the hardness band.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-sert --><!-- dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">HEAT TREATMENT \u2014 SCHEMATIC<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:14px 12px 4px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;align-items:stretch;\">\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">1 \u00b7 SOLUTION TREATMENT<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">815-820 \u00b0C (1500 \u00b0F)<br \/>1 hour (depending on section thickness; producer data sheets state a minimum of 30 minutes)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#c0392b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">2 \u00b7 COOL<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">air cool to room temperature<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex:1 1 180px;min-width:150px;background:#1b7f4b;color:#fff;padding:12px 14px;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;line-height:1.35;\">3 \u00b7 AGEING<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;margin-top:4px;opacity:.88;\">see the table below<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 10px 0;\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 740 148\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\"><line x1=\"70\" y1=\"68\" x2=\"690\" y2=\"68\" stroke=\"#9fb0ba\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"70.0\" y1=\"68\" x2=\"70.0\" y2=\"42\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"70.0\" cy=\"68\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"70.0\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Aging<\/text><text x=\"70.0\" y=\"19\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">480 \u00b0C<\/text><line x1=\"670.0\" y1=\"68\" x2=\"670.0\" y2=\"42\" stroke=\"#c7d2d9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"670.0\" cy=\"68\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#12303f\"\/><text x=\"670.0\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Aging<\/text><text x=\"670.0\" y=\"19\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" fill=\"#5b7180\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">510 \u00b0C<\/text><text x=\"370\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#12303f\" font-family=\"Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif\">Ageing temperature (\u00b0C)<\/text><\/svg><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Solution treatment<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Solution anneal \u2014 soft martensite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">815-820 \u00b0C (1500 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">1 hour (depending on section thickness; producer data sheets state a minimum of 30 minutes)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">air cool to room temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">28-35 HRC (soft, heavily dislocated Fe-Ni lath martensite; machining is done in this condition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Aging \u2014 common practice<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Aging \u2014 common practice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3-6 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">air<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">48-52 HRC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:6px 0 6px;\">Aging \u2014 full published band<\/div>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">Aging \u2014 full published band<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">480-510 \u00b0C (900-950 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">3-6 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Cooling<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">air<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:34%;vertical-align:top;\">Resulting hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">48-52 HRC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">The diagram is schematic; the time axis is not to scale. No published TTT or CCT curve was used for Maraging 250\/300\/350. Hardening is not by carbide precipitation but by intermetallic precipitation: aging forms Ni3Mo, eta-Ni3Ti and, at long times, Fe2Mo \/ Fe7Mo6 nanoprecipitates. Carbon is held to 0.03% max, and this is deliberate: carbon would form TiC with the titanium and reduce impact strength, ductility and toughness. There is no quench in the solution treatment. Air cooling gives soft martensite directly; there is no critical cooling rate for hardening, so heavy sections take the same structure right through. The aging temperature also fixes the upper service temperature: a part aged at 480-510 \u00b0C will continue to age, and then overage, at service temperatures approaching that band. Dimensional change on aging is small: sources give a uniform contraction of roughly 0.05% to 0.10% on all dimensions, and because there is no quench no distortion is reported. For the numerical value see the &#8216;celiskiler&#8217; section.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-isil --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Maraging 250 (18Ni-250 \/ <b>UNS K92890<\/b> \/ W.Nr. <b>1.6359<\/b> \/ EN <b>X2NiCoMo18-8-5<\/b>) is an iron-nickel-cobalt-molybdenum alloy that hardens not through carbon but through <b>intermetallic precipitation<\/b>. The 250 in the name denotes the nominal <b>250 ksi (1724 MPa) yield class<\/b> in the aged condition \u2014 the yield, not the tensile; within this family the number names the <b>yield strength<\/b>. Trade names include <b>Vascomax C250<\/b>, <b>Marval 18<\/b>, <b>B\u00d6HLER V250<\/b>, <b>ATI C-250<\/b> and <b>Marvac 250<\/b>. Three things must be understood from the outset: it is <b>not stainless<\/b>, it is <b>not an ASME pressure-vessel code material<\/b>, and it belongs to an <b>export-controlled, dual-use material family<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The alloy&#8217;s distinguishing property in one sentence: <b>it is the only common class of engineering steel that reaches a 1700 MPa yield with no quench, no preheat and essentially no distortion.<\/b> It is machined, welded and cold formed soft; a simple air-cooled furnace cycle of a few hours at 480 \u00b0C then doubles its strength. What you buy is not the strength \u2014 it is <b>the way the strength is obtained<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The 18Ni family: what actually changes as the number rises<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The family has four steps and the design logic is visible in a single line: <b>cobalt and titanium rise together, molybdenum stays nearly constant, and carbon is close to zero at every step.<\/b> Titanium is the direct fuel for the <b>Ni\u2083Ti<\/b> precipitate; cobalt forms no precipitate of its own \u2014 it lowers the solubility of molybdenum in the matrix and therefore <b>forces more Mo to precipitate as Ni\u2083Mo and Fe\u2082Mo<\/b>. That is why cobalt and titanium are raised together, and why <b>every step buys strength with toughness<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">The 18Ni Maraging Family \u00b7 What Changes, Step by Step<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>18Ni-200<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Co <b>8\u20139%<\/b> \u00b7 Ti <b>0.15\u20130.25%<\/b> \u00b7 Mo 3.0\u20133.5% \u00b7 yield <b>~1379 MPa<\/b>. The toughest, lowest-strength member of the family<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>18Ni-250<\/b><br \/>(this page)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Co <b>7.0\u20138.5%<\/b> \u00b7 Ti <b>0.30\u20130.50%<\/b> \u00b7 Mo 4.6\u20135.2% \u00b7 yield <b>~1724 MPa<\/b>. <b>Cobalt is actually slightly LOWER than in the 200 grade; the step up is made by molybdenum (3.2% \u2192 4.8%) and titanium (0.2% \u2192 0.4%).<\/b> This is the most frequently mis-stated point in family tables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>18Ni-300<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Co <b>8.0\u20139.5%<\/b> \u00b7 Ti <b>0.50\u20130.80%<\/b> \u00b7 Mo 4.6\u20135.2% \u00b7 yield <b>~2068 MPa<\/b>. Molybdenum is identical to the 250 grade; the increase comes entirely from <b>cobalt plus titanium<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>18Ni-350<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Co <b>11.5\u201312.5%<\/b> \u00b7 Ti <b>1.30\u20131.60%<\/b> \u00b7 Mo 4.6\u20135.2% \u00b7 yield <b>~2275\u20132365 MPa<\/b> (measured), tensile ~2350\u20132430 MPa. Cobalt and titanium jump; toughness collapses. Detail: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-350\/\">Maraging 350<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Three things that never change<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Ni <b>17\u201319%<\/b> is the same at every step \u00b7 <b>C \u22640.03%<\/b> is the same at every step \u00b7 Al 0.05\u20130.15% is the same at every step. The family is four settings of one metallurgical idea, not four different alloys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The toughness ladder \u2014 publish this as prominently as the strength table<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">When all four steps are measured <b>in the same laboratory, in the same programme<\/b>, the ladder is unambiguous. The figures below come from a single defence research report and are therefore mutually comparable (they are <b>K<sub>Q<\/sub><\/b> values, i.e. provisional fracture-toughness results whose validity conditions were not separately confirmed \u2014 read them as a <b>ratio between grades<\/b>, not as absolute design values):<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Toughness Ladder Measured in One Programme (K<sub>Q<\/sub> and Charpy)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">18Ni-200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">K<sub>Q<\/sub> <b>130.9 ksi\u221ain \u2248 144 MPa\u221am<\/b> \u00b7 Charpy <b>60.9 ft-lb \u2248 83 J<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>18Ni-250<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">K<sub>Q<\/sub> <b>104.4\u2013112.5 ksi\u221ain \u2248 115\u2013124 MPa\u221am<\/b> \u00b7 Charpy <b>24.7\u201330.2 ft-lb \u2248 33\u201341 J<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">18Ni-300<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">K<sub>Q<\/sub> <b>~70 ksi\u221ain \u2248 77 MPa\u221am<\/b> \u00b7 Charpy <b>17.5\u201318.1 ft-lb \u2248 24 J<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">18Ni-350<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">K<sub>Q<\/sub> <b>35.2 ksi\u221ain \u2248 39 MPa\u221am<\/b> \u00b7 Charpy <b>8.6 ft-lb \u2248 12 J<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>The conclusion to draw<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Going from 250 to 350 raises yield by <b>35%<\/b> while fracture toughness falls to <b>one third<\/b> and Charpy energy to <b>one quarter<\/b>. <b>250 is the engineering sweet spot of the family<\/b> and is the right choice for most structural duties<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Why there is no carbon \u2014 and why that explains everything else<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">A conventional alloy steel takes its hardness from <b>carbon<\/b> trapped in a martensite lattice by quenching. The carbon atom distorts the lattice, pins dislocations and gives hardness \u2014 and at the same time brings <b>brittleness, quench cracking, hydrogen cracking and HAZ hardening<\/b>. In maraging steel, carbon is deliberately held at <b>\u22640.03%<\/b> (\u22640.010% at some mills). The result: the structure that cools from high temperature is not a hard carbon martensite but a <b>soft, ductile, massive iron-nickel martensite<\/b> \u2014 roughly <b>30\u201335 HRC<\/b>, about 870 MPa yield, 14% elongation. In that condition it is machined, welded and cold rolled by up to 90%.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">All of the strength is added <b>afterwards, in a separate step<\/b>. A few hours at 480 \u00b0C precipitate nanoscale <b>Ni\u2083Mo<\/b>, <b>Ni\u2083Ti<\/b> and <b>Fe\u2082Mo<\/b> intermetallics on the high dislocation density of the martensite itself. These are not carbides; they introduce no carbon into the lattice and do not weaken grain boundaries. That is why <b>9\u201312% elongation and 45\u201353% reduction of area<\/b> survive at a 1700 MPa yield \u2014 a carbon steel tempered to the same hardness would be effectively without ductility. <b>Cobalt&#8217;s role becomes clear here:<\/b> it forms no precipitate of its own but lowers the solubility of molybdenum, forcing Mo out of solution. Cobalt and molybdenum work <b>together, not separately<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Overageing and reverted austenite.<\/b> If the ageing temperature or time is exceeded, two things happen: the precipitates coarsen and \u2014 more importantly \u2014 <b>austenite re-forms (reverted austenite)<\/b> in nickel-rich regions. This is a soft phase that lowers strength while, for a while, raising ductility; with prolonged overageing the coarsened Ti-Ni intermetallics become crack initiation sites and <b>severe embrittlement<\/b> follows. The practical consequence: <b>temperature control of the ageing furnace is a quality parameter in this alloy, not a convenience.<\/b> The same mechanism caps <b>continuous service at roughly 400\u2013450 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 above that the alloy overages itself.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b1\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form<\/h4>\n<p><!-- dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #e3e9ec;margin:22px 0 26px;background:#fff;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#12303f;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.3px;position:relative;z-index:2;\">STANDARDS BY PRODUCT FORM<\/div>\n<div style=\"position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<div style=\"padding:12px 12px 2px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto;position:relative;z-index:2;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:430px;background:transparent;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Product form<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:12px;color:#12303f;background:#F2F6F8;border:1px solid #eceff1;\">Standards<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Round bar, flat bar, forging, mechanical tubing, rings<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6512<\/b> \u00b7 MIL-S-46850 (250 ksi class) \u00b7 BS S162<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Plate, sheet, strip<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\"><b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6520<\/b> \u00b7 MIL-S-46850 (250 ksi class) \u00b7 ASTM A538 Grade B (inactive)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Extrusion<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(255,255,255,.72);color:#3d5260;\">MIL-S-46850 (250 ksi class)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);font-weight:700;color:#12303f;\">Welding consumables<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 9px;border:1px solid #eceff1;background:rgba(247,250,251,.78);color:#3d5260;\">No verified AMS welding wire number was found for this grade; the only verified maraging welding wire number is <b style=\"font-size:16.5px;font-weight:800;color:#12303f;\">AMS 6463<\/b>, which is of Maraging 300 composition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:6px 14px 12px;font-size:12px;color:#5b7180;line-height:1.7;border-top:1px solid #f0f3f5;position:relative;z-index:2;\">AMS numbers are listed first, ASTM and military specifications after. Every AMS number has been checked against its grade using the nominal composition in the SAE title record. ASTM A538 is &#8216;Inactive&#8217; and ASTM A579 was withdrawn in 2024 with no replacement; neither should be relied on alone for new orders.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/dm-diy-std --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The standards landscape for this alloy is aerospace-led (AMS), not ASTM\/ASME-led.<\/b> The B-series ASTM product specifications you are used to on stainless and nickel alloys largely <b>do not exist<\/b> here; AMS numbers and one military specification take their place. This is the single most common disappointment on the buying side.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Standards by Product Form \u00b7 Maraging 250 (UNS K92890 \/ 1.6359)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Bar \u00b7 forgings \u00b7 TUBING \u00b7 rings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 6512<\/b> \u2014 the title reads exactly <i>&#8220;Bars, Forgings, Tubing, and Rings&#8221;<\/i>, <b>CEVM (consumable-electrode vacuum melted), supplied annealed<\/b>. Note: <b>tubing IS within this specification<\/b>, which most distributor pages omit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Sheet \u00b7 strip \u00b7 plate<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>AMS 6520<\/b> \u2014 <i>&#8220;Sheet, Strip, and Plate&#8221;<\/i>, <b>CE, solution treated<\/b>. Must <b>not<\/b> be conflated with AMS 6512<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Military (all forms)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>MIL-S-46850<\/b> \u2014 titled <i>&#8220;Steel: Bar, Plate, Sheet, Strip, Forgings, and Extrusions, 18 Percent Nickel Alloy, Maraging, 200 ksi, 250 ksi, 300 ksi, and 350 ksi&#8221;<\/i>. It covers <b>all four strength classes in one document<\/b> and <b>carries fracture-toughness requirements<\/b> \u2014 it is the principal document that puts toughness into the contract<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Extrusions<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Covered only by <b>MIL-S-46850<\/b>. <b>No separate AMS extrusion number was found<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Pressure-vessel plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASTM A538 \/ A538M Grade B<\/b> (&#8220;MAR-18-250&#8221;) \u2014 18% nickel maraging pressure-vessel plate. <b>An old document that is no longer active<\/b>; usable as a historical reference, not as the governing current standard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Forgings (ASTM route)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>ASTM A579 \/ A579M Grade 72<\/b> (superstrength alloy steel forgings). <b>IMPORTANT: A579 was WITHDRAWN by ASTM in May 2024 with no replacement.<\/b> Do not cite A579 in new contracts; cite AMS 6512<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">British \/ European aerospace<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>BS S162<\/b> \u00b7 <b>DTD 5212<\/b> \u00b7 <b>MSRR 6551<\/b> \u00b7 French AIR <b>E-Z 2 NKD 18<\/b> (Aubert &amp; Duval Marval 18). <b>BS S100<\/b> appears in one supplier listing and could not be independently confirmed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">EN \/ Werkstoff<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>1.6359 \/ X2NiCoMo18-8-5<\/b> \u2014 the common spelling of B\u00d6HLER, Aubert &amp; Duval and the German material registers. <b>X1NiCoMo18-8-5<\/b> appears in some listings as the low-carbon variant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Melt quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>AMS 2300<\/b> (premium aircraft quality \u2014 cleanliness and magnetic particle inspection). AMS 6512 material is typically produced by the <b>VIM + VAR double-vacuum<\/b> route<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">ASME Section IX P\/F-No<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u2014 could not be confirmed.<\/b> No published ASME P-number was found for the 18Ni maraging steels. <b>Do not publish a P-number<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u2014 NOT listed.<\/b> No sour-service listing was found for Maraging 250. <b>Never<\/b> certify MR0175 compliance for H\u2082S service<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Castings \u00b7 wire \u00b7 welding consumables \u00b7 bolting<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">See <b>&#8220;Product Forms With NO Standard&#8221;<\/b> below \u2014 none of these has a verified product specification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b2\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">ASME Code Acceptance and Pressure-Equipment Status<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The answer here is short and it bears directly on the sales conversation: Maraging 250 is not an ASME pressure-vessel code material.<\/b> The &#8220;SB-xxx, Section VIII Div. 1, maximum 427 \u00b0C&#8221; table you are used to on nickel alloys has no counterpart here \u2014 and that is the material&#8217;s real position, not a gap in the research.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Code and Vessel Status \u00b7 Maraging 250<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME Section VIII Div. 1<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NO confirmed acceptance.<\/b> No SA-\/SB- numbered material specification and no allowable-stress table was found for 18Ni maraging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>ASME Section VIII Div. 2<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>NO confirmed acceptance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>ASME Section I \/ B31.1 \/ B31.3<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NO confirmed acceptance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">How to read ASTM A538 Grade B<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">A538 is a <b>pressure-vessel plate<\/b> specification, which shows the material was historically used in vessel construction. But it is an <b>old, no longer active document<\/b> and by itself does not amount to current ASME code acceptance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>What is actually done<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Maraging 250 vessels and cases are designed and accepted under <b>aerospace and military specification regimes<\/b> (AMS 6512\/6520 + MIL-S-46850 + customer drawing) rather than the ASME boiler and pressure vessel code. The solid-rocket motor case is the classic example of that route<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Wording for a quotation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">If the customer asks for an &#8220;ASME code Maraging 250 vessel&#8221;, the honest answer is: <b>&#8220;This material is not listed in the ASME BPVC; if code coverage is required, a code case or a different material is needed.&#8221;<\/b> Put it in the order confirmation \u2014 it causes arguments later<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Europe (PED)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">No route through a harmonised EN product standard was found, and <b>no VdT\u00dcV material sheet for 1.6359 could be confirmed<\/b>. Use under the PED requires a <b>Particular Material Appraisal (PMA)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b3\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Product Forms With NO Standard \u2014 the Commercially Valuable Section<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This is the section your sales engineers should memorise.<\/b> The list of forms that can honestly be sold &#8220;to a standard&#8221; for Maraging 250 is in fact short: <b>bar, forgings, rings, tubing, sheet, strip, plate<\/b>. Everything else is sold <b>to a mill specification and a customer drawing<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Gaps for K92890<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Cold-drawn wire \u00b7 spring wire<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>There is NO verified ASTM\/AMS\/EN wire product specification for K92890.<\/b> Maraging wire is genuinely produced and sold (springs, flexural elements, wire-arc additive manufacturing), but <b>to a mill specification<\/b>. The honest answer to &#8220;maraging 250 wire to AMS&#8221; is: <b>chemistry to AMS 6512, mechanicals by agreement<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Castings<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is NO verified casting product specification for 18Ni-250.<\/b> The composition can be cast and cast maraging exists in the literature, but no &#8220;cast maraging 250&#8221; listed as an ASTM casting grade was found. If castings are requested: <b>machine from forging<\/b>, or price the casting entirely against <b>a mill specification plus customer acceptance criteria<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Welded pipe \u00b7 fittings \u00b7 flanges<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NO verified product specification.<\/b> AMS 6512 covers <b>seamless tubing<\/b>; no counterpart to ASTM B366\/B462\/B564 was found for welded pipe, wrought fittings or flanges<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Bolts \u00b7 nuts \u00b7 fasteners<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>There is NO dedicated bolting specification for K92890.<\/b> Maraging fasteners are made <b>from AMS 6512 bar, to the buyer&#8217;s drawing and acceptance criteria<\/b>. This is very common in aerospace fastener duty \u2014 but the contract must say <b>&#8220;AMS 6512 bar + customer drawing&#8221;<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Welding wire \u00b7 covered electrodes<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NO verified AWS consumable classification exists for K92890<\/b> (there is no ERNiMo-x equivalent). The practice in maraging welding is <b>matching-composition wire<\/b>, itself supplied to a mill specification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Additive-manufacturing powder<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>No dedicated powder specification number was found for the 250 grade.<\/b> The common maraging powder on the market is <b>1.2709 \/ X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 (MS1)<\/b>, and that composition is <b>roughly the 300 grade, not the 250<\/b>. <b>Do not conflate them<\/b> \u2014 see the pitfalls section<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Extrusions<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Covered only by MIL-S-46850; <b>no separate AMS extrusion number was found<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b4\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">The band below is the common wording of the AMS 6512 \/ MIL-S-46850 \/ ASTM family. <b>The nominal mill composition is 18.5Ni \u2013 7.5Co \u2013 4.8Mo \u2013 0.4Ti \u2013 0.1Al, balance iron.<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Chemical Composition \u00b7 Maraging 250 (K92890), weight %<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Carbon (C)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u22640.03<\/b> \u2014 <b>the defining limit of the alloy.<\/b> Some European mills (B\u00d6HLER V250) work far tighter at <b>\u22640.010<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Nickel (Ni)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>17.00\u201319.00<\/b> \u2014 builds the martensite matrix and feeds the Ni\u2083Mo \/ Ni\u2083Ti precipitates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Cobalt (Co)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>7.00\u20138.50<\/b> \u2014 forms no precipitate of its own; it lowers the solubility of molybdenum and thereby <b>forces Mo to precipitate<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Molybdenum (Mo)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>4.60\u20135.20<\/b> \u2014 the source of the <b>Ni\u2083Mo and Fe\u2082Mo<\/b> precipitates; this is the largest single increase over the 200 grade<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Titanium (Ti)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.30\u20130.50<\/b> (some mill and database listings give <b>0.30\u20130.60<\/b> \u2014 the sources conflict; check which band the certificate applies) \u2014 the direct fuel for the <b>Ni\u2083Ti<\/b> precipitate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Aluminium (Al)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>0.05\u20130.15<\/b> \u2014 deoxidiser and a secondary precipitate contribution<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Silicon (Si)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u22640.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u22640.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Phosphorus (P)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">\u22640.010<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Sulphur (S)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">\u22640.010<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Chromium (Cr)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u22640.50<\/b> as a residual (B\u00d6HLER V250: \u22640.25). <b>This is not an alloying addition and it confers no passivity<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Balance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Three lines that actually matter on a certificate.<\/b> (1) <b>Carbon.<\/b> 0.03% is not merely a ceiling, it is a design parameter; a heat close to 0.03% is not the same material as one at 0.005% \u2014 higher carbon forms titanium carbonitrides and carbides at grain boundaries and <b>lowers fracture toughness<\/b>. (2) <b>Titanium.<\/b> The top of the band means higher strength, the bottom means higher toughness; narrow the band for toughness-critical work. (3) <b>Melt route.<\/b> AMS 6512 requires <b>CEVM<\/b> (consumable-electrode vacuum melting); most mills run <b>VIM + VAR<\/b>. <b>Air melting is not acceptable in this alloy<\/b> \u2014 titanium and aluminium oxidise, inclusion cleanliness collapses and toughness goes with it.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b5\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Never mix the two sets of numbers in this section:<\/b> specification minima (what you are buying) and typical mill values (what you will usually get). And <b>every figure must state its condition<\/b> \u2014 solution annealed or aged.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Specification Minima \u00b7 Aged (AMS 6512, bar \u22644 in, 900 \u00b0F)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tensile strength (R<sub>m<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u22651758 MPa (255 ksi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">0.2% yield strength (R<sub>p0.2<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u22651724 MPa (250 ksi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Elongation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u22656%<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Reduction of area<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>\u226545%<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Hardness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u226548 HRC<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Fracture toughness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Put into the contract via <b>MIL-S-46850<\/b>; on the AMS 6512 route it is <b>not guaranteed<\/b> unless separately specified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Typical Mill and Laboratory Values \u2014 NOT GUARANTEED<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Solution annealed (as delivered)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield <b>~870 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Tensile <b>~1070 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation <b>~14%<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~302 HB \/ 30\u201335 HRC<\/b> \u2014 soft and readily machined (Aubert &amp; Duval Marval 18 data)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Aged \u00b7 typical mill<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield <b>~1710 MPa (248 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Tensile <b>~1751 MPa (254 ksi)<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation <b>11%<\/b> \u00b7 Reduction of area <b>53%<\/b> \u00b7 <b>~50 HRC<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Aged \u00b7 480 \u00b0C \/ 4 h<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Yield <b>1780 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Tensile <b>1850 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation <b>9%<\/b> \u00b7 KCU impact <b>40 J\/cm\u00b2<\/b> (Aubert &amp; Duval)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Aged \u00b7 independent measured band<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Yield <b>1717\u20131806 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Tensile <b>1737\u20131848 MPa<\/b> \u00b7 Elongation <b>10.0\u201312.2%<\/b> (NASA study)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fracture toughness K<sub>Q<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>104.4\u2013112.5 ksi\u221ain \u2248 115\u2013124 MPa\u221am<\/b> (defence report) \u00b7 an independent database gives <b>120\u2013130 MPa\u221am<\/b> \u00b7 the NASA study measured <b>109 MPa\u221am (100 ksi\u221ain)<\/b> in air. <b>All three converge on the 110\u2013130 MPa\u221am band<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Charpy impact<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>24.7\u201330.2 ft-lb \u2248 33\u201341 J<\/b> (aged)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fatigue strength (10\u2077 cycles)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>642\u2013816 MPa<\/b> \u2014 <b>a single-sourced database value<\/b>; the width of the band shows how decisive surface condition is. <b>In maraging steel, fatigue life is governed by surface finish<\/b>, not by composition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Critical warning<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">In the same defence report one heat came out of ageing at <b>232 ksi yield \/ 234 ksi tensile<\/b>, i.e. <b>below the 240 ksi specification minimum<\/b>. <b>Ageing is a process, not a guarantee<\/b> \u2014 if furnace temperature, time or section size are wrong, the material will not meet specification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b6\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The physical properties differ between the two conditions<\/b>, and electrical resistivity in particular changes markedly on ageing \u2014 which makes it a usable shop-floor check.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Physical Properties \u00b7 Maraging 250<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Density<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>8.0 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b> (0.289\u20130.290 lb\/in\u00b3). An independent database gives <b>7.88\u20137.96 g\/cm\u00b3<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Modulus of elasticity (20 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>186 GPa<\/b> (27.0 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi). Sources diverge over the <b>180\u2013192 GPa<\/b> band \u2014 the 180 GPa figure is single-sourced<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal expansion (20\u2013100 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>10.3 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Thermal expansion (20\u2013300 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>10.8 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Thermal expansion (20\u2013500 \u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>11.7 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0C<\/b>. US sources give <b>5.6 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0F \u2248 10.1 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 the same order<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Thermal conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>CONFLICT:<\/b> one source gives <b>25.6 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b>, another gives <b>19.6\u201320.3 W\/m\u00b7K<\/b>. <b>Know both; for critical thermal calculations ask for the mill certificate<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Specific heat<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>0.293 J\/g\u00b7K<\/b> \u2014 <b>single-sourced and lower than expected for a ferrous alloy<\/b>; a unit-conversion error is possible. Do not use it alone in design<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Electrical resistivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Solution annealed: 60 \u03bc\u03a9\u00b7cm \u00b7 Aged: 38 \u03bc\u03a9\u00b7cm<\/b> (Aubert &amp; Duval). An independent database gives the <b>36\u201370 \u03bc\u03a9\u00b7cm<\/b> band \u2014 the same two extremes. <b>Ageing lowers resistivity markedly<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Magnetic behaviour<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ferromagnetic.<\/b> Relative permeability <b>77.5 at 200 oersted<\/b> (single-sourced). <b>It cannot be used where non-magnetic material is required<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">M<sub>s<\/sub> (martensite start)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>~230 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 single-sourced. Because transformation starts at that temperature on cooling from austenite, the alloy <b>transforms fully to martensite on air cooling, with no quench<\/b>. <b>This is the physical reason maraging steel does not distort<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Service temperature range<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u221273 \u00b0C to ~490 \u00b0C<\/b> (single-sourced). The practical limit is <b>~400\u2013450 \u00b0C<\/b>; above it overageing begins. The alloy <b>retains notch impact toughness at \u221250 \u00b0C<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b7\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment and Thermal Stability<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The heat treatment of Maraging 250 is two steps and both are simple \u2014 this is precisely where the alloy&#8217;s commercial strength lies.<\/b> There is no quench, a protective atmosphere is not mandatory (with no carbon there is no decarburisation risk), and distortion is very small.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Heat Treatment Route \u00b7 Maraging 250<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>1. Solution anneal<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>815\u2013825 \u00b0C (1500\u20131520 \u00b0F)<\/b>, <b>15\u201330 minutes<\/b> for thin sections, <b>roughly 1 hour per 25 mm<\/b> for heavy sections, then <b>air cool<\/b>. Result: <b>30\u201335 HRC<\/b>, a soft and tough iron-nickel martensite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>2. Ageing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>480 \u00b0C (900 \u00b0F), 3 hours, air cool<\/b> \u2014 the classic and most quoted cycle. Mill datasheets also publish <b>900\u2013925 \u00b0F (482\u2013496 \u00b0C) for 6 hours<\/b> and <b>900 \u00b0F for 4\u20136 hours<\/b>. <b>Another mill gives 480 \u00b0C \/ 4 hours.<\/b> Result: <b>48\u201352 HRC<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Why the cycles differ<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Time depends on section thickness and on the intended toughness-strength balance.<\/b> Three hours favours toughness, six hours favours strength. <b>What the customer specification says is what gets applied<\/b> \u2014 do not substitute an &#8220;equivalent&#8221; cycle of your own<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Dimensional change<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Linear CONTRACTION on ageing.<\/b> European mill data give <b>~0.05%<\/b>; US mill data give <b>0.0009 in\/in \u2248 0.09%<\/b>. <b>There is a genuine conflict \u2014 for tight tolerances, run a trial piece from your own heat.<\/b> Both figures are far below conventional hardening<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Quenching<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NONE.<\/b> Air cooling suffices; with M<sub>s<\/sub> at ~230 \u00b0C the transformation completes regardless of cooling rate. <b>Section thickness does not affect hardness \u2014 the alloy through-hardens<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Protective atmosphere<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">With essentially no carbon there is <b>no decarburisation risk<\/b>; no protective atmosphere is needed for ageing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Modified cycle for tooling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">For duties dominated by thermal fatigue, such as die-casting dies: <b>anneal at 815\u2013830 \u00b0C for 1 hour per inch, then age at 527\u2013538 \u00b0C (980\u20131000 \u00b0F) for 6 hours.<\/b> The higher ageing temperature trades strength for <b>thermal-fatigue resistance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Overageing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">If temperature or time is exceeded the precipitates coarsen and <b>reverted austenite<\/b> forms in nickel-rich regions. Strength falls and ductility rises at first; with prolonged overageing the coarsened Ti-Ni intermetallics initiate cracks and cause <b>severe embrittlement<\/b>. <b>Ageing-furnace calibration is a quality record for this alloy<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Re-ageing<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Re-ageing an already aged part simply drives it <b>further into overageing<\/b>. The only correct way to reset the properties is a <b>fresh solution anneal followed by a fresh age<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Hot working \/ forging<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">Forged between <b>1250 \u00b0C and 800 \u00b0C<\/b>, then solution annealed. Melting range ~1430\u20131450 \u00b0C (single-sourced)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Cold forming<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Outstanding in the solution-annealed condition: <b>up to 90% cold deformation without cracking<\/b> is reported. Ageing after cold work raises strength further<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b8\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Welding is maraging steel&#8217;s single greatest advantage, and the reason is directly the absence of carbon.<\/b> In a conventional high-strength alloy steel the heat-affected zone transforms on rapid cooling into a hard, brittle <b>carbon martensite<\/b>, which is why preheat, interpass control, low-hydrogen consumables and post-weld stress relief are mandatory. <b>In Maraging 250 what forms in the HAZ is again a soft, tough iron-nickel martensite<\/b> \u2014 so no preheat is needed and the risk of hydrogen cracking is practically absent.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Welding \u00b7 Maraging 250<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Preheat<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>NOT REQUIRED.<\/b> The common statement across mill and service-centre datasheets is <i>&#8220;good weldability without preheating or post heating&#8221;<\/i>. This is a <b>genuine differentiator<\/b> against conventional high-strength steels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Condition for welding<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>The solution-annealed (soft) condition.<\/b> The part is welded, then <b>the whole structure is aged together<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Post-weld treatment<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Ageing: 480 \u00b0C for 3\u20136 hours.<\/b> The critical detail: <b>the weld bead hardens on the same ageing cycle as the parent metal, with no separate solution treatment of the welded assembly.<\/b> For large welded structures this is decisive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Filler metal<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Matching-composition wire.<\/b> No verified AWS classification was found for K92890; the wire is supplied to a mill specification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Processes<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">Mill documents state explicitly that the alloy is highly suitable for <b>TIG (GTAW) and MIG (GMAW)<\/b>. Electron-beam and laser welding are also common in this family<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Heat input<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Keep it low.<\/b> High heat input and slow cooling produce <b>reverted austenite<\/b> and a coarsened structure in the HAZ, and that zone does not fully recover on ageing. <b>Narrow beads, fast travel, controlled interpass temperature<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>HAZ toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Stated honestly: after post-weld ageing the HAZ toughness does not fully match the parent metal.<\/b> Where fracture toughness is contractual, <b>take specimens from the weld zone<\/b>; do not rely on base-metal values<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Surface cleanliness<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">This is a titanium- and aluminium-bearing alloy; <b>oxide, oil and moisture must be removed completely before welding<\/b>. A dirty surface leaves oxide in the bead and costs toughness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>CONFLICT \u2014 published deliberately<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\">One general materials database states for Maraging 250 that <b>&#8220;preheating and post-weld heat treatment are required&#8221;<\/b>. That <b>conflicts<\/b> with the mill-datasheet consensus. The mill position (&#8220;no preheat required&#8221;) is far better supported, but <b>for critical work your own welding engineer should confirm it against the relevant mill&#8217;s WPS<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b9\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Machining<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The rule in one sentence:<\/b> rough and, where possible, finish machine in the <b>solution-annealed (soft) condition<\/b>, then age. Because the dimensional change on ageing is of the order of 0.05\u20130.09% and is <b>predictable<\/b>, most tight-tolerance detail can be finished before hardening. <b>This is the alloy&#8217;s principal commercial advantage over conventional tool steels<\/b> \u2014 there is no quench distortion, and the post-hardening grinding pass is reduced or eliminated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">In the annealed condition (30\u201335 HRC) machinability is compared to <b>AISI 4340<\/b> at the same hardness. Machining after ageing (48\u201352 HRC) is possible but demands <b>rigid machines, very sharp carbide tooling, short tool overhang and abundant coolant<\/b>. The parameters below are the mill datasheet&#8217;s <b>annealed-condition<\/b> starting points.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Starting Parameters \u00b7 SOLUTION-ANNEALED condition (mill data)<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Turning \u00b7 HSS (M2 \/ T-15)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>24 m\/min (80 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 feed <b>0.23 mm\/rev<\/b> \u00b7 depth of cut <b>1.5 mm<\/b> \u00b7 <b>soluble oil 1:20<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Turning \u00b7 carbide (C3)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>145 m\/min (475 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 feed <b>0.23 mm\/rev<\/b> \u00b7 <b>soluble oil 1:20<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Face milling \u00b7 HSS (M2 \/ M-7)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>43 m\/min (140 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.13 mm\/tooth<\/b> \u00b7 depth <b>1.5 mm<\/b> \u00b7 <b>highly chlorinated oil<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Face milling \u00b7 carbide (C2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>101 m\/min (330 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.13 mm\/tooth<\/b> \u00b7 depth <b>1.5 mm<\/b> \u00b7 <b>dry<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Peripheral end milling \u00b7 HSS (M2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>69 m\/min (225 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.10 mm\/tooth<\/b> \u00b7 depth <b>6.4 mm<\/b> \u00b7 <b>soluble oil 1:20<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">End-mill slotting \u00b7 HSS (M2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>43 m\/min (140 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.05 mm\/tooth<\/b> \u00b7 depth <b>6.4 mm<\/b> \u00b7 <b>highly chlorinated oil<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Drilling \u00b7 HSS (M1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>30 m\/min (100 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.13 mm\/rev<\/b> \u00b7 \u00d812.7 mm \u00b7 <b>highly sulphurised oil<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">Reaming \u00b7 HSS (M2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>18 m\/min (60 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 <b>0.23 mm\/rev<\/b> \u00b7 \u00d812.7 mm \u00b7 <b>highly sulphurised oil<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Tapping \u00b7 HSS (M1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>46 m\/min (150 sfm)<\/b> \u00b7 \u00d812.7 mm \u00b7 <b>highly sulphurised oil<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>Machining in the aged condition<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">48\u201352 HRC. <b>Carbide is essential<\/b>, cutting speeds drop markedly, rigidity and coolant are critical. Grinding and EDM are widely used \u2014 <b>remove the recast layer after EDM<\/b>, it directly affects fatigue life<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Nitriding<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Maraging 250 <b>can be nitrided<\/b>; mill documents list nitriding explicitly as a surface treatment. <b>The metallurgically convenient point:<\/b> nitriding temperatures overlap the alloy&#8217;s ageing band, so <b>nitriding and ageing can be combined in a single cycle<\/b> with the core ageing while the case forms. <b>Honest limit:<\/b> no verified <b>case hardness or case depth<\/b> value was found that could be published here \u2014 academic work on ion nitriding of 18Ni-250 and on the fatigue strength of nitrided specimens exists, but no catalogue figure. <b>Case data must be obtained from the treatment house on a part-by-part basis.<\/b><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b10\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Corrosion \u2014 Where It Is Good, WHERE IT FAILS<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>This section must be published at least as prominently as the strength section, because most field failures come from here.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">The basic fact: it is not stainless<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Maraging 250 is <b>not a stainless steel<\/b>. Chromium is not an alloying addition but a <b>residual capped at 0.50%<\/b> (0.25% at some mills). <b>There is no passive oxide film.<\/b> Its corrosion resistance is comparable to that of an ordinary low-alloy martensitic steel \u2014 not to a 300- or 400-series stainless. Bare parts will rust in humid, marine and industrial atmospheres. <b>For any service outside a dry, controlled environment, plan on conventional protection:<\/b> plating, phosphating, paint, dry-film lubricant or an oil or grease film. Supplier pages that sell the product as <b>&#8220;maraging stainless steel&#8221;<\/b> are metallurgically wrong.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Where it is relatively good: atmospheric and general corrosion rate<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Despite carrying no chromium, the general atmospheric corrosion rate of maraging steel is <b>no worse than<\/b> that of conventional low-alloy steels at the same strength level, and mill documents report <b>better pitting and corrosion resistance than common tool steels<\/b>. Rust advances <b>uniformly<\/b>, as in conventional steels \u2014 localised penetrating attack is not typical. It also takes an <b>excellent polish<\/b>, which matters commercially for tooling surfaces.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">WHERE IT FAILS \u2014 stress-corrosion cracking<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>The widely repeated sentence &#8220;maraging steels resist stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement&#8221; is misleading when used on its own.<\/b> The correct statement is: <b>maraging steels are more resistant than conventional high-strength steels AT THE SAME STRENGTH LEVEL \u2014 but they are not immune, and susceptibility rises sharply with the strength grade.<\/b> An independent NASA study tested all four grades side by side:<\/p>\n<div style=\"border:1px solid #d7dfe4;background:#ffffff;margin:24px 0 18px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#DD3333;color:#ffffff;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:10px 12px;line-height:1.35;\">Stress-Corrosion Cracking \u00b7 Four Grades Side by Side<\/div>\n<p><span aria-hidden=\"true\" data-dmwm=\"1\" style=\"position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-18deg);font-size:72px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#12303f;opacity:.05;white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:none;user-select:none;z-index:3;\">DEFENCE METAL<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">18Ni-200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Did not fail<\/b> in salt water at stresses up to <b>90%<\/b> of yield. Did fail in high humidity and in atmospheric exposure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>18Ni-250<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Did not fail<\/b> in salt water at stresses up to <b>90%<\/b> of yield. More susceptible than the 200 grade in humid environments. <b>This is the highest usable strength grade in the family that still has practical SCC resistance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">18Ni-300<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Failed<\/b> in salt water at <b>75%<\/b> of yield after extended exposure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\">18Ni-350<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\"><b>Failed in under two days<\/b> in salt water at <b>55%<\/b> of yield<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>K<sub>ISCC<\/sub> for the 250 grade<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>\u224844 MPa\u221am (40 ksi\u221ain)<\/b> \u2014 i.e. only <b>40%<\/b> of the K<sub>Q<\/sub> measured in air (<b>109 MPa\u221am \/ 100 ksi\u221ain<\/b>). <b>That is the number to design with, not the air toughness<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;\"><b>The harshest test medium<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;\">A surprising finding: <b>98% relative humidity at 35 \u00b0C<\/b> was <b>more aggressive<\/b> than alternate immersion in 3.5% NaCl or synthetic seawater. <b>&#8220;It passed the salt-water test&#8221; is not enough<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;width:42%;background:#F7FAFB;\">Fracture morphology<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:7px 12px;border-top:1px solid #eceff1;background:#F7FAFB;\"><b>Intergranular<\/b>, with pronounced secondary branching and a characteristic &#8220;mud crack&#8221; pattern<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Hydrogen embrittlement<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\">Maraging 250 <b>is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement<\/b>, and \u2014 as in every steel at a 1700 MPa yield \u2014 that susceptibility <b>rises with strength<\/b>. The practical consequences bear directly on your manufacturing route: <b>acid pickling, electroplating (cadmium and zinc especially), electro-polishing and cathodic protection<\/b> all charge hydrogen into the part. Plated parts require a <b>post-plating hydrogen bake-out<\/b>, planned at a temperature that <b>does not disturb the aged condition<\/b> \u2014 the classical bake-out range of 190\u2013200 \u00b0C sits far below the 480 \u00b0C ageing temperature and is safe in that respect. <b>No verified numerical hydrogen threshold (critical hydrogen concentration) was found in this research<\/b> \u2014 the plating specification should be written jointly with the customer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Where it must not be used<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>(1) Any acid service, any chemical-process duty<\/b>, because there is no chromium. This is not a corrosion alloy; it is a high-strength structural alloy. <b>(2) Bare in permanent salt-spray or marine immersion service.<\/b> <b>(3) H\u2082S (sour) service<\/b> \u2014 it is not a listed material under NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 and must <b>never<\/b> be offered for that duty. <b>(4) Anywhere that must be non-magnetic<\/b> \u2014 it is ferromagnetic. <b>(5) Continuous service above ~450 \u00b0C<\/b> \u2014 it overages.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b11\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Should we buy Maraging 250 or 300? Is the difference just price and strength?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>No \u2014 the real difference is toughness and stress-corrosion behaviour, and it is not small.<\/b><br \/>On strength the difference is what you would expect: the 250 grade gives <b>~1724 MPa yield<\/b>, the 300 grade <b>~2068 MPa yield<\/b> \u2014 about <b>20%<\/b> more. What you pay for it shows up in the chemistry: the 300 grade carries more cobalt and <b>roughly twice the titanium<\/b> of the 250 (0.50\u20130.80% against 0.30\u20130.50%).<br \/><b>The real price is paid in toughness.<\/b> Measured in the same laboratory in the same programme: fracture toughness <b>115\u2013124 MPa\u221am for the 250<\/b> against <b>~77 MPa\u221am for the 300<\/b>; Charpy energy <b>33\u201341 J<\/b> against <b>~24 J<\/b>. You are giving up roughly <b>a third of the toughness for 20% more strength<\/b>.<br \/><b>And on the corrosion side the gap is sharper still.<\/b> In an independent NASA study the 250 grade <b>did not fail in salt water at up to 90% of its yield strength<\/b>; the 300 grade <b>failed at 75%<\/b>. So the material is not only more brittle \u2014 <b>the fraction of yield you may safely apply also drops<\/b>.<br \/><b>The practical decision rule:<\/b> if your design is <b>stress-limited<\/b> and the part is thin, notch-free, dry and well protected, the 300 grade saves weight. If your design is governed by <b>crack tolerance, damage tolerance, fatigue life or a corrosive environment<\/b> \u2014 aerospace structural parts, fasteners, welded cases \u2014 <b>the 250 is usually the correct engineering choice<\/b>, and it is cheaper. <b>A bigger number is not automatically an improvement.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Should we machine before or after ageing, and how much does the part move?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>Machine first, age afterwards \u2014 that is the main reason to buy this alloy.<\/b><br \/>Maraging 250 arrives <b>solution annealed at 30\u201335 HRC<\/b>. In that state it cuts like a mild alloy steel; turning with carbide runs around <b>145 m\/min<\/b>, and slotting and drilling are unproblematic. The ageing that follows is a simple furnace cycle at <b>480 \u00b0C with air cooling and no quench<\/b>.<br \/>The movement is <b>very small, one-directional (contraction) and predictable<\/b>: European mill data give <b>~0.05%<\/b>, US mill data <b>0.0009 in\/in \u2248 0.09%<\/b>. <b>We state plainly that these conflict<\/b> \u2014 if you are holding micron-level tolerances, run a trial piece from your own heat, measure the contraction and build it into the machining size. Both figures are far below the quench distortion of a conventional tool steel.<br \/><b>The physical reason:<\/b> the martensite transformation is already complete during air cooling from the solution anneal (starting at about 230 \u00b0C). Ageing performs no new phase transformation; it only forms nanoscale precipitates inside the existing martensite. <b>No quench, no transformation stress, no distortion.<\/b><br \/><b>Practical shop recipe:<\/b> rough machine \u2192 repeat the solution anneal if stress relief is needed \u2192 finish machine (leaving the contraction allowance) \u2192 age \u2192 grind only the critical surfaces if required. On most parts the final grinding pass disappears entirely.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">We are building a welded case. Is preheat really unnecessary, and what happens after welding?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>It really is unnecessary \u2014 and the reason is metallurgical, not a convenience claim.<\/b><br \/>In a conventional high-strength steel, preheat exists because the HAZ transforms on rapid cooling into a hard, brittle <b>carbon martensite<\/b> that is open to hydrogen cracking. In Maraging 250 carbon is <b>\u22640.03%<\/b>; what forms in the HAZ is again a <b>soft, tough iron-nickel martensite<\/b>. There is no carbon to drive hardening, so preheat, controlled cooling and post-weld stress-relief annealing are not required. Mill datasheets put it in one line: <i>&#8220;good weldability without preheating or post heating&#8221;<\/i>.<br \/><b>The route is this:<\/b> weld the parts in the <b>solution-annealed (soft) condition<\/b>. Then <b>age the whole structure together: 480 \u00b0C, 3\u20136 hours, air cool.<\/b> The critical detail most people do not know: <b>the weld bead hardens on the same ageing cycle as the parent metal, with no separate solution treatment of the assembly.<\/b> Not having to take a large rocket motor case or a welded frame back up to 815 \u00b0C is the real commercial value of this material.<br \/><b>Three things still need attention.<\/b> (1) <b>Keep heat input low<\/b> \u2014 high heat input produces reverted austenite and a coarsened structure in the HAZ, which does not fully recover on ageing. (2) <b>HAZ toughness does not fully match the parent metal<\/b>; if fracture toughness is contractual, take the specimen from the weld zone. (3) <b>Surface cleanliness<\/b>: this is a titanium- and aluminium-bearing alloy, and oxide or oil leaves inclusions in the bead and costs toughness.<br \/><b>One final note of honesty:<\/b> a general materials database states that this alloy requires preheat and post-weld heat treatment, which conflicts with the mill documents. The mill position is far better supported, but on critical work have your own WPS validated against the relevant mill&#8217;s recommendation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;line-height:1.5;\">Should we be using AerMet 100 or 300M instead of Maraging 250?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>All three are sold under the heading &#8220;1700\u20131900 MPa class ultra-high-strength steel&#8221;, but they are not interchangeable. The dividing lines are carbon, distortion and stress-corrosion cracking.<\/b><br \/><b>AerMet 100<\/b> (0.23C \u2013 13.4Co \u2013 11.1Ni \u2013 3.1Cr \u2013 1.2Mo) is a <b>carbon-bearing<\/b>, secondary-hardening steel. Its typical values start at almost exactly the same yield as Maraging 250 (<b>1724 MPa yield \/ 1965 MPa tensile<\/b>) but deliver <b>14% elongation, 65% reduction of area<\/b> and <b>K<sub>Ic<\/sub> 126 MPa\u221am<\/b>. The decisive difference is <b>K<sub>ISCC<\/sub>: 88 MPa\u221am for AerMet 100 against \u224844 MPa\u221am for Maraging 250<\/b> \u2014 roughly <b>twice<\/b> the crack tolerance in a salt environment. The price: it needs a conventional quench plus a deep-freeze step (\u221273 \u00b0C) plus 5 hours at 482 \u00b0C, so it <b>distorts<\/b>; and its carbide content makes it <b>harder to machine<\/b>. Where damage tolerance in a marine or landing-gear environment governs, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aermet-100\/\">AerMet 100<\/a> is the right answer.<br \/><b>300M<\/b> (0.40C \u2013 1.6Si \u2013 0.8Cr \u2013 1.8Ni \u2013 0.4Mo \u2013 0.07V) is the classic quenched-and-tempered landing-gear steel: the AMS 6417 minima are <b>1862 MPa tensile \/ 1517 MPa yield, 8% elongation, 30% reduction of area, \u226552 HRC<\/b>. Higher tensile, lower yield and markedly lower ductility than Maraging 250; being oil quenched it is <b>the most distortion-prone<\/b> and <b>the most hydrogen-sensitive<\/b> option, and its high carbon means <b>welding needs preheat<\/b>. In return it is <b>far cheaper<\/b>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/300m\/\">300M<\/a> is a cost-performance choice.<br \/><b>Decision rule:<\/b> for welded structures, tight tolerances, distortion-free hardening and a simple heat treatment, choose <b>Maraging 250<\/b>. For maximum damage tolerance in a salt environment, <b>AerMet 100<\/b>. Where budget dominates and the part is a solid, machined, plated forging, <b>300M<\/b>. If you need more strength, look at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-350\/\">Maraging 350<\/a> \u2014 but read the toughness penalty on that page first.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"dm-b12\" style=\"font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#12303f;margin:30px 0 10px;line-height:1.35;\">Common Datasheet Errors and Traps<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;\"><b>1. &#8220;X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5&#8221; or &#8220;1.2709&#8221; given as Maraging 250 \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> 1.2709 \/ X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 is the tool-steel and additive-manufacturing grade (MS1) with titanium around 1%, corresponding roughly to the <b>300 grade<\/b>. <b>The correct European equivalent of Maraging 250 is 1.6359 \/ X2NiCoMo18-8-5.<\/b> This is the single most frequent error in the trade and it leads to the wrong powder or the wrong bar being ordered.<br \/><b>2. AMS 6512 and AMS 6520 are conflated.<\/b> <b>AMS 6512 = bar, forgings, TUBING and rings<\/b> (CEVM, annealed). <b>AMS 6520 = sheet, strip and plate<\/b> (CE, solution treated). Many reseller pages list every product form under &#8220;AMS 6512&#8221;. And the fact that <b>AMS 6512 covers tubing<\/b> is omitted on most pages \u2014 which is a sellable advantage.<br \/><b>3. AMS 6514 \/ AMS 6521 quoted as Maraging 250 \u2014 WRONG, those are the 300 grade.<\/b> 6514 = Maraging 300 bar\/billet\/forging stock, 6521 = Maraging 300 sheet\/strip\/plate. The numbers look alike, and ordering errors are common.<br \/><b>4. ASTM A579 presented as a current standard \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> A579\/A579M was <b>withdrawn in May 2024 with no replacement<\/b>. Do not write &#8220;forgings to ASTM A579 Grade 72&#8221; into new contracts; cite <b>AMS 6512<\/b>.<br \/><b>5. ASTM A538 presented as an active standard.<\/b> A538\/A538M Grade B (&#8220;MAR-18-250&#8221;) is an <b>old document that is no longer active<\/b>; valuable as a historical reference, not as the governing current standard.<br \/><b>6. Sold as &#8220;Maraging 250 stainless steel&#8221; \u2014 metallurgically WRONG.<\/b> Chromium is not an alloying addition but a <b>residual capped at 0.50%<\/b>; there is no passive film. Some suppliers carry &#8220;maraging stainless steel&#8221; even in their product-page URLs.<br \/><b>7. &#8220;Maraging steels resist stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement&#8221; published without qualification.<\/b> The correct statement: <b>more resistant than conventional steels at the same strength level, but not immune.<\/b> For the 250 grade <b>K<sub>ISCC<\/sub> \u2248 44 MPa\u221am<\/b>, only <b>40%<\/b> of the toughness in air.<br \/><b>8. The ageing cycle quoted without the solution-anneal step.<\/b> A customer who applies ageing alone to unannealed or wrongly annealed stock will not obtain the quoted properties. In the same defence report one heat finished <b>below the 240 ksi minimum, at 232 ksi yield<\/b>.<br \/><b>9. Ageing time published as a single number.<\/b> Published cycles diverge across <b>480 \u00b0C\/3 h<\/b>, <b>480 \u00b0C\/4 h<\/b>, <b>482\u2013496 \u00b0C\/6 h<\/b> and <b>482 \u00b0C\/4\u20136 h<\/b>. They differ by <b>section thickness and by the intended toughness-strength balance<\/b>; the &#8220;right&#8221; cycle is the one the customer specification names.<br \/><b>10. Dimensional change given as a single number.<\/b> There is a genuine conflict between <b>0.05% (European mill)<\/b> and <b>0.09% (US mill)<\/b>. Measure it on your own material for tight tolerances.<br \/><b>11. Claiming cobalt rises from the 200 to the 250 grade \u2014 WRONG.<\/b> The 200 grade carries <b>8\u20139% Co<\/b> and the 250 grade <b>7.0\u20138.5% Co<\/b>; cobalt actually <b>falls<\/b> slightly. The jump in strength is made by <b>molybdenum (3.0\u20133.5% \u2192 4.6\u20135.2%) and titanium<\/b>.<br \/><b>12. Talking as though ASME code acceptance exists.<\/b> No confirmed <b>ASME Section VIII \/ B31.3 acceptance and no P-number were found<\/b> for 18Ni maraging. Answer a &#8220;code vessel&#8221; request honestly.<br \/><b>13. Export control skipped.<\/b> Maraging steels are <b>dual-use<\/b> materials; the gas-centrifuge control text explicitly names <b>&#8220;maraging steel capable of an ultimate tensile strength of 1.95 GPa or more&#8221;<\/b>. The typical aged tensile of Maraging 250 (~1.75\u20131.87 GPa) falls <b>below<\/b> that threshold, while the 300 and 350 grades are <b>above<\/b> it \u2014 but thresholds vary between regimes, and <b>some lists apply lower thresholds to sheet, plate and tube forms<\/b> (the exact figure could not be independently verified in this research). <b>Always have end-use statements and licence status checked for international shipments.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/dm-zengin --><\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-benzer\" style=\"margin:22px 0 0;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;background:#FBFCFD;\">\n<p style=\"font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#9aa3a8;margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.4;\">Related grades<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:15px;line-height:2;color:#333;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-300\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Maraging 300<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-350\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">Maraging 350<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aermet-100\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AerMet 100<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/aisi-4340\/\" style=\"color:#24BEE5;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">AISI 4340<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/alloy-steels\/\" style=\"color:#666;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;\">All alloy steels \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- dm-ld --><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"name\":\"Maraging 250\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"description\":\"Maraging 250 (18Ni-250 \/ UNS K92890 \/ W.Nr. 1.6359 \/ EN X2NiCoMo18-8-5) is an iron-nickel-cobalt-molybdenum alloy that hardens not through carbon but through intermetallic precipitation.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"mainEntity\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Maraging 250\",\"description\":\"Maraging 250 (18Ni-250 \/ UNS K92890 \/ W.Nr. 1.6359 \/ EN X2NiCoMo18-8-5) is an iron-nickel-cobalt-molybdenum alloy that hardens not through carbon but through intermetallic precipitation.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"name\":\"Defence Metal - metals and alloys\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/\"},\"alternateName\":[\"UNS K92890\",\"W.Nr. 1.6359\",\"X2NiCoMo18-8-5\"],\"identifier\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"UNS\",\"value\":\"K92890\"},{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"propertyID\":\"Werkstoffnummer\",\"value\":\"1.6359\"}],\"additionalProperty\":[{\"@type\":\"PropertyValue\",\"name\":\"DIN \/ EN designation\",\"value\":\"X2NiCoMo18-8-5\"}]}}<\/script><!-- \/dm-ld --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Maraging 250 \/ (1.6359) \/ UNS K92890 \/ AMS 6512 DEFENCE METAL Maraging 250 UNS K92890 \u00b7 W.Nr. 1.6359 \u00b7 X2NiCoMo18-8-5 \u00b7 18Ni(250) \/ C250 \u00b7 BS S162 \u00b7 17.0-19.0% Ni \u2013 7.0-8.5% Co \u2013 4.6-5.2% Mo \u2013 0.30-0.50% Ti \u2013 0.05-0.15% Al \u2013 C \u2264 0.03% Not to be confused with Maraging 300 For &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defencemetal.com\/index.php\/en\/maraging-250\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Maraging 250&#8221;<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3526,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"MARAGING 250 \/ (1.6359) \/ UNS K92890 \/ AMS 6512 | Defence Metal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Maraging 250 (UNS K92890, 1.6359) \u2014 AMS 6512. Ultra high strength maraging steel above 1750 MPa, aged at 480 \u00b0C with minimal distortion.","inspiro_hide_title":false,"inspiro_hide_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"dm_sektor":[10,13,9,15],"class_list":["post-3553","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>MARAGING 250 \/ (1.6359) \/ UNS K92890 \/ AMS 6512 | Defence Metal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Maraging 250 (UNS K92890, 1.6359) \u2014 AMS 6512. 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